白细胞介素-27在冠心病患者血浆中的变化及其临床意义

目的 探讨白细胞介素-27(IL-27)在不同类型冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(CHD)发生发展中的作用.方法 60例经冠状动脉造影术(CAG)确诊的CHD患者,其中稳定型心绞痛(SAP)10例,不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)25例,急性心肌梗死(AMI)25例,对照组28例,分别检测不同类型CHD患者和对照组患者血浆IL-27(酶联免疫吸附法)及超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP,免疫比浊法)水平.结果 SAP、UAP、AMI组血浆IL-27及hs-CRP水平显著高于对照组(P均<0.05),AMI组血浆IL-27水平显著低于UAP组(P<0.01).AMI组hs-CRP水平显著高于UAP组,UAP组又显著高于SAP组(P均<0.01).经Spearman相关分析显示,IL-27与hs-CRP呈正相关(r＝0.308,P<0.01).结论 IL-27可能与CHD进展及粥样斑块的稳定密切相关.     

不稳定型心绞痛患者血清细胞因子与基质金属蛋白酶-2的关系

目的:探讨不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)患者血清致炎因子(IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α)、抗炎因子(IL-10)水平与基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)及其抑制剂(TIMP-2)的关系.方法:选择UAP患者135例(UAP组)、稳定型心绞痛(SAP)患者35例(SAP组)、对照组30例,应用ELISA法检测血清IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α、IL-10、MMP-2、TIMP-2水平.结果:UAP组患者血清IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α、IL-10、(IL-1 +IL-6+TNF-a)/IL-10、MMP-2、TIMP-2、MMP-2/TIMP-2水平高于对照组及SAP组(P均＜0.05);Spearson相关分析显示,UAP患者血清MMP-2活性与IL-1、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α水平正相关(P＜0.05);多元逐步回归分析显示,UAP患者血清MMP-2与IL-1、(IL-1+IL-6+TNF-α)/IL-10、空腹血糖独立正相关.结论:UAP患者致炎与抗炎细胞因子平衡失调,可能通过影响MMP-2活性介导斑块向不稳定性进展,促进UAP的发生.     

白细胞介素-6和超敏C反应蛋白与冠心病的相关性分析

目的 探讨白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)的血浆水平在监测冠心病病情方面的作用及与冠状动脉病变程度的关系.方法 冠心病患者80例,按临床诊断分为急性心肌梗死(AMI)组30例、不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)组30例、稳定型心绞痛(SAP)组20例,对照组20例.测定(IL-6)、hs-CRP的水平,比较各组间的差异.结果 AMI组、UAP组及SAP组的IL-6和hs-CRP水平均比对照组高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);AMI组、UAP组和SAP组IL-6和hs-CRP水平相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);AMI组与uAP组IL-6和hs-CRP水平相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);IL-6和hs-CRP水平变化呈正相关.结论 血浆IL-6和hs-CRP可能是冠状动脉粥样硬化的标志,参与了冠心病的发病过程,其数值与冠状动脉病变程度密切相关.     

炎性指标在不稳定型心绞痛诊断中的意义

目的 通过观察不稳定型心绞痛（UAP）、稳定型心绞痛（SAP）患者及对照组血清中白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-8（IL-8）、超敏C-反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、血清淀粉样A（SAA）和血管细胞间黏附分子-1（sVCAM-1）水平的变化，寻找出预测和识别UAP的具有代表性的炎性指标。方法 选取40例UAP患者，40例SAP患者，40例健康对照者，采用酶联免疫法（ELISA）测定血清IL-6、IL-8、hs-CRP、SAA和sVCAM-1浓度。结果 UAP患者IL-6、hs-CRP、SAA和sVCAM-1水平均显著高于SAP组和对照组；UAP组内IL-6、IL-8、hs-CRP、SAA、sVCAM-1相互之间呈显著正相关；hs-CRP相关指数的均数最大（Rx^2=0．6284）。结论 UAP患者各炎性指标水平显著性增高；各炎性指标间呈显著的正相关；hs-CRP为炎性指标中具有代表性的，可以作为识别和判断UAP发作的临床指标。     

