同步录像脑电心电监测对老年癫痫的诊断价值

目的：探讨同步录像-脑电-心电(Video-EEG-ECG)监测对老年癫痫的诊断价值。方法：对46例临床拟诊癫痫且常规脑电图(EEG)检查正常的老年患者进行24h Video—EEG—ECG监测。结果：确诊为癫痫者15例，心源性发作13例，短暂脑缺血发作10例，假性发作6例，癫痫伴假性发作2例。结论：Video-EEG-ECG监测对老年癫痫和非癫痫性发作的诊断与鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

儿童癫癎发作的临床特征与录像脑电图分析

目的：分析儿童癫痫发作的临床表现和录像脑电图(Video—EEG)特征。方法：对123例年龄9天至15岁癫痫患儿进行Video—EEG监测，记录并同步分析发作时EEG与临床表现。结果：123例中记录到568次发作，分三种类型。1、全面性发作53例201次发作：①婴儿痉挛18例中53次发作，发作期EEG表现为广泛低波幅快活动或高波幅慢波暴发与低电压抑制；②肌阵挛发作12例中79次发作，发作期EEG表现各导联多棘波、多棘慢波；③强直发作10例中24次发作，发作期EEG表现导联低波幅快节律、多棘慢波；④阵挛发作10例中39次发作，发作期EEG表现各导联棘慢波、尖慢波；⑤失神发作3例中6次发作，发作期EEG表现全导联3Hz棘慢波。2、部分性发作67例中339次发作．分别起源于额、中央、顶、颞、枕，其中38例191次发作为继发全身发作。3、混合发作3例中28次发作。结论：Video—EEG有助于临床医师对儿童癫痫的正确分型及指导治疗。     

视频脑电图(Video-EEG)的临床应用

视频或电视录像脑电图(Video—EEG)监测是鉴别癫痫发作性质及类型的最有效的检查方法，也是国际上普遍采用的癫痫和癫痫综合征分类的重要依据之一。目前正在国内普及，其优势在于可以同步观察到病人发作症状和脑电图变化，实现了视频图像、声音和脑电三的统一，对癫痫发作的鉴别诊断及分型均有难以取代的临床价值。目前报道的一些新的癫痫发作类型及综合征无不有赖于视频脑电图监测的证实。     

中国人遗传性痉挛性截瘫spastin基因突变研究

目的 探讨中国人遗传性痉挛性截瘫（hereditary spastic paraplegia,HSP)spastin基因的突变特点，为该病的基因诊断提供依据。方法 应用聚合酶链反应—单链构象多态性(PCR—single strand conformation polymorphism，PCR—SSCP)结合DNA序列分析方法，对22个常染色体显性遗传HSP家系的先证者和9例散发性HSP患者的spastin基因进行研究，对发现异常SSCP条带的家系内成员进行突变研究。结果 在22例常染色体显性遗传HSP家系的先证者和9例散发性HSP患者中发现异常SSCP条带6例，进行DNA序列分析，共发现3种spastin基因突变，为外显子8的T1258A和A1293G，外显子14的1667delACT或1668delCTA或1669delTAC，均未见报道，突变位点均位于spastin基因功能区域，其中两个家系存在同一种突变(T1258A)，各突变家系内患者存在同样的异常SSCP条带。结论 中国人遗传性痉挛性截瘫患者存在spastin基因突变，该基因在中国人常染色体显性遗传的遗传性痉挛性截瘫家系中的突变率较低(18．2％)，点突变是主要的突变形式，外显子8可能是中国人spastin基因的突变热点。     

癫痫发作后症状及脑电图分析

目的：探讨癫痫发作后常见症状的临床特征及在癫痫发作鉴别诊断中的作用。方法：选择癫痫患者50例，非癫痫性发作患者30例，分析发作后症状及脑电图表现。结果：38例癫痫患者和4例非癫痫患者发作后头痛、疲劳、嗜睡；脑电图（EEG）第一次检查异常38例，第二次异常44例，非癫痫发作后EEG异常8例。结论：癫痫患者有发作后症状，对癫痫的诊断有非常重要的价值。     

