中药资源开发利用研究现状及进展

中药资源是中医药学的重要组成部分。本文根据近年文献报道,按照我国行政区划对六大区(华北、东东、华东、中南、西南和西北)的中药资源开发利用研究的现状及作一综述。为中药资源的可持续开发利用提供参考。     

中药资源的可持续利用现状与建议

目的如何使中药资源和种质得到保护、发展和可持续利用是当前研究的课题。方法对中药资源的可持续利用研究文献、相关法规和取得的成绩进行了综述和探讨。结果与结论食品药品监督管理系统在中药资源的可持续利用方面还有许多工作要做,应增加保护中药资源的法规建设。     

现代分析技术在中药质量控制中的应用进展

目的探讨现代分析技术在中药质量控制中的应用进展。方法对国内近十年来相关文献进行整理、分析与归纳。结果近年来,指纹图谱、定量指纹图谱、化学模式识别、生物效价检测等现代分析技术在中药质量控制及鉴定方面均有较为广泛的应用。结论现代分析技术在中药质量控制领域发挥着重要作用,随着现代分析技术的发展及多种技术的联合应用,中药的质量控制将得到进一步发展。     

基因芯片技术在中药肿瘤药理研究中的应用

目的:研究基因芯片技术在中药肿瘤药理研究中的应用。方法:采用文献综述法,查阅相关文献,并对其进行分析、归纳、总结。结果:应用基因芯片技术研究中药在肿瘤发生不同阶段中的相关靶组织的基因变化,为探索中药抗肿瘤的作用机制、毒副作用、作用新靶点及药物筛选等现代中药研究开辟了崭新的领域。结论:提出了将肿瘤作为全身性病变进行药物筛选的研究思路。     

计算机图像处理和识别技术在中药研究中的应用进展

目的：由于计算机硬件及软件技术的飞速发展,近年来基于计算机而开发的图像处理和识别技术在多个领域得到了较为广泛的应用。通过对相关文献进行检索分析,对计算机图像识别所应用的相关技术进行简介,综述了计算机图像识别技术在中药资源的普查、中药饮片鉴别、中药质量控制等中药研究相关领域中的应用,同时对计算机图像处理和识别技术在中药研究中的发展趋势和技术优势以及现阶段该技术在中药研究领域应用的局限和不足进行探讨,以期为该技术的研究提供新的思考和方向。     

分子生物学技术在中药毒理学研究中的应用前景

目的分析生物色谱技术、单细胞凝胶电泳、穿梭质粒、基因芯片技术以及转基因动物等分子生物学技术在中药毒理学研究中的应用与前景。方法对近年来国内外发表的相关文献进行分析、整理和归纳。结果与结论运用分子生物学技术进行中药毒理学研究,必须以中药理论为指导,以现代中药毒理学研究成果为基础,通过理论与技术的系统结合,使现代分子生物学技术在发现中药毒性物质、揭示毒性机制方面发挥作用,也对中药毒理学研究的科学化、规范化、现代化和国际化具有重要的促进作用和学术意义。     

分子生物学技术在巾药毒理学研究中的应用前景

目的分析生物色谱技术、单细胞凝胶电泳、穿梭质粒、基因芯片技术以及转基因动物等分子生物学技术在中药毒理学研究中的应用与前最。方法对近年来国内外发表的相关文献进行分析、整理和归纳。结果与结论运用分子生物学技术进行中药毒理学研究，必须以中药理论为指导，以现代中药毒理学研究成果为基础，通过理论与技术的系统结合，使现代分子生物学技术在发现中药毒性物质、揭示毒性机制方面发挥作用，也对中药毒理学研究的科学化、规范化、现代化和国际化具有重要的促进作用和学术意义。     

顶空-固相微萃取技术在中药领域的运用

目的:为进一步促进顶空-固相微萃取(HS-SPME)技术在中药领域的研究及开发利用提供参考。方法:在国内、外数据库中检索有关HS-SPME技术在中药领域运用的研究文献,并参考相关外文书籍,进行分析、归纳及总结。结果与结论:HS-SPME技术通常与气相色谱法联用,具有操作简便快捷、对环境友好等特点,适合于挥发性和半挥发性成分的处理及分析。其在中药挥发性成分定性、定量研究及中药质量控制上的运用均有较多文献报道。随着HS-SPME技术在中药领域的研究及应用不断深入,将有利于促进中药挥发性成分研究、中药新药开发、中药质量控制及中药材规范化种植的发展。     

