组织隔离法与机械活动法在兔胫骨骨不连模型建立中的作用

目的：评价组织隔离法与机械活动法在建立兔胫骨萎缩型与肥大型骨不连模型中的作用：方法：将12只体质量3～4．5kg的新西兰大白兔随机分成A、B2组．A组于胫骨中段截骨，两断端套接1cm硅胶管，单侧外固定器固定，保持两断端间距2mm，8周取出硅胶管，观察组织隔离法构建萎缩型骨不连模型的效果。B组于胫骨中段截骨后采用2枚1mm克氏针行髓内松动固定，被动活动断端200次／d，持续1个月，观察机械活动法构建肥大型骨不连模型的效果。结果：A组中所有动物在硅胶管取出后4周，无1例断端出现骨愈合表现．X线片显示良好萎缩型骨不连的复制。B组中所有动物在6周内截骨端出现延迟愈合，部分伴有畸形，骨断端有大量肥大骨痂形成。结论：硅胶管组织隔离法是复制兔胫骨萎缩型骨不连模型的有效方法，而采用被动机械活动复制兔胫骨肥大型骨不连模型的方法尚需进一步研究。     

兔骨不连模型成骨过程的影像与组织学对照分析

目的 通过影像与组织学对比观察,探讨兔骨不连模型成骨过程中不同时期的成骨特点.方法 选取纯种新西兰大白兔10只,在其双前肢桡侧沿桡骨中段截骨;对左侧行夹板外固定,定为愈合侧;对右侧不做固定,每天在麻醉下使骨断端被动活动避免其愈合,定为骨不连侧.在术后第1、2、4、6、8周分别进行X线检查及组织学对比观察.结果 X线示术后2周骨不连侧与愈合侧肢体骨痂的成量和断端的连接状况开始出现较明显的差异.组织学观察示术后1周骨不连侧与愈合侧肢体组织学开始出现差异,主要表现在血管重建、骨细胞形成及纤维组织增生方面.结论 对骨折后骨断端组织血供及成骨活性的判定是早期诊断骨不连的主要依据,准确判定有助于临床干预时相的选择.     

实验性骨不连模型的制作

背景目前在探讨骨缺损的物理和药物方法治疗的效果、检验手术方式的有效性、以及评价骨替代材料在骨缺损修复中所起的作用时,尚缺少一种客观的、标准的动物模型.目的为骨不连的实验研究建立一种客观的动物实验模型.设计制作兔骨不连模型的验证性实验.单位深圳市人民医院骨科.材料取普通级纯种新西兰大白兔20只,体质量(2.5±0.5)kg,6～8月龄,雌雄不限.方法实验于1999-05/08在深圳市人民医院动物实验中心完成.选取纯种新西兰大白兔20只,在前臂桡骨中段截除1.5 cm骨段(包括骨膜),骨断端用骨蜡封闭髓腔,10周后经大体标本、病理组织学及X射线检查确定骨不连形成情况.主要观察指标兔前臂桡骨骨缺损模型大体观察及病理组织学和放射学检查结果.结果纳入白兔20只(40侧桡骨)均进入结果分析.①兔骨缺损区大体观察10周后骨缺损区可见纤维瘢痕组织填充,无骨性连接,骨蜡未吸收,骨端硬化,髓腔闭塞,两侧断端有少量骨痂形成,骨缺损范围为0.8～1.2 cm.②兔骨缺损区病理组织学检查光镜下骨断端髓腔封闭,有软骨细胞及骨细胞,细胞呈无序排列,纤维膜覆盖,缺损区为纤维瘢痕组织.③兔骨缺损区放射学检查于10周Z射线拍片见骨缺损区无骨性连接,断端硬化,髓腔封闭,两侧断端有少量骨痂形成,骨痂形成不规则.结论实验所建立的动物模型,具有骨不连的病理改变,符合骨不连的要求,反映了骨不连的一般特征,可以认为是一种可靠而实用的实验性骨不连动物模型.     