遗传性非息肉病性结直肠癌的家系和染色体脆性部位研究

目的：报道一个遗传性非息肉病性结直肠癌的家系和细胞遗传学特征。方法：家系调查通过查阅患者病历，走访经治医生和知情成员所获得。细胞遗传学研究采用了外周血淋巴细胞脆性部位培养技术和G显带分析方法。结果：该家族患者符合阿姆斯特丹诊断标准，先证者祖父母后代发病呈常染色体显性遗传，致病基因来源于先证者祖母。细胞遗传学研究显示9例成员染色体异常率高达55．6％，其中1例正常成员亦检到脆性部位，是重点监测和随访的末病对象；表现为显性遗传的先证者祖父母后代5例成员与5例患者染色体异常率均达80％（4／5）。结论：根据系谱中发病规律和患者很高的染色体脆性部位检出率为该家族成员的发病预测、筛查、早诊断、早治疗具有简便、实用、经济的特点和应用价值，可让部分家族成员避免反复检查的痛苦。     

急性病毒性脑炎患者癫痫发作症状42例分析

目的：探讨急性病毒性脑炎患者癫痫发作症状的临床特点、影像学、脑电图（EEG）改变及抗痫药物疗效。方法：回顾性分析42例急性病毒性脑炎患者癫痫发作症状患者的临床特点、影像学、视频脑电图（V—EEG）改变及抗痫药物的治疗。结果：42例急性病毒性脑炎患者癫痫发作症状,以部分性发作为主要发作形式,以颞叶癫痫症状多见,脑部磁共振（MRI）主要表现为局灶性炎性水肿、或合并出血等破坏性病灶,V-EEG以慢波改变及局灶性痫样放电为主。结论：患者的临床表现、影像学、V-EEG改变对病毒性脑炎患者癫痫发作症状的诊断、治疗及预后评价均具有重要作用,临床需个体化选择抗痫药进行有效治疗。     

伴有皮层下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病一家系的临床及基因研究

目的 探讨伴有皮层下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(cerebral autosomaldominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy,CADASIL)患者的临床特征及基因诊断.方法 对1个CADASIL先证者及其家族的发病情况、遗传方式、临床表现、影像学特征、分子遗传学及治疗等方面进行研究.结果 患者均有记忆力减退、乏力、脑卒中样发作等特点,没有高血压、动脉硬化证据,有家族聚集性,头颅CT、MRI示多发性梗死灶、脑白质变性,临床符合CADASIL的诊断.存活者中基因测序显示NOTCH3基因第3、4外显子突变,可确诊为CADASIL.该家系4代中有3代10人呈临床或亚临床发病,符合常染色体显性遗传.结论 该家系的临床及分子遗传学特征符合CADASIL诊断.     

部分性运动性癫痫持续状态的临床特点及脑电图变化特征

目的：研究部分性运动性癫痫持续状态的临床特点及脑电图(EEG)变化特征，并观察临床疗效。方法：对10例部分性运动性癫痫持续状态进行临床、脑电图及影像学观察。结果：本组10例脑电图均见到发作期或／和发作间期阵发性的电活动。结论：部分性运动性癫痫持续状态分析临床、脑电图及影像学检查结果，有助于提高本病的诊断。     

非癫痫性发作患者发作期临床表现与同步录像脑电监测结果分析

目的：分析非癫痫性发作（NES）患者的临床特点及其同步录像脑电图（V—EEG）监测的诊断价值。方法：NES患者33例,其中男14例,女19例;年龄16个月至73岁。对患者发作期的临床表现结合EEG和焦虑、抑郁评分以及MRI等进行回顾性分析。结果：33例患者v-EEG均监测到临床发作,发作期EEG均无痫样放电,证实为NES,并且超过半数（56％）的患者伴有焦虑和（或）抑郁情绪。结论：NES的发作形式多种多样,易被误诊为癫痫或其他疾病。心理因素在NES发作中可能有比较重要的作用。V—EEG监测对NES诊断及鉴别诊断均有重要的指导意义。     

