粉碎度对龟板鳖甲煎出率的影响

粉碎度对龟板鳖甲煎出率的影响刘生友（湖北省蒲纺总厂职工医院蒲圻４３７３２１）龟板，鳖甲为中医常用的补阴药，但市售饮片规格大小不一。炮制规范￣［１］要求龟板应捣碎煎服，但对鳖甲未作规定。中国药典１９９０年版￣［２］及文献￣［３］均未对两药入药粉碎度作出...     

龟甲（腹甲）的经验鉴别

龟甲是一味常用中药,《中国药典》1995年版收载为龟科动物乌龟chinemysreevesii（Gray）的干燥背甲及腹甲。商品中常用的多为腹甲,一般称为龟板,按其加工方法不同分为“血板”和“烫板”两种规格,传统经验认为“血板”的质量最佳。龟板具有滋阴潜阳、益肾强骨、养血补心、退虚热的作用。近年来,笔者在中药质量检查中发现,医疗单位和社会药房中出售的龟板多为非正品或正品与非正品的掺混品,纯正品较少,但出售的价格都是正品的价格,严重损害了消费者的利益。据不完全统计,市售龟板的合格率仅在30％～40％之间（按检查批次计算）。…     

常见中药名称不规范或易错写法

白及（白芨）黄连（黄莲）穿心莲（穿心连）半边莲（半边连）马尾连（马尾莲）斑蝥（斑蟊）板蓝根（板兰根）番泻叶（蕃泻叶）覆盆子（复盆子）龟甲（龟板、龟版）胡芦巴（葫芦巴）硫黄（硫磺）曼陀罗（蔓陀罗）洋地黄     

常见中药名称不规范或易错写法

白及（白芨）黄连（黄莲）穿心莲（穿心连）半边莲（半边连）马尾连（马尾莲）斑蝥（斑蟊）板蓝根（板兰根）番泻叶（蕃泻叶）覆盆子（复盆子）龟甲（龟板、龟版）胡芦巴（葫芦巴）硫黄（硫磺）曼陀罗（蔓陀罗）     

常见中药名称不规范或易错写法

白及（白芨）黄连（黄莲）穿心莲（穿心连）半边莲（半边连）马尾连（马尾莲）斑蝥（斑蟊）板蓝根（板兰根）番泻叶（蕃泻叶）覆盆子（复盆子）龟甲（龟板、龟版）胡芦巴（葫芦巴）硫黄（硫磺）曼陀罗（蔓陀罗）     

常见中药名称不规范或易错写法

白及（白芨）黄连（黄莲）穿心莲（穿心连）半边莲（半边连）马尾连（马尾莲）斑蝥（斑蟊）板蓝根（板兰根）番泻叶（蕃泻叶）覆盆子（复盆子）龟甲（龟板、龟版）胡芦巴（葫芦巴）硫黄（硫磺）曼陀罗（蔓陀罗）洋地黄（毛地黄）     

常见中药名称不规范或易错写法

（括号内为错误或不规范写法）白及（白芨）黄连（黄莲）穿心莲（穿心连）半边莲（半边连）马尾连（马尾莲）斑蝥（斑蟊）板蓝根（板兰根）番泻叶（蕃泻叶）覆盆子（复盆子）龟甲（龟板、龟版）胡芦巴（葫芦巴）硫黄（硫磺）     

常见中药名称不规范或易错写法

白及（白芨）黄连（黄莲）穿心莲（穿心连）半边莲（半边连）马尾连（马尾莲）斑蝥（斑蟊）板蓝根（板兰根）番泻叶（蕃泻叶）覆盆子（复盆子）龟甲（龟板、龟版）胡芦巴（葫芦巴）硫黄（硫磺）曼陀罗（蔓陀罗）洋地黄（毛地黄）     

热泡法净制龟板的初步研究

龟板为龟科动物乌龟[ChinemysreevesiiGray）]的干燥腹甲，是一味常用中药，具滋阴潜阳，补肾健骨之功能。净龟板的炮制过去长期均沿用传统的“烂制法[1]，此法需经过“烂、漂、露”等工序，生产周期长，且生产过程中产生大量臭水污染环境。近年来广大中药工作者在炮制方法的改革上做了大量的工作，有酶解法[2]、砂烫法[3]。水煮法[4]、水蒸法[5]等，85版和90版药典均以水蒸法作为净龟板的炮制法。我们根据我院有锅炉冲开水的有利条件，用热泡法炮制净龟板，并对热泡法炮制的龟板和烂制法、水蒸法炮制的龟板质量进行了实验比较，简报如下：…     

