体外免疫法抗MG7人源性单抗的研制及意义

人源性单抗用于人体疾病的体内诊断及治疗,不仅免疫原性弱,半衰期长,且能介导某些重要的免疫反应,以调节机体的免疫衡稳状态或增加抗体的抗病能力。但是,由于许多抗原物质如肿瘤抗原不能直接注入人体进行免疫,故给人单抗的制备带来困难。本文在国内首次建立人淋巴细胞体外致敏技术,并用本文作者既往制备的鼠抗人胃癌单克隆抗体MG7作为免疫原,在体外致敏人淋巴细胞获得成功。经与本文作者在国内首次建立的人鼠种间骨髓瘤细胞系FMC-1进     

人鼠种间骨髓瘤细胞系FMC—1的建立及其在人单克隆抗体制备中的应用

本文报告在国内首次建立的一株能用于制备人源性单克隆抗体(以下简称人单抗)的人鼠种间骨髓瘤细胞系FMC-1。FMC-1对8-偶氮鸟嘌呤及鸟本苷具有抵抗性,对HAT培基敏感。细胞倍增时间为24～36小时,无人I_(?)或其轻重链的合成及分泌。目前已传代至136代,细胞中的人染色体稳定。经与人胃痛周围淋巴结的淋巴细胞再次杂交,获得两株人鼠人杂交瘤即HGO_3和HMG_7,在体外传代已6个月,抗体分泌稳定。其中HGO_3分泌抗胃癌的人单抗。HMG_7是经体外致敏人淋巴细胞与FMC-1融合获得的一株杂交瘤,能分泌针对鼠抗人胃癌单抗MG_7的人单抗。两株杂交瘤1×10~6细胞在24小时内的抗体分泌量达25μg～50μg/ml.初步认为FMC-1是一值得推荐用于人单抗制备的种间骨髓瘤细胞系。     

体外致敏制备人单克隆抗体研究现状

体外致敏人淋巴细胞,诱生大量抗原特异性B 细胞和骨髓瘤细胞融合,这是人单抗制备研究中的一项关键步骤。体外致敏提高了杂交瘤形成率和抗体分泌稳定性,推动了人单抗研究的进展。成功的体外致敏有赖于淋巴细胞来源、细胞组成、抗原性质和剂量、血清、分裂原、生长因子、佐剂、免疫时程等因素。本文就近年来这方面的研究现状作一介绍。     

抗CD71人-鼠嵌合抗体对活化淋巴细胞的效应

目的　通过体外实验探讨抗CD71人 鼠嵌合抗体对活化淋巴细胞效应的影响 ,并与其鼠源性单克隆抗体进行比较。方法　以丝裂原诱导的人外周血单个核细胞 (PBMC)为靶细胞 ,测定嵌合抗体和鼠源性单抗对其增殖抑制率 ;在新鲜补体存在下 ,测定补体依赖性嵌合抗体介导的细胞毒效应(CDC)。以EBV转化的B细胞为刺激细胞 ,测定两种抗体对其诱导的同种异体PBMC的增殖抑制率 ;以同种异体的PBMC为刺激细胞 ,测定两种抗体在单向、双向混合淋巴细胞培养 (MLC)中的增殖抑制率。结果　嵌合抗体和鼠源性单抗均可明显抑制丝裂原诱导的PBMC的增殖反应 ,且二者抑制率差异无显著性(P >0 .0 5 ) ,其抑制作用随抗体浓度增加而增强 ,PBMC和丝裂原共同孵育 12h后加入抗体的增殖抑制效应最明显 ;在新鲜补体存在下 ,嵌合抗体对丝裂原诱导增殖的PBMC具有CDC作用 ,而鼠源性单抗CDC作用较弱 ;两种抗体对混合淋巴细胞培养反应有明显的抑制作用 ,且嵌合抗体组抑制率明显高于鼠源性单抗组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　抗CD71人 鼠嵌合抗体在体外实验中可抑制淋巴细胞的活化及其效应 ,其作用明显强于抗CD71鼠源性单克隆抗体。     