实验性骨不连模型的制作

背景：目前在探讨骨缺损的物理和药物方法治疗的效果、检验手术方式的有效性、以及评价骨替代材料在骨缺损修复中所起的作用时，尚缺少一种客观的、标准的动物模型。目的：为骨不连的实验研究建立一种客观的动物实验模型。设计：制作兔骨不连模型的验证性实验。单位：深圳市人民医院骨科。材料：取普通级纯种新西兰大白兔20只，体质量（2．5&;#177;0．5）kg，6-8月龄，雌雄不限。方法：实验于1999-05／08在深圳市人民医院动物实验中心完成。选取纯种新西兰大白兔20只，在前臂桡骨中段截除1．5cm骨段（包括骨膜），骨断端用骨蜡封闭髓腔，10周后经大体标本、病理组织学及X射线检查确定骨不连形成情况。主要观察指标：兔前臂桡骨骨缺损模型大体观察及病理组织学和放射学检查结果。结果：纳入白兔20只（40侧桡骨）均进入结果分析。①兔骨缺损区大体观察：10周后骨缺损区可见纤维瘢痕组织填充，无骨性连接，骨蜡未吸收，骨端硬化，髓腔闭塞，两侧断端有少量骨痂形成，骨缺损范围为0．8～1．2cm。②兔骨缺损区病理组织学检查：光镜下骨断端髓腔封闭，有软骨细胞及骨细胞，细胞呈无序排列，纤维膜覆盖，缺损区为纤维瘢痕组织。③兔骨缺损区放射学检查：于10周X射线拍片见骨缺损区无骨性连接，断端硬化，髓腔封闭，两侧断端有少量骨痂形成，骨痂形成不规则。结论：实验所建立的动物模型，具有骨不连的病理改变，符合骨不连的要求，反映了骨不连的一般特征，可以认为是一种可靠而实用的实验性骨不连动物模型。     

电磁式冲击波结合高频电流治疗兔骨不连

目的探讨电磁式冲击波结合高频电流对兔骨不连的治疗作用 . 方法手术造成并经 X线检查证实的兔左右胫骨骨不连模型 , 随机分成 a、 b两组 , a组左侧为冲击波治疗组 , 右侧作空白对照组 ; b组左侧为冲击波结合高频电流治疗组 ; 右侧作对照组 ,只进行高频电流治疗 . 治疗后 2、 6、 12周进行 X线和组织学检查 , 观察治疗前后骨不连处的变化 . 结果 12周后 a组左侧胫骨不连基本痊愈 ; b组左侧胫骨全部痊愈 , b组左侧较 a组左侧愈合早 , a、 b组右侧均为骨不连接 . 结论冲击波能够刺激骨痂形成 , 高频电流能增强血液供应 , 两者结合能促进骨折愈合 , 有望成为一种非手术促进骨不连康复的新方法 .     

兔胫骨骨延长模型在低强度脉冲超声刺激条件下的骨再生与成熟

背景:实验证实,低强度脉冲超声有促进骨折愈合的作用.但低强度脉冲超声对骨折愈合早期骨质再生成熟的影响及其相关的作用机制仍不十分清楚.目的;创新性提出低强度脉冲超声能够在兔胫骨骨延长动物模型牵拉成骨早期骨再生成熟中发挥正效效应的理论假设,并期望以超声干预与不干预进行对照比较予以验证. 方法:36只成年健康新西兰兔随机数字表法分为超声治疗组和对照组,每组18只.所有动物均行胫骨中段截骨,以Orthofix M103型迷你外固定架延长器固定,术后7 d以0.5 mm/12 h延长10 d,总延长长度为10 mm,超声治疗组在延长完成后以低强度脉冲超声骨折治疗仪治疗,20 min/d,1次/d,对照组不给予低强度脉冲超声治疗.治疗4,8,12周后,X射线评定胫骨骨折断端愈合程度,采用Image J图像分析软件分析计算骨痂生成率;延长区新骨作苏木精-伊红染色、Masson三色染色、VG染色后光镜下组织学分析,并在显微镜下测新骨占总骨痂的面积.结果与结论:36只兔均进入结果分析.治疗4周后对照组仅见外骨痂连接形成骨桥,骨痂区密度低,还可见部分骨痂缺如:超声治疗组骨早期再生成熟优于对照组,表现在两断端骨痂影密度增高,数量增多,骨痂影由两端向中央生长,被密度高的骨痂取代,外骨痂已开始被吸收,骨痂充满延长区,密度增高增粗,骨折处皮质骨密度接近正常皮质骨,骨痂生成率明显提高(P＜0.05),与8,12周无差异.组织学分析显示,超声治疗组治疗4,8,12周时新骨形成早于对照组,治疗4周新骨占总骨痂面积的百分比大于对照组,治疗8,12周后两组新骨占总骨痂面积的百分比无差别.提示低强度脉冲超声可促进新骨形成,增加骨痂面积,在兔胫骨骨延长动物模型牵拉成骨后的骨再生成熟中有促进作用.     