中药代谢组学研究与应用

目的:为中药代谢组学研究与应用提供参考。方法:查阅近年来国内、外的相关文献资料,介绍现代分析技术在代谢组学中的应用,综述代谢组学在中药资源与质量控制、中药药效物质基础与作用机制以及中药安全性评价等方面的应用。结果与结论:中药代谢组学具有广阔的发展前景,对中药的深入研究将产生重要影响。     

藏药资源现状与思考

对藏医药古代文献与现代文献进行系统梳理,介绍藏药种属结构及资源调查概况,从藏药主产区的藏药资源与濒危现状出发,阐述对藏药资源的保护及合理开发利用的措施,使其真正实现可持续发展。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

Interaction of estrone and estradiol with DNA and protein of liver and kidney in rat and hamster in vivo and in vitro

[6,7-³H] Estrone (E) and [6,7-³H]estradiol-17 (E₂) have been synthesized by reduction of 6-dehydroestrone and 6-dehydroestradiol with tritium gas. Tritiated E and E₂ were administered by oral gavage to female rats and to male and female hamsters on a dose level of about 300 g/kg (54 mCi/kg). After 8 h, the liver was excised from the rats; liver and kidneys were taken from the hamsters. DNA was purified either directly from an organ homogenate or via chromatin. The radioactivity in the DNA was expressed in the units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (mol chemical bound per mol DNA-P)/(mmol chemical administered per kg b.w.). Rat liver DNA isolated via chromatin exhibited the very low values of 0.08 and 0.09 for E and E₂, respectively. The respective figures in hamster liver were 0.08 and 0.11 in females and 0.21 and 0.18 in the males. DNA isolated from the kidney revealed a detectable radioactivity only in the female, with values of 0.03 and 0.05 for E and E₂, respectively. The values for male hamster kidney were < 0.01 for both hormones. The minute radioactivity detectable in the DNA samples does not represent covalent binding to DNA, however, as indicated by two sets of control experiments. (A) Analysis by HPLC of the nucleosides prepared by enzyme digest of liver DNA isolated directly or via chromatin did not reveal any consistent peak which could have been attributed to a nucleoside-steroid adduct. (B) All DNA radioactivity could be due to protein contaminations, because the specific activity of chromatin protein was determined to be more than 3,000 times higher than of DNA. The high affinity of the hormone to protein was also demonstrated by in vitro incubations, where it could be shown that the specific activity of DNA and protein was essentially proportional to the concentration of radiolabelled hormone in the organ homogenate, regardless of whether the animal was treated or whether the hormone was added in vitro to the homogenate.Carcinogens acting by covalent DNA binding can be classified according to potency on the basis of the Covalent Binding Index. Values of 10³–10⁴ have been found for potent, 10² for moderate, and 1–10 for weak carcinogens. Since estrone is moderately carcinogenic for the kidney of the male hamster, a CBI of about 100 would be expected. The actually measured limit of detection of 0.01 places covalent DNA binding among the highly unlikely mechanisms of action. Similar considerations can be made for the liver where any true covalent DNA binding must be below a level of 0.01. It is concluded that an observable tumor induction by estrone or estradiol is unlikely to be due to DNA binding.Paper presented at the Satellite Symposium of the European Society of Toxicology, Rome, March 29, 1983     

Isolation and characterization of glycosylated and non-glycosylated prolactins from alligator and crocodile

Two molecular forms of prolactin (PRL). glycosylated and non-glycosylated, were isolated from pituitary glands of two reptiles, alligator and crocodile. The reptilian PRLs were extracted under alkaline conditions from the precipitate obtained after pituitaries were first extracted with 0.25 m sucrose, 1 mM NH₄HCO₃, pH 6.3. Purification was performed by ion exchange chromatography on DE-52, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 superfine, and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Two forms of both alligator and crocodile PRL, designated PRLI and PRLII, with molecular weights of 26000 and 24000 were isolated. Alligator and crocodile PRLI and PRLII were stained specifically in immunoblots with anti-sea turtle PRL and anti-ostrich PRL. Sequence analysis revealed that both forms of alligator and crocodile PRLs consisted of 199 amino acid residues with a glycosylation consensus sequence (Asn-Ala-Ser) at position 60 in alligator and crocodile PRLs with a molecular weight of 26000 (PRLI). In contrast, Thr was substituted for Asn at position 60 in the PRLs with a molecular weight of 24000 (PRLII). The sequences of alligator PRLs differed from crocodile PRLs only in position 134: Val for alligator PRLs and He for crocodile PRLs. There is a high degree of structural conservation between the reptilian PRLs isolated in this study and avian PRL; each showed 92% sequence identity with chicken PRL and 89% with turkey PRL.