激活血管内皮细胞非神经性M受体对不同亚型G蛋白基因表达的影响

目的研究G蛋白各亚型在内皮细胞上的表达分布,以及氨甲酰胆碱和毛果芸香碱的调节作用。方法培养大鼠主动脉内皮细胞,用氨甲酰胆碱和毛果芸香碱10-4mol.L-1分别孵育,6 h后提取细胞总RNA,RT-PCR方法测定G蛋白不同亚型mRNA的表达。结果G蛋白4个亚家族中的Gq/11、Gs、G i在内皮细胞有表达,而G12/13未见表达,氨甲酰胆碱和毛果芸香碱分别作用6 h后,Gs、G i家族、Gq/11家族中的G11蛋白基因表达均未发生变化,只有Gq/11家族中的Gq蛋白在氨甲酰胆碱10-4mol.L-1作用下,基因表达上调了72.7%,而相同浓度的毛果芸香碱却不影响Gq蛋白的基因表达。结论氨甲酰胆碱激活NNMR后,G蛋白4个亚家族中只有Gq/11家族中的Gq蛋白基因表达发生了变化,可以推测Gq蛋白在NNMR的信号转导中发挥了主要的作用。     

激活乙酰胆碱作用靶标对血管内皮细胞基因表达的影响

目的　研究激活乙酰胆碱作用靶标 (ETA)对血管内皮细胞基因表达的影响。方法　采用人类cDNA表达谱芯片 ,比较氨甲酰胆碱和毛果芸香碱对人冠脉内皮细胞基因表达的影响及其生物学功能。结果　既激活ETA又激活M受体的氨甲酰胆碱 ,以及仅激活M受体的毛果芸香碱 ,在 10 0μmol·L-1浓度下与内皮细胞共孵育 10h ,以含有 14 0 0 0条人类unigene的BiostarH 14 112ScDNA表达谱芯片检测内皮细胞基因表达的变化 ,发现差异基因共 80 1条。两药共同诱导的差异基因 4 91条 ,上调 2 0 5条 ,下调 2 86条。两药诱导差异基因存在很大差别 ,其中氨甲酰胆碱诱导上调基因 119条 ,下调基因 191条 ,这些差异基因均不受毛果芸香碱的影响。进一步分析氨甲酰胆碱特异性诱导差异基因的功能 ,发现有受体与G蛋白、离子通道、血栓、动脉粥样硬化相关基因等七大类。结论　氨甲酰胆碱特异性诱导的差异基因与ETA及其效应器系统以及激活ETA产生抗动脉粥样硬化和抗血栓的分子机制相关。     

内皮细胞乙酰胆碱靶标不同于M受体的药理学特征

目的 研究内皮细胞乙酰胆碱靶标与M受体药理学特征的差异。方法 采用离体血管环实验方法,观察抗M_3受体的单克隆抗体和M受体激动剂毛果芸香碱对乙酰胆碱引起的内皮依赖性舒张血管作用的影响。结果 毛果芸香碱能够剂量依赖性拮抗乙酰胆碱诱导的内皮依赖性血管舒张作用,其拮抗性质为非竞争性拮抗;抗M_3受体的单克隆抗体不影响乙酰胆碱诱发的内皮依赖性舒张血管作用,但能拮抗乙酰胆碱诱发的离休肠肌收缩作用。结论 内皮细胞乙酰胆碱靶标的药理学特征不同于经典M受体。     

1,2,5,6-4H-1-烷基-3-取代吡啶类新衍生物对血管内皮细胞功能的调节作用及其构效关系

目的：以槟榔碱为结构母核，设计合成1，2，5，6-4H-1-烷基-3-取代吡啶类新衍生物，分析其对血管内皮细胞功能的影响。方法：采用离体大鼠主动脉环和离体豚鼠回肠收缩实验，分别观察新结构化合物对血管和回肠平滑肌张力的影响；并进一步观察一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-NAME、环氧酶抑制剂吲哚美辛、M受体亚型非选择性激动剂毛果芸香碱和M受体亚型非选择性拮抗剂阿托品对新结构化合物诱发的血管舒张反应的影响。结果：从100个新化合物中发现4个有舒血管反应，但不激活M受体的化合物，分别是HH91、HH95、HH98、HH103。新化合物HH103诱发的内皮依赖性舒血管反应可被L-NAME所拮抗，但不被吲哚美辛、阿托品和毛果芸香碱拮抗。结论：新化合物可诱发内皮依赖性舒张反应并具有特定构效关系；HH103通过促进内皮细胞释放NO发挥其效应；但其作用特征又与乙酰胆碱不同。     