磷酸镁骨水泥粘接固定犬胫骨平台骨折的实验研究

目的:应用磷酸镁骨水泥(MPC)粘接固定犬胫骨平台骨折,探讨MPC治疗骨折的效果、粘接和降解机理及在犬体内MPC粘接强度的变化情况等.方法:38只犬随机分为A与B两组,其中A组8只,B组30只.通过开放截骨法建立犬胫骨平台骨折模型,复位后用MPC粘接固定骨折断端,术中、术后不再使用其它内、外固定.术后不同时期对A组犬胫骨进行大体和显微镜下观察,对B组犬分别进行影像学检查、大体检查以及生物力学分析等.结果:MPC在犬体内的吸收速度和骨折的愈合速度一致,不影响骨折的愈合.通过对犬胫骨标本的组织学检查发现,其粘接机理可能为机械镶嵌固定,并通过溶解而逐步吸收.MPC在犬体内具有一定的骨粘接强度,但其抗拉强度小于体外.结论:MPC具有一定的粘接强度,在动物体内的吸收速度和骨折的愈合速度一致,可用于非负重部位骨折的粘接固定,但其抗水性能和粘接强度尚需进一步提高.     

数字散斑法加载100N与500N测量胫骨干骨折内固定下的位移

背景:以往研究多以传感器研究钢板置入内固定治疗骨折生物力学特点,存在直接接触、精度低等缺点.目的:以数字散斑法测试成人胫骨加压钢板内固定中骨折断端第4颗和第5颗螺钉在不同拉力条件下的平均位移.方法:测试之前在所有成人胫骨标本表面喷涂银漆粉,用于数字散斑测量.横行截断胫骨中点,制造胫骨干中段骨折模型.将加压钢板置入胫骨后外侧骨膜下,骨折端两侧各4枚螺钉穿透4层骨皮质.标本分6个状态:A,8枚螺钉加压胫骨内固定(未锯断,模拟骨愈合状态);B,在A组的基础上胫骨中点锯断;C,在B组的基础上去掉上面第1颗螺钉;D,在C组的基础上去掉下面第1颗螺钉;E,在D组的基础上去掉上面第2颗螺钉;F,在E组的基础上去掉下面第2颗螺钉,按A～F组测量顺序进行测量.在100,500 N拉力下,用CSS-44100型电子万能试验机进行加载拉力测量骨折断端近侧第4颗与第5螺钉的位移.结果与结论:方差分析显示在100 N拉力下(F=3.107),A组与F组比较方差的P < 0.05;在500 N拉力下(F=4.719),A组与F组比较方差的P值< 0.05.说明靠近骨折线的螺钉承受较大的应力,容易断裂,在加压钢板内固定治疗胫骨骨折时,经过推断假定其螺钉直径建议增加1.0～2.0 mm.     

外固定方法制作的大鼠股骨骨折模型

背景:外固定器抗旋转能力强,不影响局部血运,不固定关节,动物可以自由活动,适合用于骨折模型的制作.目的:创立一种新型的股骨骨折动物模型.方法:SD 大鼠24 只于大鼠右侧股骨截骨,以自行研究设计的微型单边外固定器为固定装置,制成骨折模型,术后通过大体观察、影像学观察及组织学方法观察股骨对位情况和截骨端的愈合情况.结果与结论:术后外固定器保持正常位置,未见螺纹钉拔出,针孔松动,骨折等现象,大鼠股骨保持正常生理位置.固定后第2 周骨断端已经有模糊的原始骨痂形成.第4 周时已有连续性骨痂通过,但骨断端仍较清晰.第8 周时,骨断端已经愈合,髓腔再通,出现骨性愈合.证实微型单边外固定器可以为股骨骨折模型大鼠提供可靠的固定,并且右侧股骨截骨骨折模型大鼠制作合理.     