不稳定性心绞痛患者炎症因子与心率变异性的相关性分析

目的探讨不稳定性心绞痛(unstable angina pectoris,UAP)患者炎症因子与心率变异性(heart rate variability,HRV)的相关性。方法选择56例UAP患者(UAP组)、44例稳定性心绞痛(stable angina pectoris,SAP)患者(SAP组)及30例健康志愿者(健康对照组),比较三组高敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及HRV参数:24 h正常窦性RR间期总体均值的标准差(SDNN)、24 h每5 min正常RR间期均值的标准差(SDANN)、相邻正常RR间期差值的均方根值(RMSSD)、相邻正常RR间期差值50 ms的比例、低频段功率(LF)和高频段功率(HF)的比值(LF/HF),并分析UAP患者炎症因子与HRV参数的相关性。结果 UAP组血清hs-CRP、IL-6、LF/HF显著高于SAP组及健康对照组,SDNN、SDANN、RMSSD、PNN50显著低于SAP组和健康对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);SAP组SDNN、SDANN、RMSSD、PNN50显著低于健康对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);UAP组患者炎症因子hs-CRP、IL-6与SDNN均呈显著负相关。结论UAP患者炎症因子的增高可能与HRV降低有关,值得进一步深入研究。     

冠心病患者血清PA和hs-CRP水平变化的探讨

目的 探讨冠心病患者血清PA和hs-CRP水平的变化及实验检测价值.方法 选取临床确诊为冠心病患者107例,其中稳定型心绞痛(SAP)患者39例,不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)患者36例,急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者32例,采用免疫比浊法检测PA和hs-CRP的水平浓度.结果 SAP,UAP与AMI患者PA水平浓度逐渐降低,AMI患者血清PA水平浓度明显低于SAP,UAP患者(P＜0.01);血清hs-CRPP水平浓度逐渐升高,AMI患者hs-CRP水平明显高于SAP与UAP患者(P＜0.01);随病情严重程度增加hs-CRP浓度显著升高,PA浓度显著降低,差异均有统计学显著性意义(P＜0.01).结论 血清PA和hs-CRP水平变化与冠心病发生、发展及预后密切相关.     

冠心病患者血清三酰甘油脂肪酶与炎性因子水平的相关性研究

目的探讨冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(CHD)患者血清三酰甘油脂肪酶(ATGL)与炎性因子的关系。方法选择CHD患者135例,健康对照者50例,依据相关诊断标准将CHD患者分为稳定性心绞痛(SAP)组(53例)、不稳定性心绞痛(UAP)组(46例)、急性心肌梗死(AMI)组(36例)。采用ELISA法测定血清ATGL、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、1,25二羟维生素D3[1,25(OH)2D3],并做统计学处理。结果 CHD组ATGL、1,25(OH)2D3水平低于健康对照组,TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10水平高于对照组(P0.05)。按临床类型分组:AMI组ATGL、1,25(OH)2D3水平明显低于SAP组和UAP组,TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10水平高于SAP组、UAP组(P0.05);UAP组ATGL、1,25(OH)2D3水平低于SAP组,TNF-α、IL-10高于SAP组(P0.05)。Spearman相关分析显示,在CHD组血清ATGL水平与TG、LDL-C、LP(a)、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10呈负相关(r=-0.289、-0.227、-0.359、-0.243、-0.205、-0.337,P0.05),与年龄、HDL-C、1,25(OH)2D3呈正相关(r=0.267、0.356、0.229,P0.05)。结论 CHD患者ATGL含量随炎症因子升高而下降,在CHD进展中发挥一定的抗炎作用,可以作为提示CHD病情变化的监测指标之一。     