M_3受体激动剂对氯化钡诱发大鼠心律失常的保护作用

目的观察M3受体激动剂胆碱和毛果芸香碱对氯化钡诱发Wistar大鼠心律失常的保护作用。方法舌下静脉注射氯化钡诱发Wistar大鼠心律失常,分别给予胆碱和毛果芸香碱以及M3受体特异阻断剂4-二苯乙酰氧-N-甲基哌啶甲碘化物(4-DAMP)干预,观察大鼠心律失常的发生和发展情况。结果氯化钡4mg·kg-1可诱发大鼠出现明显的双向性室性心律失常,胆碱10mg·kg-1和毛果芸香碱0.2mg·kg-1均能推迟双向性室性心律失常的出现,并使心律失常的持续时间缩短(P<0.01)、严重程度减轻(P<0.01)。胆碱和毛果芸香碱的上述作用又被M3受体阻断剂4-DAMP0.12μg·kg-1部分阻断(P<0.05)。结论胆碱和毛果芸香碱通过激动心肌M3受体,对氯化钡诱发Wistar大鼠心律失常的发生和发展具有保护作用。     

血管内皮细胞活性化合物对同型半胱氨酸致内皮细胞损伤的保护作用

目的观察同型半胱氨酸(homocyste ine,HCY)对培养的牛主动脉内皮细胞单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)、细胞间粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)、血管细胞粘附分子-1(VCAM-1)mRNA表达水平的影响,并观察槟榔碱、PPVP、DMHPPP、辛伐他汀的干预作用,探讨它们在动脉粥样硬化中的作用机制。方法通过RT-PCR技术,以β2-微球蛋白为内参照检测内皮细胞与不同浓度HCY作用不同时间后,以及用槟榔碱、PPVP、DMHPPP、辛伐他汀预孵育20 h后再给予HCY时内皮细胞MCP-1、ICAM-1、VCAM-1 mRNA表达水平的变化。结果终浓度为0.1、0.5和5.0 mmol.L-1的HCY孵育牛主动脉内皮细胞6 h,以及以终浓度为0.1 mmol.L-1的HCY分别孵育3、6、12、24 h均可使MCP-1 mRNA、ICAM-1mRNA及VCAM-1 mRNA表达上调,且上调作用有浓度与时间依赖性。10μmol.L-1槟榔碱、PPVP、DMHPPP和辛伐他汀与牛主动脉内皮细胞孵育20 h,再给予终浓度为0.1 mmol.L-1的HCY孵育6 h后,与模型组相比,槟榔碱、PPVP和辛伐他汀均可抑制由HCY诱导的牛主动脉内皮细胞MCP-1、ICAM-1、VCAM-1 mRNA表达上调;DMHPPP可抑制MCP-1和VCAM-1 mRNA表达上调。结论HCY可诱导牛主动脉内皮细胞MCP-1,ICAM-1和VCAM-1 mRNA表达水平增加。槟榔碱、PPVP、DMHPPP和辛伐他汀可以减轻其过量表达。     