用CDR3导向抗体库法对鼠抗人膀胱癌单抗进行人源化

目的　构建含鼠单抗CDR3的人源噬菌体抗体库 ,对膀胱癌鼠单抗进行人源化。方法通过重叠PCR及DNA重组技术 ,将抗膀胱癌鼠单抗BDI的CDR3区与人淋巴细胞来源的多样化的VH和Vκ组合 ,构建含BDICDR3的人源噬菌体抗体库 ;利用loxp cre定位重组系统 ,增加轻、重链的组合配对 ,获大容量抗体库 ;用膀胱癌细胞 (EJ)从中筛选人源化抗膀胱癌单抗Fab段 ,ELISA方法对所筛克隆进行特异性鉴定 ,同时运用竞争抑制实验对所筛特异性克隆进行抗原表位的核实。结果　首先构建了库容为 2× 10 7的含鼠CDR3区的人源噬菌体抗体库 ;经过在cre 细菌胞内的定位重组后 ,获得库容为 10 1 0 的大容量噬菌体抗体库 ;用EJ细胞筛选到可与其特异结合的人源性Fab段 ;竞争抑制实验表明所获人源抗体片段与亲本鼠源单抗结合同一抗原表位。结论　在没有亲本鼠单抗基因 ,仅了解其CDR3序列的条件下 ,可通过CDR3导向 ,构建大容量抗体库 ,筛选到相应的人源化抗体基因。     

氨茶碱及地塞米松对小鼠脾淋巴细胞凋亡的调节作用

目的：观察氨茶碱和地塞米松对小鼠脾淋巴细胞凋亡的调节作用。方法：采用流式细胞技术对比了它们对正常鼠及卵蛋白致敏小鼠脾淋巴细胞凋亡的作用。结果：氨茶碱及地塞米松可诱导体外培养的正常小鼠淋巴细胞凋亡，明显抑制体外培养的致敏鼠淋巴细胞的凋亡。致敏鼠淋巴细胞的凋亡明显多于对照鼠，在体应用氨茶碱（１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ）使致敏淋巴细胞凋亡进一步增加，而在体应用地塞米松（４０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）明显抑制致敏鼠淋巴细胞的凋亡。氨茶碱体外对在体应用氨茶碱处理的鼠淋巴细胞的凋亡有抑制作用，地塞米松体外对在体应用地塞米松处理的鼠淋巴细胞的凋亡无明显影响。结论：氨茶碱和地塞米松对淋巴细胞凋亡具有重要的调节作用，两者的作用机制可能有别。     

用抗原表位定向选择方法人源化抗TNF-α抗体Fab段

目的用抗原表位定向选择（ｅｐｉｔｏｐｅｇｕｉｄｅｄｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ）方法，将鼠源性抗ＴＮＦ－α单抗Ｆａｂ段改造成完全人源性Ｆａｂ。方法首先用鼠单抗Ｆｄ段基因与人的κ链基因库相互配对，构建成人－鼠杂合噬菌体抗体库，筛选可与ＴＮＦ－α结合的克隆，所获得的人κ链基因再与人Ｆｄ基因库组合，建立人源噬菌体抗体库，再进行筛选；类似地以鼠κ链基因和人Ｆｄ库组合构建杂合抗体库，筛选人Ｆｄ基因，再和筛到的人κ链配对，选择与ＴＮＦ－α特异结合的克隆。结果以鼠抗体Ｆｄ段定向选择人κ链获得能与ＴＮＦ－α特异结合的杂合抗体Ｆａｂ片段，再以这些人κ链定向选择人Ｆｄ段获得能与ＴＮＦ－α结合的完全人源性的Ｆａｂ，但这些Ｆａｂ除与ＴＮＦ－α反应外，与一些无关蛋白有交叉反应。以鼠单抗κ链定向选择人Ｆｄ段获得能与ＴＮＦ－α特异结合的杂合Ｆａｂ，其中一个克隆显示很强的结合活性，以该克隆的Ｆｄ与筛到的人κ链配对，得到了能与ＴＮＦ－α特异结合的人源性Ｆａｂ片段。结论抗原表位定向选择方法提供了一种有效的鼠单抗人源化路线     

氨茶碱及地塞米松对小鼠淋巴细胞凋亡的调节作用

目的：观察氨茶碱和地塞米松对小鼠脾淋巴细胞凋亡的调节作用。方法：采用流式细胞技术对比了它们对正常鼠及卵蛋白致敏小鼠脾淋巴细胞凋亡的作用。结果：氨茶碱及地塞米松可忸体外培养的正常小鼠淋巴细胞凋亡，明显抑制体外培养的致敏鼠淋巴细胞的凋亡。致敏鼠洒巴细胞的凋亡明显多于对照鼠，在体应用氨茶碱使致淋巴细胞凋亡进一步增加，而在体应用地塞米松明显抑帛蛭和敏鼠淋巴细胞的凋亡。氨茶碱体外对在体应用氨茶碱处理的鼠淋巴     