大鼠胫骨标准实验性骨不连模型的制作

背景：建立客观标准的骨不连动物实验模型是骨不连的实验研究及探索骨不连治疗的必要条件。目的：为骨不连的实验研究建立一种客观的动物实验模型。方法：选取SD大鼠,在胫骨中段截断,用口腔科粘固粉充填器（3#或4#）灼烧骨折断端（包括骨膜）,然后用0．5mm克氏针钻入骨髓腔,固定骨折,2个月后经大体标本、病理组织学及放射学检查确定骨不连形成情况。结果与结论：大体标本观察、放射学检查及病理组织学检查均显示骨缺损区无骨性连接,为纤维瘢痕组织填充,骨端硬化。结果表明实验所建立的动物模型,具有骨不连的病理改变,符合骨不连的要求,是一种可靠而实用的实验性骨不连动物模型。     

Clinical translation of a mesenchymal stromal cell‐based therapy developed in a large animal model and two case studies of the treatment of atrophic pseudoarthrosis

Pseudoarthrosis is a relatively frequent complication of fractures, in which the lack of mechanical stability and biological stimuli results in the failure of bone union, most frequently in humerus and tibia. Treatment of recalcitrant pseudoarthrosis relies on the achievement of satisfactory mechanical stability combined with adequate local biology. Herein we present two cases of atrophic pseudoarthrosis that received a tissue‐engineering product (TEP) composed of autologous bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM‐MSC) combined with deantigenized trabecular bone particles from a tissue bank. The feasibility of the treatment and osteogenic potential of the cell‐based medicine was first demonstrated in an ovine model of critical size segmental tibial defect. Clinical‐grade autologous BM‐MSC were produced following a good manufacturing practice‐compliant bioprocess. Results were successful in one case, with pseudoarthrosis resolution, and inconclusive in the other one. The first patient presented atrophic pseudoarthrosis of the humeral diaphysis and was treated with osteosynthesis and TEP resulting in satisfactory consolidation at month 6. The second case presented a recalcitrant pseudoarthrosis of the proximal tibia and the Masquelet technique was followed before filling the defect with the TEP. This patient presented a neuropathic pain syndrome unrelated to the treatment that forced the amputation of the extremity 3 months later. In this case, the histological analysis of the tissue formed at the defect site provided evidence of neovascularization but no overt bone remodelling activity. It is concluded that the use of expanded autologous BM‐MSC to treat pseudoarthrosis was demonstrated to be feasible and safe, provided that no clinical complications were reported, and early signs of effectiveness were observed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bone defect healing in the absence and presence of a plastic catheter: an experimental study in the rabbit

The healing pattern of small, round, cortical defects, drilled in the upper tibial diaphysis of rabbits, was studied histologically and histomorphometrically. Group I rabbits were not further handled. In groups II and III animals, a polyethylene catheter was introduced into the medullary cavity by way of a second cortical hole and driven forward until its tip was close to the first cortical defect. Group II rabbits were not further handled. The cortical defect of group III animals was irradiated from a diode source via a fiber optic cable in the catheter. Assessment of the osseous healing of the cortical defects revealed neither qualitatively nor quantitatively significant differences among the three groups. The morphological catheter, which abuts on a cortical defect, does not hinder the normal progression of osseous bridging of the gap.     

