中国国家卫生部办公厅关于加强人感染猪流感防控应对和应急准备工作的通知

2009年4月25日，我部收到世界卫生组织（WHO）通报，美国和墨西哥发生人感染猪流感疫情。根据实验室检测的初步结果，以往未在猪和人类检测到引起此次疫情的猪流感A／H1N1病毒，病毒可能出现了新的重配，并出现了聚集性病例和可能的疫情跨境传播，疫情正处于发展的关键时刻。     

恩施州HIV/AIDS监测结果分析

自1995年5月湖北省恩施土家族苗族自治州(恩施州)发现首例艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者后,目前艾滋病(AIDS)疫情已扩散至全州4县2市。为了及时掌握AIDS疫情动态,有效控制HIV的传播蔓延,2004年对全州重点人群开展了HIV抗体监测工作,并对历年AIDS疫情监测报告进行统计分析,现将结果报告     

张家界市某酒店因二次供水污染导致的诺如病毒感染性腹泻暴发疫情的调查

目的调查武陵源区某酒店一起游客诺如病毒感染性腹泻暴发疫情,查明原因,采取针对性措施,及时有效控制疫情。方法采用现场流行病学调查方法,描述病例分布和临床特征,分析危险因素,探讨其传播途径和方式,并对采集的标本进行实验室检测。结果本次疫情涉及到入住酒店的2个旅游团及部分酒店员工,共有病例33例,罹患率为29.73%,主要症状为腹泻、腹痛、恶心、呕吐;33份病例肛拭子标本中,12份检出诺如病毒GⅡ型阳性;自备水水池5份水标本中,全部检出诺如病毒GⅡ型阳性,菌落总数和大肠菌群超标;二次供水水塔5份水标本中,全部检出诺如病毒GⅡ型阳性,菌落总数和大肠菌群超标;早餐餐具涂抹10份标本中,2份检出诺如病毒GⅡ型阳性。结论本次疫情为一起由GⅡ型诺如病毒污染酒店二次供水引起的感染性腹泻暴发疫情。     

一起诺如病毒感染聚集性疫情流行病学调查

目的 对2020年12月辽宁省沈阳市某餐厅发生的一起聚集性疫情开展流行病学调查，分析原因，为今后疫情防控提出建议。方法 通过制定病例定义、开展病例搜索、调查病例发生情况和可疑传播途径等方法开展流行病学调查，采集样本进行实验室检测，采用描述流行病学方法分析病例的分布特征。结果 共搜索到8名病例，其中实验室诊断5例，疑似病例3例，罹患率3.16%；临床症状以恶心、腹痛为主，平均潜伏期33 h；诺如病毒检出率14.29%，病例与2名隐性感染者的诺如病毒基因型一致，均为GⅡ型。结论 此次疫情为餐厅内诺如病毒感染引起的聚集性疫情；感染来源可能为后厨的2名隐性感染者；传播途径提示为食源性传播。     

缺血性脑卒中转化医学的研究与发展

转化医学是近年来医学相关领域提出的新概念,其试图在基础与临床之间建立更直接的联系,以促进基础研究向临床应用的转化,以及将临床问题向基础研究人员反馈和修正,从而更好地提高全面预防、快速诊断、有效治疗的总体水平,实现人类健康事业的真正发展。     

系列呼吸道病毒抗原快速诊断试剂的研究

制备流感A、B,副流感1、3,副流感2,腺病毒3、7,合胞病毒快速诊断试剂盒,获得国家新药证书4项和生产批准文号5项。基础和联接试剂采用杂交瘤技术获得,以碱性磷酸酶桥联组化法原理制备。国内外首次完成系列呼吸道病毒抗原桥联快速诊断试剂盒;国内首次完成系列呼吸道病毒抗原荧光快速诊断试剂盒。桥     

2008年新疆克州麻疹疫情调查报告

2008年1月以来,克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州（克州）麻疹疫情呈明显上升趋势,到2月中旬达到发病高峰,并在个别县市形成暴发流行蔓延态势,防控形势十分严峻。在克州党委、人民政府的高度重视和克州卫生局强有力的领导下,通过全州各级疾病预防控制和医疗机构的不懈努力,到3月底麻疹疫情得到有效控制。为了今后做好各类传染病的预防控制工作,认真吸取此次麻疹暴发流行造成严重后果的惨痛教训,有必要将克州本次麻疹疫情的发展过程、采取的防治措施、存在的各种问题和困难,加以总结、分析,并将教训和经验做为今后工作的重点加以应用、改进,现将调查报告如下。     