中美单克隆抗体技术专利情况对比分析

单克隆抗体（McAb）是由单一B淋巴细胞株分泌的只能识别一种表位的高纯度抗体。1975年Kohler和Milstein首次建立了B淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术,但由于鼠源单抗会使机体产生人抗鼠抗体（HAMA）反应,阻碍了其在临床上的应用。20世纪80年代,DNA重组技术应用于抗体改造,先后出现嵌合抗体和人源化抗体,虽在一定程度上解决了鼠源单抗的问题,但仍可引起不同程度的HAMA反应。随着PCR技术、抗体库技术、转基因技术的发展,1989年第一个全人源单抗Adalimumab研制成功,实现全人源抗体的制备,同时抗体衍生物出现,这些成果使单抗对人类的作用充分发挥。     

鼠抗人OX40功能性单克隆抗体的研制及其生物学特性的鉴定

目的：研制功能性鼠抗人OX40单克隆抗体。方法：以转人OX40的转基因细胞L929-OX40为免疫原，常规免疫6—8周龄的雌性BALB／c小鼠；采用B淋巴细胞融合技术，将免疫小鼠脾脏细胞与SP2／0融合，以L929-OX40转基因细胞及PHA活化的T细胞为抗体筛选阳性细胞，经免疫荧光标记分析对杂交瘤进行反复筛选和多次的克隆化培养；采用快速定性试纸法及竞争抑制结合试验分析了该单抗的亚类及抗原识别位点；采用MTT法分析单抗在体外对T细胞的促增殖效应以及ELISA分析活化T细胞分泌的细胞因子。结果：获得1株持续、稳定分泌鼠抗人OX40单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株(命名为7E11)，该单抗能特异性地识别人OX40分子和介导有效的共刺激信号，体外促进活化的T细胞增殖和细胞因子的分泌。结论：成功研制成一株能分泌功能性鼠抗人OX40单克隆抗体的杂交瘤，该抗体特异性地识别人OX40分子并具有在体外协同刺激T细胞的作用。     

The role of ceramide of human macrophage gangliosides in activation of human macrophages

Gangliosides of macrophages have immunoregulatory and structural attributes, distinct from neural gangliosides. We previously produced a monoclonal antibody to human macrophage gangliosides (HMG; mAb25F4), which inhibited macrophage migration and recognized a surface-accessible epitope. We investigated expanded immunoregulatory properties and molecular domains for antibody recognition. mAb25F4 directly induced human macrophage production of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Conditions were established for selective, reversible depletion of HMG with D-threo-(R,R)-1-phenyl-2-decanoyl-amino-3-morpholine-1-propanol. mAb25F4 had diminished recognition for ganglioside-depleted macrophages, which was restored with regeneration of gangliosides. Although desialylation of HMG did not impair mAb25F4 recognition, enzymatic cleavage of ceramide abolished antibody binding. Antibody recognition was specific for the ceramide fraction, with preferential recognition for ceramide of HMG and murine macrophage gangliosides and limited recognition for neural tissue ceramide and gangliosides. This study underscores the importance of structurally distinct ceramide of macrophage gangliosides as a critical domain for ganglioside-mediated activation of human macrophages.     

MHV S peplomer protein expressed by a recombinant vaccinia virus vector exhibits IgG Fc-receptor activity.

We have previously shown that cells infected with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) bind rabbit, mouse, and rat IgG by the Fc portion of the IgG molecule. This Fc-binding activity appeared to be mediated by the MHV S protein. S protein could also be precipitated from MHV-infected cells by a monoclonal antibody directed against the murine Fc gamma receptor (Fc gamma R). To prove definitively that the S protein mediates Fc-binding activity, we have expressed the MHV S protein utilizing recombinant vaccinia viruses. The anti-Fc gamma R monoclonal antibody, 2.4G2, precipitated recombinant S protein in cells of murine, human, and rabbit origin. Since the anti-Fc receptor monoclonal antibody does not react with human and rabbit Fc receptors these results demonstrate that the epitope recognized by this antibody is carried on the MHV S protein and is not murine in origin. Examination of various MHV isolates and escape mutants failed to identify the precise sequences in S responsible for the molecular mimicry of the murine Fc gamma R. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that a previously identified region of similarity between the S protein and the Fc gamma R mediates this activity. The Fc binding activity of S was expressed on the cell surface, since MHV-JHM-infected cells, but not uninfected cells, formed rosettes with anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) antibody-coated SRBC. The anti-Fc gamma R monoclonal antibody neutralized MHV-JHM and inhibited syncytium formation induced by the MHV S protein.     