成纤维细胞在体外冲击波治疗骨不连愈合过程中的作用

目的 探讨成纤维细胞在体外冲击波治疗骨不连愈合过程中的作用。方法 将30只日本大耳白兔制作骨不连模型（外固定支架固定），12周后经拍片证实共获得骨不连模型动物27只，随机分为治疗组（14只）和对照组（13只）。全麻下治疗组动物行体外冲击波治疗，在骨不连两断端相对应部位各冲击1000次，能量为0．54mJ／mm^2，频率为60次／min，冲击波治疗一次完成。对照组仅行外固定支架固定。通过组织学及电镜观察冲击波治疗2周、6周骨不连断端成纤维细胞的成骨情况。结果 体外冲击波造成骨不连断端的微骨折，启动骨不连的愈合状态；治疗组9例骨不连有8例愈合，对照组9例骨不连有3例愈合，经X^2检验，X^2值为5．84，P〈0．05，差异有统计学意义。电镜下发现冲击波治疗2周后成纤维细胞与成骨细胞一样能够合成有周期性横纹的胶原纤维，冲击波治疗后6周形成骨陷窝，有明显的成骨作用。但在对照组却没有观察到明显的成骨作用。结论 成纤维细胞在冲击波刺激下被激活，能够合成胶原纤维并形成骨陷窝．因此在骨不连愈合过程中起重要作用。     

锁定加压钢板内固定治疗胫骨骨折的疗效

目的探讨锁定加压钢板（locking compression plate,LCP）内固定治疗胫骨骨折的疗效。方法24例胫骨骨折患者采用LCP内固定治疗。在影像增强器监视下先行闭合复位或小切口切开复位,复位满意后采用经皮微创接骨术于肌肉下骨膜外置入LCP,再次确认位置满意后通过导向器经皮拧入锁定螺钉。结果随访7~24个月,平均8.6个月。全部患者切口均I期愈合;有1例钢板断裂,无术后切口感染、骨折再移位、骨折不愈合等并发症发生。骨折愈合时间10-16周,平均12.7周。术后膝关节功能（HSS）评分70-92分,平均86.5分;优22例,良2例。踝关节功能（AOFAS）评分86-93分,平均89.9分;优19例,良5例。所有患者患肢功能均恢复良好。结论LCP内固定治疗胫骨骨折软组织创伤小、对骨骼血供影响小、骨折愈合及功能恢复快。     

Use of bone marrow derived stem cells in a fracture non-union

This is an attempt of using in vitro cultured mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow in joining of a fracture non-union. Bone marrow cells were obtained and differentially centrifuged for MSCs that were grown in vitro in mesenchymal stem cell basal medium aseptically, for 10 d. The cell mass was injected around the fracture non-union. Healthy conditions of development of tissue regeneration at the trauma site and due bone joining were recorded. It is concluded that in vitro cultured MSCs had a blithesome effect on the fracture non-union.     

兔胫骨平台骨折愈合中的骨密度变化

背景：目前对胫骨平台骨折的基础研究多集中在生物力学方面,对于其愈合过程中骨密度变化规律的研究很少。目的：观察胫骨平台骨折愈合过程中的骨密度变化情况。方法：选择18只新西兰大白兔制作胫骨平台骨折动物模型,骨折复位后用螺钉加压固定,分别于术后1,2,3,4,6,8周取胫骨标本。另取3只正常兔的胫骨标本作为对照。结果与结论：双能X射线骨密度测量显示,术后1周骨密度值较对照组略有降低,2周时骨密度值明显增大且差异显著（P〈0.05）。3周时骨密度值陡然降低,3,4,6周时测得的骨密度值总体差异不大,4周时略为增高,8周时骨密度值又略微降低,3,4,6,8周数据比较差异无显著性意义。提示在良好的复位固定条件下,术后2周时骨折区域的骨密度值最高、成骨作用最强。     

Utility of cement injection to stabilize split-depression tibial plateau fracture by minimally invasive methods: A finite element analysis

BackgroundTreatment for fractures of the tibial plateau is in most cases carried out by stable fixation in order to allow early mobilization. Minimally invasive technologies such as tibioplasty or stabilization by locking plate, bone augmentation and cement filling (CF) have recently been used to treat this type of fracture. The aim of this paper was to determine the mechanical behavior of the tibial plateau by numerically modeling and by quantifying the mechanical effects on the tibia mechanical properties from injury healing.MethodsA personalized Finite Element (FE) model of the tibial plateau from a clinical case has been developed to analyze stress distribution in the tibial plateau stabilized by balloon osteoplasty and to determine the influence of the cement injected. Stress analysis was performed for different stages after surgery.FindingsJust after surgery, the maximum von Mises stresses obtained for the fractured tibia treated with and without CF were 134.9 MPa and 289.9 MPa respectively on the plate. Stress distribution showed an increase of values in the trabecular bone in the treated model with locking plate and CF and stress reduction in the cortical bone in the model treated with locking plate only.InterpretationThe computed results of stresses or displacements of the fractured models show that the cement filling of the tibial depression fracture may increase implant stability, and decrease the loss of depression reduction, while the presence of the cement in the healed model renders the load distribution uniform.     