常见中药名称不规范或易错写法

（括号内为错误或不规范写法）白及（白芨）黄连（黄莲）穿心莲（穿心连）半边莲（半边连）马尾连（马尾莲）斑蝥（斑蟊）板蓝根（板兰根）番泻叶（蕃泻叶）覆盆子（复盆子）龟甲（龟板、龟版）胡芦巴（葫芦巴）硫黄（硫磺）曼陀罗（蔓陀罗）     

中药材龟甲的分子鉴定研究

用PCR产物直接测序法对中药材龟甲(板)进行鉴别。从乌龟 Chinemys revesii 和其他20种产地为中国或东南亚国家的龟类的组织材料中提取DNA,扩增约110bp的线粒体12SrRNA,基因片段并进行序列分析,构建了21种龟类的12SrRNA基因片段序列数据库。序列比较的结果表明乌龟与其它20种龟类的这段序列均有差别,序列差异在3.7～15.7%之间。从江苏省药品检验所提供的19块龟甲检品上各取样0.1～0.5g提取 DNA,扩增与上述相同的基因片段,与构建的数据库进行比较,结果表明19块龟甲中只有3块的原动物为乌龟,其余的龟甲均为混淆品。本文的结果为药材龟甲的鉴定找到了有效、可靠的分子遗传标记方法。     

14批抗生素胶囊剂囊壳中人工合成色素的检测结果分析

目的 应用现行国家标准检测14批抗生素胶囊剂囊壳中人工合成色素,并对检测结果进行分析.方法 选取胶囊壳颜色具有代表性的市售5种常用口服抗生素胶囊剂,除净内容物,水浸法提取水溶性人工合成色素,利用GB/T 5009.35-2003《食品中合成着色剂的测定》第一法HPLC法进行检测.结果 14批常用抗生素胶囊剂囊壳中均检出国家标准GB 2760-2011允许使用的人工合成色素,主要有柠檬黄、胭脂红、日落黄和亮蓝4种.不同颜色的胶囊囊壳,所添加的人工合成色素种类各不相同.结论 该方法灵敏度较高,各色素分离良好,回收率满意.检测结果提示,加强药用胶囊中人工合成色素的监管势在必行.     

煅烧对僧帽牡蛎壳的形态与抗氧化及凝血活性的影响

目的 研究煅烧对僧帽牡蛎壳的形态、体外抗氧化和凝血活性的影响。方法 采用扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)观察表面形态及元素变化；利用DPPH法及FRAP法评价抗氧化活性；使用凝血分析仪检测对凝血因子APTT、PT和TT的影响。结果 僧帽牡蛎壳经煅烧后,表面性状发生变化,其清除DPPH自由基和总抗氧化能力增强,且随着煅烧温度的升高而增加,并显示一定的浓度依赖性；煅烧后的牡蛎壳能显著缩短凝血酶原时间PT,提示具有促凝血作用。结论 僧帽牡蛎壳煅烧后抗氧化活性和止血作用增强,研究为僧帽牡蛎的综合开发利用提供基础数据。     

塞曼火焰原子吸收与石墨炉原子吸收法测定明胶空心胶囊壳中铬的方法比较

目的:研究塞曼效应背景校正的火焰和石墨炉原子吸收法测定胶囊中铬的影响。方法:采用微波消解仪对胶囊壳样品进行消解,在波长359.3 nm下,灯电流7.5 mA;狭缝宽1.3 nm,塞曼背景校正,分别采用塞曼火焰原子吸收和石墨炉原子吸收法进行测定。结果:火焰原子吸收法:线性范围0.04～1.0 mg.mL-1;相关系数为0.9998,检测限5.26 ng.mL-1,RSD为0.68%～1.0%,加样回收率为100.0%～116.7%;石墨炉原子吸收法:线性范围为1～20 ng.mL-1,相关系数为0.9998,检测限为0.26 ng.mL-1,RSD为1.7%～4.9%,加样回收率为98.2%～105.6%。结论:塞曼火焰原子吸收法简便、快捷,能满足大量样品筛选及企业内部质控筛选与定值;石墨炉原子吸收法检测限较前者低,准确度较高。     

Evaluation of acute and subacute toxicity and mutagenic activity of the aqueous extract of pecan shells [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch]

