中学生自我概念量表的初步编制

目的:建构中学生自我概念模型并编制中学生自我概念量表.方法:按照已有研究成果并结合中学生的实际情况构建了一个金字塔状的多维度、层次性模型,在依照此模型并对有关概念进行界定的情况下,编制了中学生自我概念量表,然后在安徽省随机抽取一所中学初一至高三学生376人,对所编制的量表进行了信效度检验.结果:探索性因素分析抽取了八个因素,即身体自我、学业自我、道德自我、社会自我、情感自我、能力自我、家庭自我、艺术自我,共解释了总变异的68.41%;信度分析表明总量表的α系数为0.93,分半系数为0.92,各分量表的α系数和分半系数也在0.75以上.结论:此量表能较好地用来评价中学生的自我概念.     

认知伪装甄别测验的编制和信效度分析

目的：编制一套甄别认知伪装的心理测验，并检验它的信效度。方法：按照Rogers提出的伪装甄别策略，编制了两个迫选式再认分测验一数字迫选测验和图符迫选测验，每个分测验含30个条目。264名正常人、33名脑损害病人和125名可疑伪装的鉴定者完成认知伪装甄别测验．其中303名被试接受华文认知能力量表测试、297名被试接受多维记忆评估量表测试。结果：数字迫选测验和阿符迫选测验的重测相关系数分别为0．603和0．571。数字迫选测验的信度系数在0．749—0．888之间，图符迫选测验的信度系数在0．753—0．872之间，全量表的信度系数为0．843—0．936。认知伪装甄别测验成绩与华文认知能力量表和多维记忆评估量表各分测验分数有显著性相关，相关值在0．308—0．608之间。正常人不同年龄组的测验成绩有明显的差异，正常组、脑损害病人组和鉴定组的测验成绩和成绩曲线有明显的不同。结论：认知伪装甄别测验具有较好的信度和效度．可以作为认知伪装的甄别工具。     

中国临床心理学杂志2003年第11卷题录索引

〔文题 ,作者名 ,(期号 ) :页次〕心理测验多维记忆评估量表建构的因素分析 ,程灶火等 ,(1) :5龚氏记忆成套测验 (儿童本 )的初步编制 ,周世杰等 ,(1) :18成人词汇测验的初步编制 ,唐细容等 ,(1) :2 4学龄期儿童适应技能评定量表的信度和效度研究 ,张　琼等 ,(1) :2 8考试焦虑量表 (TAI)的信度和效度研究 ,王才康 ,(1) :6 9多重成就测验的初步编制 ,马惠霞等 ,(2 ) :81归因方式问卷的初步编制 ,郭文斌等 ,(2 ) :92Marks恐怖强迫量表在中国应用的信度效度研究 ,尹　平等 ,(2 ) :113乳腺癌患者生活质量量表信度效度研究 ,穆丽波等 ,(2 ) :14…     

军官职业人格量表的初步编制

目的：编制一个中国军官职业人格量表,检验其信度和效度.方法：建构军官职业人格理论模型,并依照该模型编制了军官职业人格量表.量表的有效样本1390名军官,间隔10天的重测样本70名军官,用因子分析和相关分析考察量表的信度和效度.结果：新编量表的项目间平均相关系数（MIIC）为0.19-0.31,Cronbachα系数为0.47-0.92,分半信度为0.41-0.85,重测信度为0.692-0.918;探索性因子分析的结果与量表编制者的理论构想基本一致.结论：军官职业人格量表具有较好的信度和效度,可以用于军官心理教育、训练和选拔实践.     

多重成就测验的信、效度研究

目的：检验多重成就测验的信度和效度。方法：采用分层按比例整群抽样的方法在太原市和太原市附近的忻州市抽取了8所中学的21个班、3所大学一年级的8个班，获得有效答卷1448份。计算了测验的信度，包括同质性信度、分半信度和98名大学生间隔5周的重测信度；测验的效度，包括结构效度、效标效度和区分效度。结果：(1)信度：甲乙套各分量表的同质性信度在0.83～0．93之间；分半信度为0．61～0．84；重测信度在0．52～0．87之间。(2)结构效度：各分量表与总分之间的相关系数在0．699～0．870之间；探索性因素分析各抽出两个特征值大于1的因素，甲乙套各能解释的总方差分别为73．70%和74．49%，验证性因素分析证明甲乙套语文的模型拟合良好。(3)效标效度：与中学生期中考试成绩、大学生入学成绩、教师的等级评定呈中度相关。(4)区分效度：能较好地区分不同年级、性别、不同类型中学以及大学的不同专业。结论：多重成就测验的信、效度指标符合测验学的要求。     

