1091名新兵集训前后心理变化追踪观察

目的 研究新兵集训前后的心理变化规律。方法 应用症状自评量表（SCL-90），对1091名新兵集训前后心理变化追踪测评。结果 集训前SCL-90因子分均低于中国新兵常模（P〈0．01）。集训后SCL-90因子分均低于集训前（P〈0．01）。SCL-90因子分中，除偏执、敌对外，其余各分值均有明显下降（P〈0．01），有极显著性差异。敌对分值略有下降（P〈0．05），有显著性差异。但偏执分值下降不明显（P〉0．05）。结论 新兵入伍后其心理状况不断变化，对此变化追踪观察，有利于新兵心理健康水平的提高。     

驻某地军事院校新兵心理健康及其相关因素分析

目的量化评估入伍新兵心理健康水平并探讨其相关因素，为有效实施新兵心理健康宣教和心理训练提供科学依据。方法采用艾森克人格问卷简式量表（EPQ—RSC）和症状自评量袁（SCL-90），对集训期185名新兵施测，所得结果进行统计分析。结果文化程度、入伍前职业、母亲文化程度和个性类型对新兵心理心理健康水平有明显影响。结论应依据新兵的不同社会和心理学特点，开展有针对性的心理健康教育。     

综合心理干预对新时期新兵心理健康状况的影响

目的探讨综合心理干预方法对新兵心理健康的影响。方法400名新兵随机分为两组,综合心理干预组与非干预组各200名。采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）评定两组新兵集训前后的心理健康状况,并进行比较。结果综合心理干预组集训前后SCL-90总分、阳性项目数、各因子分（除强迫、恐怖、精神病性）差异均有统计学意义（t=3．40—8．95,P〈0．01）;非干预组集训前后仅焦虑、敌对因子分差异有统计学意义（t=2．20,4．08;P〈0．05或〈0．01）;综合心理干预组与非干预组在集训后总分、阳性项目、各因子分（除强迫、敌对、恐怖、精神病性）差异均有统计学意义（t=-2．61～7．66;P〈0．05或〈0．01）。结论综合心理干预可有效改善新兵的心理健康状况。     

小组心理干预对新兵心理健康水平的影响

目的：探讨小组心理干预对新兵心理健康水平的影响。方法：采用症状自评量表（SCL－90）和特质应对方式问卷（TCSQ）对512名新兵进行心理测试，将检测出的64名有心理问题的分为两组，A组（31人）为小组心理干预，B组（33人）为对照组。在集体讲授心理卫生课的基础上，对A组采取小组心理干预。结果：经过4周小组心理干预后，A组有效率为61．29％，B组有效率为33．33％，两组比较有显著性差异（P＜0．01）。SCL－90结果：干预后A组中除恐怖因子分没有变化外，其它各项因子得分明显下降（P＜0．01）。A组的SCL－90总分、阳性项目数、躯体化、强迫、人际关系、忧郁、精神病性因子分与B组相比较有明显低（P＜0．05－0．01）。TCSQ结果：A组中的消极应对得分明显降低（P＜0．01），而B组消极应对得分没有变化。结论：小组心理干预在短期内不仅能有效改善新兵的躯体化、强迫、抑郁、人际关系敏感等常见心理问题，还能促进成功应对方式的形成，掌握自我调节方法，对提高新兵的心身健康水平及我军整体素质提高大有裨益，可推广试用。     

边远驻军官兵身心健康状况及相关因素的调查

目的：调查边远驻军官兵的身心健康状况及其影响因素。方法：以边远驻军官兵为被采用症状自评量素（SCL－90），孤独量表（非大学生版）及自编的一般情况问卷进行测评。结果：250人中有72人（29．2％）存在不同程度的身心健康问题，其中人际敏感，躯体化和强迫症状等是边远驻军官兵主要问题，与部队常模及军校大学生比较，边远驻军官兵的身心健康水平相对较差；其身心健康问题与孤独感，对环境的不适应，睡眠问题及自慰行为存在着显著的线性关系。结论：总体上边远驻军兵的身心健康水平相对较差，存在身心症状的人数较多，其中孤独感，对环境的不适应，睡眠问题及自慰行为等是主要的影响因素。     

新兵焦虑、抑郁情绪测查及影响因素分析

目的：探讨新兵焦虑、抑郁情绪的发生情况及其影响因素，为新兵训练过程中的心理学干预提供依据。方法：应用焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）及自编24项背景因素调查表，对1700名男性新兵进行心理测试。结果：①1642名新兵中轻度焦虑133人（8．1％），中重度焦虑30人（1．8％）；轻度抑郁233人（14.2％），中重度抑郁83人（5．2％）。②SAS，SDS评分显示：非独生子女焦虑和抑郁的阳性率和严重程度明显高于独生子女（P〈0．05）。③SAS，SDS评分还与人际关系适应程度、是否独生子女、休息情况、与家人通讯是否良好、是否单亲家庭及受表扬情况等6项因素显著相关。结论：新兵中存在焦虑和抑郁症状者约占9．9％及19．4％，非独生子女焦虑和抑郁的严重程度高于独生子女。     