The infusion of pecan shells has been used to prevent and control hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and toxicological diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate toxicity and mutagenic effects of pecan shells aqueous extract (PSAE). Wistar rats were treated with a single dose of 300 or 2000 mg/kg of PSAE in the acute toxicity test. For the subacute test, the animals received 10 or 100 mg/kg of PSAE for 28 days. The mutagenicity was evaluated using Salmonella/microsome assay in TA1535, TA1537, TA98, TA100 and TA102 S. typhimurium strains in the presence and absence of metabolic activation (S9 mix) and micronucleus test in bone marrow. HPLC analyses indicated the presence of tannins, flavonoids, gallic and ellagic acids. Except for triglycerides, all treated groups presented normal hematological and biochemical parameters. Lower levels of triglycerides and weight loss were observed in the 100 mg/kg group. Mutagenic activities were not detected in S. typhimurium strains and by the micronucleus test. Based on these results, PSAE was not able to induce chromosomal or point mutations, under the conditions tested. The 100 mg/kg dose showed significant antihyperlipidemic action, with no severe toxic effects.     

Modulating the release kinetics through the control of the permeability of the layer-by-layer assembly: a review

The layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technique has emerged as a simple and versatile method for coating biological and non-biological templates for various biomedical applications. A promising avenue of this technique lies in the encapsulation of drugs and other biological substances for controlled release. Fundamental studies of LbL assembly on flat surfaces have provided a sound understanding of film deposition theory and its pertinence to ionic and molecular transport and diffusion through polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films. However, there is a lack of information on the permeability of three-dimensional PEM shell systems. In either PEM films or shells, it has been shown that drug release is a function of the ionic strength, pH and/or multilayer thickness. This report aims to provide an overview of the physicochemical parameters affecting the permeability of two- and three-dimensional multilayer shells, including ionic strength, layer number and pH. Furthermore, their synergic effect on loading and release of biologically active molecules from LbL multilayers are discussed.     

鳖甲龟板的抗突变效应

以小鼠骨髓细胞姐妹染色单体互换为实验指标，对天然中药鳖甲及龟板的抗突变效应进行实验研究。结果表明，鳖甲及龟板的均具有抗突变活性。     

珍珠、珍珠层的显微结构与鉴别

本文对海水、淡水的珍珠、珍珠层显微结构进行了研究,并与外形类似品的显微结构与粉末作了详细比较,并列表和附图。     

LbL coated microcapsules for delivering lipid-based drugs

Nowadays, more than 40% of new pharmacologically active compounds exhibit poor water solubility, which requires the development of the new methods for their administration and delivery. One of the most promising approaches for the development of such delivery systems is the use of layer-by-layer assembly technology for encapsulation of the lipid-based drugs. This technique permits the step-wise adsorption of various components as the layer growth is governed by their electrostatic attraction and allows the formation of multilayer shells with nanometer-scale precision. The proposed review surveys the application of layer-by-layer assembly for emulsions, nanoparticles, and capsule-based delivery systems for lipid-based drugs.     

Effect of fill weight, capsule shell, and sinker design on the dissolution behavior of capsule formulations of a weak acid drug candidate BMS-309403

Two strengths of BMS-309403 capsules were developed from a common stock granulation. Dissolution testing of the capsules was conducted utilizing the USP apparatus 2 (paddle) with a neutral pH dissolution medium. Unexpectedly, the lower-strength capsules exhibited slower dissolution than the higher-strength capsules filled with the same stock granulation. Higher variability was also observed for the lower-strength capsules. This was found to be mainly caused by a low fill weight in a relatively large size hard gelatin capsule shell. Instead of bursting open, some gelatin capsule shells softened and collapsed onto the granulation, which delayed the release of the active drug. The problem was aggravated by the use of coil sinkers which hindered the medium flow around the capsules. Switching from the gelatin capsule shells to the HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) shells reversed the dissolution rate ranking between the two capsule strengths. However, both dissolved at a slower rate initially than the gelatin capsules due to the inherent dissolution rate of the HPMC shells at pH 6.8. Notably, the HPMC shells did not occlude the granulation as observed with the gelatin shells. The study demonstrated that the dissolution of capsule formulations in neutral pH media was significantly affected by the fill weight, sinker design, and capsule shell type. Careful selection of these parameters is essential to objectively evaluate the in vitro drug release.