Hybridoma-derived human suppressor factors: differential effects on mouse lymphocytes

We have recently identified a family of suppressor factors produced by certain human T-T cell hybridomas that we developed (references 1 and 2) and by the Jurkat T cell line. These suppressor factors significantly inhibited proliferative responses to mitogens and allogeneic cells in mixed lymphocyte culture and antibody production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We investigated and report here the effect of these suppressor factors on certain in vitro murine immune responses. Suppressor factors produced by certain of these hybrids, such as 153, 160, 170 and by the Jurkat T-cell line were able to inhibit: (1) proliferative responses to mitogens of mouse thymocytes and splenocytes; (2) proliferative responses of mouse splenocytes to allogeneic cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures; (3) primary in vitro antibody responses of mouse spleen lymphocytes to sheep erythrocytes; (4) primary in vitro antibody responses of mouse spleen lymphocytes to a T-cell independent antigen (TNP-Ficoll). Inhibition of murine immune responses in vitro by these suppressor factors was regular and reproducible and it was observed in a large number of experiments. In contrast, suppressor factors produced by the 169 and by the 77(38F3) hybrids did not suppress the murine immune responses. The basis for these differences are not known at the present. The ability of human suppressor factors to inhibit effectively mouse immune responses provides an additional opportunity for the characterization of the properties of these factors in vivo using mouse models of human disease.     

Naturally-occurring tumor-reactive autoantibodies: a monoclonal antibody from normal mice reacts with tumor cells and with DNA

A natural IgM monoclonal antibody, 1.67, was generated from apparently healthy unstimulated BALB/c mice. This antibody reacted with L5178Y murine T cell lymphoma, with human Raji cells, and with several normal cells. Further analysis of its ligand binding capacity disclosed strong binding to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). However, this naturally-occurring monoclonal antibody binds to different epitopes on cell membranes and on DNA than another anti-DNA monoclonal antibody (18/103/1) from human origin. This conclusion was based on competition assays. Furthermore, NOA 1.67 lacks the 16/6 idiotype expressed on the 18/103/1 antibody. The 16/6 idiotype is shared by human and mouse lupus monoclonal autoantibodies that bind simultaneously to lymphoid cells and DNA. This is a first report on a natural autoantibody that binds to malignant and to normal cell membrane(s) as well as to ssDNA. It may have regulatory functions controlling malignancy and or autoimmunity.     

A fully human monoclonal antibody to Staphylococcus aureus iron regulated surface determinant B (IsdB) with functional activity in vitro and in vivo

A fully human monoclonal antibody (CS-D7, IgG1) specific for the iron regulated surface determinant B (IsdB) of Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the Cambridge Antibody Technology (CAT) scFv antibody library. As compared to previously described IsdB specific murine monoclonals, CS-D7 has a unique, non-overlapping binding site on IsdB, and exhibits increased in vivo activity. The antibody recognizes a conformational epitope spanning amino acids 50 to 285 and has a binding affinity of 340 (± 75) pM for IsdB. CS-D7 bound to a wide variety of S. aureus strains, but not to an isdB deletion mutant. The antibody mediated opsonophagocytic (OP) killing in vitro and mediated significant protection in vivo. In a murine lethal sepsis model, the antibody conferred protection from death when dosed prior to challenge, but not when dosed after challenge. Importantly, in a central venous catheter (CVC) model in rats, the antibody reduced bacteremia and prevented colonization of indwelling catheters. Protection was observed when rats were dosed with CS-D7 prior to challenge as well as post challenge. IsdB is currently being investigated for clinical efficacy against S. aureus infection, and the activity of this human IsdB specific antibody supplements the growing body of evidence to support targeting this antigen for vaccine development.     