集训新兵睡眠特点10年后比较分析

目的:比较分析10年前后同地区不同集训新兵的睡眠特点及影响因素。方法:采用自编调查表、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)及症状自评量表(SCL-90)对1027名集训新兵进行评估,与10年前同地区集训新兵的睡眠特点及影响因素进行对比。结果:目前集训新兵PSQI总分为(18.69±1.52)分,新兵睡眠质量问题检出率为16.0%,显著高于10年前(χ2=4.70,P0.05);其中睡眠时间缩短,催眠药物使用增多,日间功能障碍较10年前减轻(P0.05);影响新兵睡眠的主要因素与10年前基本一致,仍以心理健康水平为主。结论:目前集训新兵睡眠问题不同于10年前新兵,心理健康水平仍是影响睡眠质量的主要因素。     

抑郁障碍住院老年患者的躯体症状及治疗后转归的1年随访

目的:探讨抑郁障碍老年患者的急性期躯体症状特征及治疗后转归,分析相关因素,为临床实践中提高对老年患者躯体症状的鉴别和处理提供依据。方法:纳入符合疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类第十次修订本(ICD-10)中"抑郁发作、单次或复发性抑郁障碍"诊断标准的住院老年患者(≥60岁)69例,62例完成12个月随访。分别在基线、治疗2周末、治疗4周末及12个月末随访时用汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评估病情,躯体化症状自评量表的躯体化因子(SSS-S)评估躯体症状的严重程度;12个月末随访时增加了简明精神状态检查表(MMSE)评估认知功能和功能大体评定量表(GAF)评估社会功能。结果:本组患者抑郁发作期躯体症状发生率100%,胃肠道症状(91%)、头晕头痛(65%)、心血管症状(58%)等最常见;SSS-S评分在治疗2周末和4周末与基线相比均有明显下降[(13.6±3.2),(12.4±2.8)vs.(17.1±4.8),P0.05]。分层线性模型分析显示SSSS评分改善与HAM A评分改善以及躯体病影响生活程度正向相关;康复期躯体症状残留与焦虑程度正向关联(OR=2.13,P0.05),与抑郁程度、认知功能和社会功能水平无关联。结论:抑郁障碍住院老年患者在急性期存在丰富的躯体症状,有效抗抑郁治疗后躯体症状随着抑郁病情改善而减轻,康复期仍有躯体症状残留。躯体病影响生活的程度和焦虑症状是躯体症状的影响因素。     

富商的家庭环境与心理健康

目的：了解富裕个体户的家庭环境及心理健康状况。方法：采用症状自评量表（SCL－90）、精神健康测验（PHI）、家庭环境量表（FES－CV）对义鸟市42例富商家庭及33例普通家庭进行测评和对比分析。结果：富商家庭（男性：66．7％／39．1％，妻子61．9％／42．4％，子女34．1％／13．6％）较普通家庭存在较多的心理问题，表现在男性的敏感多疑、好与人争执、行为控制能力差；女性的焦虑紧张、脱离现实及对心理挫折常常采取躯体化的心理防御机制；子女则为过分压抑、敏感和孤独性。结论：富商家庭较普通家庭存在较多心理问题，应针对性的进行心理咨询和心理治疗。     

全身放松法对新兵集训期身心反应的影响

目的 :研究全身放松兼自我意象训练法对新兵集训期身心反应和心理健康的影响 ,为其心理卫生改善提供科学措施。方法 :选择两个生活与训练相同的新兵连队 ,其中一个连队为对照组 (n =76) ,另一连队为实施全身放松兼自我意象训练的实验组 (n =76)。全身放松每天进行约 2 0min ,实验期持续 2 5个月。于实验期前、后 ,采用症状自评量表 (SCL -90 )测试两组受试者的心身反应状况 ,并评价全身放松的作用效果。结果 :对照组新兵在集训后期的SCL -90阳性项目数由实验前 3 3 0± 18 40增至 42 4± 16 60 ,其中躯体化、抑郁、焦虑等 5项因子分值 ,均显著性高于实验前。全身放松实验组在实验期后 ,其SCL -90的人际关系敏感、抑郁等 5项因子分值 ,均显著性低于实验前 ,且阳性项目数、总均分 ,以及躯体化、人际关系敏感、抑郁等 6项因子分值 ,均显著性低于对照组实验后的相应值 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :新兵集训后期因多种应激因素作用 ,其心身反应增多加重 ,心理健康水平下降 ;全身放松法能有效改善新兵应激适应期的多种心身反应和紧张状态 ,增强其对新环境的适应能力 ,保护心理健康     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.