不稳定性心绞痛患者血清IFN-γ、IL-2及IL-10的变化及临床意义

目的通过检测不稳定性心绞痛(UAP)患者血清中1型辅助性T细胞(Thl)(包括IL-2、IFN-γ)和2型辅助性T细胞(Th2)((包括IL-10)细胞因子的变化,探讨其在UAP发病过程中的作用及对近期预后的判断价值。方法选取UAP患者40例(UAP组)及稳定性心绞痛(SAP)患者38例(SAP组),同时选取健康体检者24例(对照组),测定各组血清中的IFN-γ、IL-2和IL-10水平,并观察UAP患者3个月内不良心脏事件发生率。结果 UAP组血清中IFN-γ、IL-2水平明显高于对照组和SAP组(P均<0.05),而IL-10水平明显低于对照组和SAP组(P均<0.05)。UAP患者中,有心脏事件患者血清IFN-γ、IL-2水平明显高于无心脏事件患者(P均<0.05),IL-10水平明显低于无心脏事件患者(P均<0.05)。结论外周血中Thl和Th2细胞因子水平的变化可能与冠状动脉病变不稳定性斑块的存在有关,可反映冠心病患者临床病情,对判断UAP患者近期预后有较好的预测价值。     

急性冠脉综合征患者冠状动脉病变严重程度与雌激素、超敏C-反应蛋白及基质金属蛋白酶-9的相关性研究

目的探讨急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者雌激素(Estrogen)、超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)及基质金属蛋白酶-9水平(MMP-9)与冠状动脉病变严重程度的相关性。方法选择因ACS行冠状动脉造影术患者126例(ACS组),其中急性心肌梗死(AMI组)68例,不稳定性心绞痛(UAP组)58例,同时选择30例稳定性心绞痛(SAP组)以及因怀疑冠心病行冠状动脉造影术排除冠心病的患者40例作为对照组。所有患者均检测雌激素、hs-CRP及MMP-9浓度。结果 1AMI、UAP及SAP组雌激素水平明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。AMI、UAP及SAP三组间雌激素水平比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其浓度水平逐渐升高。2AMI、UAP、SAP组hs-CRP及MMP-9水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05),三组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3血清雌激素水平与hs-CRP(r=-0.6726)及MMP-9(r=-0.7012)呈负相关(P<0.05)。4hs-CRP与MMP-9呈正相关(r=0.6926,P<0.05)。5冠状动脉狭窄病变支数与雌激素水平呈负相关(r=-0.6136,P<0.05),与hs-CRP(r=0.6608)及MMP-9(r=0.6946)呈正相关(r=0.6519)。结论血清雌激素、超敏C-反应蛋白及基质金属蛋白酶-9水平与冠状动脉病变严重程度有显著相关性;血清雌激素、超敏C-反应蛋白及基质金属蛋白酶-9水平有显著相关性;血清雌激素、超敏C-反应蛋白及基质金属蛋白酶-9可作为评价冠状动脉病变严重程度及斑块稳定性的标志物。     

心绞痛病人血清炎性因子的变化及其临床意义

目的探讨炎性因子在心绞痛发生与发展中的变化及其临床意义。方法将60例经冠状动脉造影检查确诊为冠心病心绞痛病人分为稳定型心绞痛（SAP）组28例和不稳定型心绞痛（UAP）组32例,采用GC-911γ计数仪测定法、免疫散射比浊法测定其血清白细胞介素（IL）-6I、L-8、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）水平及外周血白细胞（WBC）数量,并以20例健康人作为对照组。结果与对照组比较,心绞痛病人血清中IL-6I、L-8、TNF-α、hs-CRP含量及WBC数均升高（t=2.986～6.069,P〈0.01）,且UAP组IL-6I、L-8、TNF-α、hs-CRP含量及WBC数高于SAP组（t=2.163～3.255,P〈0.05、0.01）。UAP组病人的hs-CRP与IL-6及WBC呈正相关（r=0.376、0.366,P〈0.05）,SAP组病人的hs-CRP与WBC呈正相关（r=0.515,P〈0.01）。结论炎症反应参与心绞痛的发生及发展,监测炎性因子水平变化可为临床病情分级和预后判断提供一定参考。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."