Humanization of a mouse monoclonal antibody neutralizing TNF-alpha by guided selection

With the advent of phage display antibody libraries, humanization of murine antibodies can be achieved by epitope guided selection. In present study, guided selection was applied to the humanization of the mouse mAb Z8 that is directed to human TNF-alpha and can neutralize the cytotoxicity of TNF-alpha. First, the Z8 Fd gene was paired as a template with a repertoire of human kappa chains, and displayed on the filamentous phage, forming a hybrid phage antibody library. Selected by four rounds of panning against TNF-alpha, hybrid antibody fragments that bound to TNF-alpha and contained human kappa chains were obtained. Meanwhile human Fd genes were selected by pairing the human Fd repertoire with the Z8 kappa chain and performing the same procedure of panning. One of the isolated human Fd genes (huFd2), which showed the strongest reactivity, was chosen to pair with 12 of selected human kappa chains. Two of the resulting human Fabs (huFd2-hukappa1 and huFd2-hukappa2), with same Fd and different kappa chains, bound to TNF-alpha specifically. Their human origin was proved by ELISA and sequencing analysis. The human Fabs competitive ELISA and in vitro TNF-alpha neutralization assay demonstrated that the human Fabs resembled its parental mouse mAb Z8 in that they both recognized the same epitope and neutralized the cytotoxicity of TNF-alpha. These results suggest that guided selection is a promising strategy in murine mAb humanization.     

A New Surface Antigen on Human Lymphocytes Defined by the Murine Monoclonal Antibody IVF7

The murine monoclonal antibody (MoAb) IVF7 was produced against tumour cells from a patient with a CD3+, CD4+, CD8- T-cell chronic lymphatic leukaemia (T-CLL). The MoAb IVF7 showed reactivity with subpopulations of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), as well as with a few cell lines of haematopoietic origin. Thirty-six per cent of PBL were stained with IVF7. Analysing subpopulations, we found that 80% of NK cells, 25% of T cells, and 10-20% of B cells were positive. The myelomonocytic cell line KG-1 was also stained. The molecular weight of the molecule was 40 kDa under reducing conditions. The antigen was found to be trypsin-sensitive. MoAb IVF7 could modulate the antigen from the cell surface. The antibody did not stimulate PBL to DNA synthesis, nor did it significantly influence NK cell-mediated killing.     

Inhibition of Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity by a Monoclonal Antibody Directed against Adhesion-Mediating Protein gp 90 (CD18)

Contact is required between the effector natural killer (NK) or cytotoxic killer T cell and its corresponding target in order for efficient lysis to occur. Several surface molecules of different types are involved in this process. Here we could show that Fab fragments from a murine monoclonal antibody reacting with gp 90, the human leucocyte common antigen CD18, are extremely efficient in blocking human NK of killer T cells, regardless of whether the target has or does not have the antigen. In contrast, no impact of the antibody was observed when the effector cells were of murine origin, again regardless of whether the target cell did or did not display the leucocyte common antigen. The inhibition could be shown to occur at the level of blockage of target-conjugate formation. This means that the functional display of effector/target gp 90 on the effector but not the target cell is necessary for efficient lysis to occur both in NK and killer T cell systems.     

Characterization of a novel monoclonal antibody against human perforin using transfected cell lines.

The role of perforin in cytotoxicity is controversial. This paper characterizes a novel monoclonal antibody (anti-Phu) against human perforin, using murine cell lines transfected with human perforin cDNA. The antibody specifically stains human perforin in transfected mouse CTLL-2. Anti-Phu blocked granule-mediated haemolysis in an in vitro assay using intact granules isolated from the natural killer (NK)-like human cell line YT, indicating that perforin is a major granule component causing lysis of red blood cells (RBC) in this assay. Inhibition of haemolysis by anti-Phu demonstrated that the antibody binds to undenatured protein as well as fixed perforin molecules. However, the antibody did not inhibit lysis by an allospecific T-cell clone or by YT cells. This could be due to an extremely tight contact between effector and target cell, preventing the antibody from interfering with perforin function by steric hindrance. Physiologically this may reduce lysis of bystander cells. The anti-Phu antibody is a useful tool for further studies of perforin-induced cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo.     

Specificity of the immune response to the group B polysaccharide of Neisseria meningitidis.

A panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and polyclonal sera of murine, human and equine origin, of IgM isotype and with specificity for Neisseria meningitidis group B polysaccharide, an alpha(2----8)-linked homopolymer of sialic acid, were examined for their antigenic and biological specificities. The nature of the antigenic determinants on B polysaccharide was investigated using a series of N-acyl derivatives of B polysaccharide, two sialic acid polymers containing alpha(2----9)-linkages and a series of polynucleotides. The panel of antibodies recognized an array of unrelated antigenic determinants on the B polysaccharide, despite its structural simplicity, and all but one were highly effective in an in vitro bactericidal assay and/or in an in vivo murine passive protection model. There was no evidence that B polysaccharide induced antibody capable of blocking biological activity (blocking antibody).