Development in in vitro toxicology

There are three principal pressures driving the development of in vitro toxicology: (1) the need for more efficient testing systems to cope with the large number of xenobiotics currently being developed; (2) public pressure to reduce animal experimentation; and (3) a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Within this, in vitro toxicology is focused on local, systemic, and target-organ toxicity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a step or decision-tree approach using input of a variety of experimental data (physicochemical properties, biokinetics, cytotoxicity) provides the most efficient system for predicting toxicity. Examples of the use of in vitro toxicity systems for prediction of systemic toxicity and target-organ (liver) toxicity are presented.Originally presented at ECCP 93.     

Age-related changes in polyamines in memory-associated brain structures in rats

Polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are positively charged aliphatic amines and have important roles in maintaining normal cellular function, regulating neurotransmitter receptors and modulating learning and memory. Recent evidence suggests a role of putrescine in hippocampal neurogenesis, that is significantly impaired during aging. The present study measured the polyamine levels in memory-related brain structures in 24- (aged), 12- (middle-aged) and 4- (young) month-old rats using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. In the hippocampus, the putrescine levels were significantly decreased in the CA1 and dentate gyrus, and increased in the CA2/3 with age. Significant age-related increases in the spermidine levels were found in the CA1 and CA2/3. There was no difference between groups in spermine in any sub-regions examined. In the parahippocampal region, increased putrescine level with age was observed in the entorhinal cortex, and age did not alter the spermidine levels. The spermine level was significantly decreased in the perirhinal cortex and increased in the postrhinal cortex with age. In the prefrontal cortex, there was age-related decrease in putrescine, and the spermidine and spermine levels were significantly increased with age. This study, for the first time, demonstrates age-related region-specific changes in polyamines in memory-associated structures, suggesting that polyamine system dysfunction may potentially contribute to aged-related impairments in hippocampal neurogenesis and learning and memory.     

Seasonal variations in acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Slovenia

Between December 1999 and December 2004, 40 081 pregnant women were examined for toxoplasmosis with Toxo-IgG, Toxo-IgM enzyme immunoassay. Women with positive results were then retested with the Toxo-IgG avidity assay for recent toxoplasmosis. Recent acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women was found to be significantly more frequent (p < 0.01) during winter than summer. The incidence of acute toxoplasmosis during winter-spring was also significantly more frequent (p < 0.025) than summer-autumn. This phenomenon should be taken into account when formulating preventive measures for toxoplasmosis, especially for pregnant women.     

休克过程中肾上腺髓质素变化的研究进展

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a new peptidergic regulator of vascular function. AM serves as a hormone, which has many biological properties, plays an important role in the many pathophysiological processes, especially shock. This review will highlight the structure, biological properties of AM and the relationship between AM and shock.     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Uteroglobin in the developing rabbit conceptus in vivo and in vitro

Summary Uteroglobin (UGL) was measured in day- 4 to day-10 rabbit conceptuses by a competitive ELISA. Levels in blastocyst fluid, tissues, coverings and in the early fetus were determined separately. The total amount of UGL increased from 18.4 ng to 6.8 g per conceptus. The UGL content of individual day-6 blastocysts was studied in vitro. Culturing was carried out up to 60 h in Ham's F10 medium with polyvinylpyrrolidone as macromolecular component, with and without progesterone, and with progesterone plus estradiol. UGL was determined in the blastocyst fluids, tissues with coverings and in the culture media. After labelling with [³⁵S]-methionine, protein patterns of total blastocysts and of culture media were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and fluorography. The morphology of cultured blastocysts was examined by electron microscopy. During 60 h of culture, the blastocysts expanded in diameter by 84%, and released 19% of their initial UGL content into the medium, independent of the hormonal substitution. Neither de novo synthesis, nor degradation of UGL was found: the protein remained unlabelled in fluorography, and its total quantity was not significantly different from that of non-cultured controls. Trophoblast, endoderm and embryoblast cells showed well preserved cell organelles and intercellular junctions, while the morphological differentiation of the germ layer was inhibited.