高糖致内皮细胞粘附分子基因的过度表达以及槟榔碱的调节作用

目的:观察D-葡萄糖(D-glucose)对培养的牛主动脉内皮细胞单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte che-moattractant protein-1,MCP-1)、细胞间粘附分子-1(in-tercellular adhesive molecule-1,ICAM-1)、血管细胞粘附分子-1(vascular cell adhesive molecule1-1,VCAM-1)mRNA表达水平的影响,并观察槟榔碱、PPVP、DMH-PPP、辛伐他汀的干预作用,探讨它们在糖尿病血管并发症中的作用机制。方法:通过逆转录-聚合酶链式反应技术,以β2-微球蛋白为内参照检测内皮细胞与不同浓度D-葡萄糖作用不同时间后,以及用槟榔碱、PPVP、DMHPPP、辛伐他汀预孵育20 h后再给予D-葡萄糖时内皮细胞MCP-1I、CAM-1、VCAM-1mRNA表达水平的变化。结果:浓度为10、25和50mmol.L-1的D-葡萄糖孵育牛主动脉内皮细胞16 h,以及浓度为25 mmol.L-1的D-葡萄糖分别孵育8、162、4 h均可使MCP-1I、CAM-1及VCAM-1 mRNA表达显著上调,且上调作用有浓度与时间依赖性。10-5mmol.L-1槟榔碱、PPVP、DMHPPP和辛伐他汀与牛主动脉内皮细胞孵育20 h,再给予终浓度为25mmol.L-1的D-葡萄糖孵育16 h后,与模型组相比,槟榔碱可显著抑制由D-葡萄糖诱导的牛主动脉内皮细胞三个炎性基因MCP-1I、CAM-1、VCAM-1 mRNA表达上调;PPVP可显著抑制MCP-1和ICAM-1 mRNA表达上调;DMHPPP和辛伐他汀可显著抑制MCP-1mRNA表达上调。结论:高浓度D-葡萄糖可诱导牛主动脉内皮细胞MCP-1,ICAM-1和VCAM-1 mRNA表达水平增加,槟榔碱、PPVP、DMHPPP和辛伐他汀对过量表达的三种炎性因子的抑制作用不同。     

毛果芸香碱临床应用的新进展

毛果芸香碱临床应用的新进展陈冠容（武汉市第四医院武汉４３００３３）毛果芸香碱（Ｐｉｌｏｃａｒｐｉｎｅ）属于拟胆碱药，主要作用于毒蕈碱Ｍ型受体，产生Ｍ样作用。１全身性作用毛果芸香碱具有刺激外分泌腺分泌的作用，从而引起出汗、流泪和唾液的分泌以及胃液和胰液...     

毛果芸香碱对哇巴因诱发豚鼠心律失常的保护作用

目的 观察毛果芸香碱对实验性心律失常模型的影响.方法 以哇巴因制备实验性动物心律失常模型,观察毛果芸香碱(0.2 mg· kg-1)的干预作用.结果 毛果芸香碱能明显延长哇巴因引起豚鼠出现心律失常后的存活时间(P＜0.05).毛果芸香碱的作用可被M3受体阻断剂4-DAMP(4-二苯乙酰氧-N-甲基哌啶甲碘化物)完全逆转.结论 毛果芸香碱通过激动豚鼠心肌M3受体而具有对抗哇巴因诱发豚鼠心律失常的作用,提示毛果芸香碱有良好的抗心律失常作用.     

毛果芸香碱对实验性心律失常的保护作用

目的：观察毛果芸香碱对实验性心率失常的影响。方法：分别以乌头碱，氯化钡和哇巴因制备实验性动物心律失常模型，观察毛果芸香碱的干预作用。结果：毛果芸香碱可显著延迟乌头碱引起的大鼠室性心律失常的出现（P〈0．05），延长出现心律失常后的存活时间（P〈0．05）；能明显延迟氯化钡引起的大鼠双相室性心律失常的出现（P〈0．01），缩短心律失常的持续时间（P〈0．01）；能显著延长哇巴因引起豚鼠出现心律失常后的存活时间（P〈0．05）。毛果芸香碱的上述作用可被M3受体阻断荆4-DAMP完全逆转。结论：毛果芸香碱具有对抗乌头碱和氯化钡诱发大鼠，哇巴因诱发豚鼠心律失常的作用，提示其具有良好的抗心律失常作用；毛果芸香碱通过激动大鼠和豚鼠心肌M3受体而产生抗心律失常的作用。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.