艾滋病疫情估计的研究进展

自1981年发现首例艾滋病（AIDS）病人以来,艾滋病在全球蔓延的趋势并没有得到有效地控制,在实际的生活中,大多数艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者并不知道自己是感染者,艾滋病易感高危人群的特殊性、感染人群的隐匿性、社会歧视,以及感染人群的健康意识普遍淡薄,导致HIV抗体检测率较低。在这种形势下,艾滋病疫情估计成为了解人群实际感染情况的重要手段,艾滋病疫情估计工作准确与否,直接决定政策的方向是否正确。与艾滋病疫情估计相关的艾滋病病例报告、哨点监测、行为学监测、艾滋病专题调查的数据质量的好坏,直接影响着艾滋病疫情估计的准确性。该文就艾滋病估计的发展历史、估计模型分类以及几种主要的疫情估计方法做一综述。     

新疆鄯善县某中学甲型H1N1流感疫情暴发的处理结果

自2009年4月甲型H1N1流感病毒在墨西哥暴发以来,迅速蔓延全球,对人类的身心健康和经济发展都造成了极大影响。2009年10月24日,新疆鄯善县第二中学暴发一起甲型H1N1流感疫情,鄯善县疾病预防控制中心专业人员迅速开展了现场流行病学调查和处理工作,使疫情得到了有效控制,现将调查结果报告如下。     

2004年主要传染病防治和研究动态(下)

1 SARS及新出现的呼吸道病毒感染 2004年SARS除有实验室感染的报道外(3月底4月初安徽省和北京市相继发生5例疑似病例。在我国台湾亦有类似实验室受染的报道),全世界没有SARS流行的发生。2004年1月29日中美科学家揭示出SARS病毒从动物感染人类的进化过程,认为：SARS病毒来源于自然,在人类的传播过程中病毒发生由快到慢的变异,但传染能力却由弱变强。因此仍要警惕和防范SARS疫情的再度出现。     

Rapid detection of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis in clinical and molecular proficiency panel specimens with a novel intercalating dye-based PCR assay

A novel rapid internally-controlled duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis that uses a new intercalating dye, LCGreen, for amplicon detection was designed and evaluated using clinical specimens and the 2009 Quality Control for Molecular Diagnostics (QCMD) molecular proficiency testing panel. The sensitivity and specificity of the new PCR assay were equal to that of reference standard uniplex probe-based assays. The assay can be performed in 1 h including DNA extraction. The new assay thus offers a simple and rapid alternative for the detection of B. pertussis and B. parapertussis.     

Clinical research and development of tuberculosis diagnostics: moving from silos to synergy

The development, evaluation, and implementation of new and improved diagnostics have been identified as critical needs by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis researchers and clinicians alike. These needs exist in international and domestic settings and in adult and pediatric populations. Experts in tuberculosis and HIV care, researchers, healthcare providers, public health experts, and industry representatives, as well as representatives of pertinent US federal agencies (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Food and Drug Administration, National Institutes of Health, United States Agency for International Development) assembled at a workshop proposed by the Diagnostics Working Group of the Federal Tuberculosis Taskforce to review the state of tuberculosis diagnostics development in adult and pediatric populations.     

The Specificity of Anti-HCV Supplementary Assays

A total of 920 samples from blood donors screened as anti-HCV negative by two third-generation screening assays (Ortho Diagnostics v3.0 and Murex Diagnostics VK48) were tested by two supplementary anti-HCV assays, RIBA III (Ortho Diagnostics) and Western blot (Murex Diagnostics VK68). Six (0.65%) of the samples gave scorable bands by RIBA III and 5 (0.54%) by Western blot. Only single-band reactivity was seen and there was no consensus reactivity between the two assays. Single-band reactivity in supplementary assays, especially in samples from low-risk populations, needs to be interpreted with care before being taken as indication of genuine previous or current HCV infection.
We are indebted to both Ortho Diagnostics and Murex Diagnostics for providing the resources to perform this study.     