4～6年级多重成就测验的编制

目的：编制4～6年级多重成就测验（MATs），为教育、临床和社会评估提供测评工具。方法：在多次试测基础上形成预测本，2002名被试作条目分析，对768名被试作各种信度估计，对227名被试性向测验和646名被试学科成绩作同时效度，5位专家作内容效度评定。结果：77．5％的条目难度为．20～.80，77％条目鉴别力达优良水平，分测验及分量表D值在.30以上。两题本分量表和总量表重测信度．91～．95，复本信度．87～．94．重测复本信度．82～．89，分半信度．79～．90，α系数．90～．96，评分者信度．94～．98，真分数变异．82和．86；概化分析表明分测验条目15个左右为宜，分量表与总量表条目量50与100即可。专家评定语数非常符合条目82％和86％，两题本分量表和总赶表与学科成绩相关．23～．60，与学业能力倾向测验相关．39～．66，不同学校、年级间存在显著性差异，语文分测验存在性别差异：因素分析抽2因素时为语、数因子，与分量表吻合；提取多个因子时，表明可能存存言语、记忆、数算、数形和数理五因子。结论：MATs难度适中，鉴别力优良；各种信度考验结果基本符合测量学的标准并具有良好的内容效度和同时效度，结构效度较理想；两题本基本平行。     

成人词汇测验的初步编制

目的：编制成人词汇测验，用于成人言语性学业成就和智能的简易评估。方法：用编制的测验测试450名16-65周岁、按年龄和文化程度分层抽取的成人，进行条目分析、信度和效度检验。结果：大多数条目的难度分布于0.25-0.75、点二例相关和鉴别指数大于0.30、条目偏差绝对值在0.10之内，信度指数多在0.90以上，测验量表分与受教育年限相关0.683，与中国修订韦氏成人智力量表（WAIS-RC）言语智商、操作智商和全量表智商相关系数分别为0.605、0.495、0.591.结论：成人词汇测验条目基本符合要求，分数可靠，有一定的效度。     

学习技能诊断测验的初步编制

目的:编制一套学习技能诊断测验,并检验其信效度。方法:以理论法编制了一套用于小学生的学习技能诊断测验,分低级(1-3年级)和高级(4-6年级)两个版本,每个版本含语文分量表和数学分量表,语文分量表由汉词拼音、汉词拼写和阅读理解三个分测验组成,数学分量表由数量概念、四则运算和数学推理三个分测验组成。用新编测验对近1000名小学生进行测查,重测样本95人,效标效度样本75人。结果:低级版的难度为0.49-0.78,高级版的难度为0.52-0.86之间;低级版的区分度为0.29-0.61,高级版的区分度为0.39-0.60。低级版重测信度为0.73-0.90,分半信度为0.66-0.95,α系数为0.70-0.97,高级版重测信度在0.73-0.89,分半信度为0.62-0.89,α系数为0.79-0.95。分测验之间的相关系数为0.36-0.97,分测验与总分的相关系数在0.71-0.95。分测验分数与华文认知能力量表智商的相关为0.55-0.81,与学校考试成绩的相关为0.19-0.74。结论:学习技能诊断测验的难度、区分度、信度和效度符合心理测量学的标准。     

领导干部心理健康量表的初步编制

目的编制一套适用于领导干部群体的心理健康量表。方法通过文献研究、个案分析、问卷调查等,确立测验结构并编制成预测量表,通过对127位被试施测结果进行条目分析等形成正式量表,并进行因子分析等考察量表的信度和效度。结果编制成一个含3个量表:心理症状量表、自我概念量表、外界适应量表,共计93个项目的测评系统。项目与其所在量表的题总相关系数在0.445～0.855之间(P<0.001),各条目决断值(CR值)均具有显著性;对自我概念量表和外界适应量表探索性因素分析分别提取4个和3个公因子,累计解释总变异量分别为54.842%,48.365%,因子载荷在0.427～0.814和0.434～0.796之间;各量表的Cronbach'sα系数分别为0.775,0.860,0.952。结论初步研究显示量表的信效度均达到心理学测量标准,具有较好的信效度。     

西北初中生自我概念量表的初步编制

目的 编制适合于中国西北初中生自我概念特点的量表。方法 通过文献整理、参考前人有关量表，研究者选取陕西省、甘肃省、宁夏回族自治区、新疆维吾尔自治区中的部分初中生作为被试，使用了探索性因素分析（EFA）和验证性因素分析（CFA）。结果 西北初中生自我概念由一阶和二阶因素构成，但没有统一整合的自我概念。结论 量表的信度、效度基本令人满意。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.