AO经皮微创锁定钢板治疗胫骨远端粉碎性骨折

目的探讨AO经皮微创锁定钢板治疗胫骨远端粉碎性骨折的临床效果。方法自2008年至2011年应用经皮微创内固定技术(MIPPO),使用AO经皮微创锁定钢板治疗40例胫骨远端粉碎性骨折。术后6～8周进行部分负重锻炼。AO分型:A型12例,B型18例,C型10例。结果 36例均获随访,时间9～20个月,平均12个月。骨折愈合时间15～24周,平均19.5周。按照Johner-Wruhs方法评价功能,本研究病例优29例,良4例,中3例,差0例;优良率91.7%。结论 MIPPO技术结合AO经皮微创锁定钢板治疗胫骨远端粉碎性骨折符合生物力学固定原则,内固定牢靠,有利于骨折的愈合及软组织的修复。     

Enhancing mechanical strength during early fracture healing via shockwave treatment: an animal study

OBJECTIVE: This investigation aims to determine (1) whether shockwave treatment helps fracture healing and (2) whether the effect of shockwave treatment on fracture healing is dose dependent. DESIGN: Shockwave was applied over tibial osteotomy in an animal model to assess its effect on the healing of the fracture. METHODOLOGY: Bilateral tibial diaphyseal transverse osteotomy was conducted on 42 rabbits, dividing into experimental and control group, immobilized using an external skeletal fixator, with one leg tested with shockwave therapy and the contralateral leg acting as the control without therapy. Serial radiography and measurement of bone mineral density via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were performed to assess the fracture healing. The experimental animals had two or three sessions of shockwave therapy (5000 impulses, 0.32 mJ/mm(2), Orthopedic) over the osteotomy sites on day 7, 21 and 35; while the control group did not receive any treatment. The animals were sacrificed on day 42 or 56. Then, bilateral tibias were harvested and sent for mechanical tests as well as the histological examination. The pertinent statistic methods were applied to analyze the results. BACKGROUND: Shockwave therapy has become a useful alternative approach in treating various orthopedic conditions, but the mechanism which it works remains unclear. Thus far, shockwave therapy has been found effective in treating long bone pseudoarthrosis, but whether it can benefit fresh fracture healing continues to be debated. RESULTS: Higher union rates occurred during the early but not the late stages in the experimental group, while mechanical strength was higher in the experimental group than in the control group. No significant dose-dependent response occurred between the second and third applications of shockwave treatment. No significant difference in mechanical strength occurred between the experimental groups at 4 weeks and the control group at 6 weeks, or between the experimental groups at 6 and 8 weeks. Furthermore, no significant correlation occurred between the absolute values of maximum torque and bone mineral density. CONCLUSION: Based on this investigation, shockwave treatment has a positive effect on early fracture healing while its long term effects require further investigation. RELEVANCE: Shockwave therapy can be a useful alternative adjunct modality in the treatment of fresh long bone fracture.     

Early mobilization of rabbit medial collateral ligament repairs: biomechanic and histologic study

The postoperative management of repaired medial collateral ligaments is controversial. There are proponents for either early mobilization or immobilization. To contribute to an understanding of the issues, 24 adult Dutch rabbits were divided into four groups and a comparative study was made of their incised medial collateral ligaments, contrasting early immobilization with mobilization at three and six weeks. The ligaments were studied histologically and biomechanically. At three weeks, the immobilized ligaments were twice as strong as mobilized ligaments. Histologically, the immobilized ligaments demonstrated more fibroblastic reaction while the mobilized ligaments showed more mature tissue development at the repair site. There were no statistically significant differences between knees mobilized for six weeks and knees immobilized for three weeks and then subsequently mobilized for three weeks. In view of these results, the authors conclude that the deleterious effects of immobilization should be considered when planning postoperative or postinjury treatment of torn medial collateral ligaments.