结核分枝杆菌IFN-γ体外检测试剂的生产质量控制与临床研究探讨

依据《体外诊断试剂注册管理办法(试行)》等相关的法律法规,分别针对结核分枝杆菌IFN-γ（interferon gamma,γ干扰素）体外检测试剂盒的主要原材料、生产工艺、产品质量控制,以及临床研究的技术要求进行了概述,为该类试剂盒的研发和注册提供技术支撑。     

Field evaluation of Crystal VC® Rapid Dipstick test for cholera during a cholera outbreak in Guinea-Bissau

Objectives  To evaluate performance characteristics and ease of use of the new commercially available Crystal VC^® Rapid Dipstick (VC) test (Span Diagnostics, India) for Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139.
Methods  Whole stool was collected from patients presenting to a hospital cholera ward during a 2008 epidemic in Guinea-Bissau. The VC test on stool samples was conducted on-site; samples were subsequently stored in Cary-Blair transport media and sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for diagnostic testing by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, four local laboratory technicians who were unfamiliar with the test were provided with stool samples, the VC test kit, and simple written instructions and asked to perform the test and interpret results.
Results  A total of 101 stool specimens were collected and tested. Compared with PCR, the test was 97% sensitive and 71–76% specific. Laboratory technicians in Bissau performed the test and interpreted results correctly using only simple written instructions.
Conclusions  The VC test may be useful for cholera diagnosis in outbreak situations where laboratory capacity is limited.     

Biogenic amines in the Caenorhabditis briggsae.

Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine and serotonin were demonstrated from homogenates of Caenrohabditis briggsae by two-dimensional thin layer chromotography and the identification confirmed by gas liquid chromtography. In Vitro studies with 14C precursors of these biogenic amines demonstrate the ability of C. briggsae to synthesize each compound. The results provide required preliminary data for studying the neurophysiology of aging utilizing the nematode as a model.     

Purdue University-Banfield National Companion Animal Surveillance Program for emerging and zoonotic diseases

A National Companion Animal Surveillance Program (NCASP) was established at Purdue University to monitor clinical syndromes and diseases using the electronic medical records of >80,000 companion animals visiting >500 Banfield hospitals weekly in 44 states. With funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NCASP was initially developed for syndromic surveillance of Category A agents of bioterrorism. Surveillance was expanded through inclusion of electronic reports from Antech Diagnostics, a nationwide network of integrated veterinary diagnostic laboratories serving >18,000 private veterinary practices. NCASP characterizes and displays temporal and spatial patterns of diseases in dogs, cats, and other companion animals. It detects unusual clusters of potential emerging/zoonotic infections and monitors flea and tick activity. Data is processed and analyzed using SAS and ESRI software products. The NCASP can be used by veterinarians to enhance their practice of evidence-based medicine by providing information needed to individualize vaccine protocols for animals in specific geographic areas.     

Oxytocin increases arginine-induced A and B cell secretion in normal man and in diabetic subjects

In previous in Vitro and in Vivo studies oxytocin was shown to stimulate A and B cell secretion. In the present study we show that oxytocin is also able to increase arginine-induced glucagon and insulin secretion in healthy human beings. Similar results were obtained in both insulin-dependent (type-1) and non-insulin dependent (type-2) diabetic subjects.     

Problems in the use of serologic tests for the diagnosis of Lyme disease

Lyme disease can be reliably diagnosed in the presence of erythema migrans. When erythema migrans is absent, serologic tests are often used to confirm the diagnosis. To choose a test for our Lyme disease diagnostic center, serum samples were obtained from 34 patients and tested for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi. We evaluated five enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays from Stony Brook (NY) University Hospital, Cambridge Bioscience (Worcester, Mass), Hillcrest Biologicals (Cypress, Calif), Sigma Diagnostics (St Louis, Mo), and Zeus-Wampole Scientific Inc (Raritan, NJ) and two fluorescent antibody tests (3M [Diagnostic Systems Inc, Santa Clara, Calif] and FIAX [Whittaker M.A. Bioproducts Inc, Walkersville, Md]). A positive sample by any test was further analyzed by Western blot. Using the Centers for Disease Control (Atlanta, Ga) epidemiologic case definitions, patients were classified into those with clinical Lyme disease, patients not meeting the Centers for Disease Control definitions, and asymptomatic patients. Sensitivities of Lyme serologies varied from 13% to 73%, with Hillcrest showing the highest value and Sigma the lowest value. False-positive test results were found in 0% to 27% of patients. Western blot analysis was positive in six of 15 patients with clinical Lyme disease. These results emphasize the need for better serologic testing for Lyme disease and underline their usefulness only as adjuncts in the clinical diagnosis of Lyme disease.     

Immunocoagulopathies as a possible cause of acquired hemorrhagic diathesis

Spontaneous factor VIII inhibitors may be responsible for severe life-threatening haemorrhages. It is reported on two patients with inhibitors directed against factor VIII: C. In one female patient a rheumatoid arthritis could be made evident as basic disease. Diagnostics, therapy and course are reported and discussed.