不同剂量阿托伐他汀对糖尿病患者应用对比剂后肾功能的影响

目的 观察阿托伐他汀对糖尿病患者应用对比剂后肾功能的影响.方法 将60例拟行造影术的糖尿病患者完全随机分为20 mg阿托伐他汀组和80 mg阿托伐他汀组,各30例,分别于术前3d每晚服用阿托伐他汀20、80 mg.术前和术后第1、2天检测血清胱抑素C（CysC）、肾小球滤过率（GFR）、尿视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）、高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、尿素氮和血清肌酐（Scr）并计算肌酐清除率（Ccr）.结果 20 mg阿托伐他汀组术前CysC、GFR、尿RBP、hs-CRP分别为（0.78 ±0.35） mg/L、（104±16） ml/min、（0.47±0.15） mg/L、（3.7±1.0）mg/L,术后第1天分别为（1.00±0.46） mg/L、（85±8）ml/min、（0.80 ±0.19） mg/L、（7.8 ±1.1）mg/L,术后第2天分别为（0.94±0.14） mg/L、（93±18） ml/min、（0.71±0.23） mg/L、（9.9±1.2） mg/L.80 mg阿托伐他汀组术前CysC、GFR、尿RBP、hs-CRP分别为（0.79±0.41）mg/L、（102±7）ml/min、（0.43 ±0.23） mg/L、（3.6 ± 1.7）mg/L,术后第1天分别为（0.88 ±0.41） mg/L、（94±16） ml/min、（0.54±0.20） mg/L、（5.7±1.7） mg/L,术后第2天分别为（0.82±0.12） mg/L、（100±16） ml/min、（0.47±0.19） mg/L、（6.8±1.6） mg/L.与20 mg阿托伐他汀组比较,术后第1、2天,80 mg阿托伐他汀组血清CysC、hs-CRP、尿RBP水平明显降低（P＜0.05）,GFR明显升高（P＜0.05）.与术前比较,术后第1天2组CysC、hs-CRP、尿RBP均明显升高,GFR明显下降（P＜0.05）;与术后第1天比较,术后第2天2组CysC、尿RBP均明显下降,GFR明显升高（P＜0.05）.2组均未见发生造影剂肾病,造影前后尿素氮、Scr、Ccr差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 糖尿病患者造影前应用大剂量阿托伐他汀能改善造影剂引起肾功能损害.     

晚期妊娠糖尿病血清总蛋白、视黄醇结合蛋白 4水平与胎儿生长受限的相关性分析

目的 探究总蛋白(TP)、视黄醇结合蛋白4(RBP4)在晚期妊娠糖尿病(GDM)病人血清中水平与胎儿生长受限(FGR)的关系.方法 选取2017年3月至2019年10月海南医学院第一附属医院确诊的142例晚期GDM病人进行研究,其中发生FGR的40例为FGR组,新生儿出生体质量正常的102例为正常体质量组.分析比较两组临床资料;检测并比较两组孕妇血清TP水平;以酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测两组孕妇血清RBP4水平;采用受试者特征工作曲线(ROC)评价血清TP、RBP4水平对FGR的诊断价值;logistic回归分析晚期GDM病人发生FGR的影响因素.结果 FGR组孕妇血清空腹血糖(FBG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、稳定型评价胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、RBP4水平均明显高于正常体质量组[(5.35±1.48)比(4.22±1.27)mmol/L,(81.52±39.67)比(72.87±33.54)pmmol/L,(18.16±5.53)比(12.42±4.46),(40.47±9.23)比(26.95±6.12)mg/L](P<0.05),血清TP水平明显低于正常体质量组[(52.56±7.15)比(68.98±9.53)g/L](P<0.05);血清TP、RBP4水平对FGR诊断的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.872、0.823,截断值分别为63.99 g/L、30.44 mg/L,此时相应灵敏度分别为86.7％、72.4％,对应特异度分别为75.5％、77.5％,血清TP、RBP4联合诊断FGR的AUC为0.921,其灵敏度、特异度分别为75.5％、94.1％;FBG、HOMA-IR、RBP4是影响晚期GDM发生FGR的危险因素(P<0.05),TP是影响晚期GDM发生FGR的保护因素(P<0.05).结论 晚期GDM病人血清TP、RBP4水平与FGR密切相关,两者水平有助于预测晚期GDM病人发生FGR.     

血清胱抑素C在糖尿病肾功能检测中的意义评价

目的 测定2型糖尿病(T2DM)伴有不同程度肾损害患者血清胱抑素C(CysC)和视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)水平,探讨血清胱抑素C(CysC)和视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)对于早期糖尿病肾损伤的检测意义.方法 免疫透射比浊法测定CysC水平,散射速率比浊法检测血清RBP.同时检测T2DM患者24 h尿微量白蛋白排泄率(UAER),并选择性分成两组,即UAER<30 mg/24 h组、30 mg/24 h＜UAER＜300 mg/24 h组,对照组为正常体检者,进行组间比较.结果 T2dM患者尿微量白蛋白组Scr(99.84±23.97)μmol/L,RBC(61.27±13.80)mg/L,CysC(1.70±0.49)ng/L,与正常对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),尿白蛋白正常组、尿微量白蛋白组CysC阳性率分别为28.12%、68%.结论 血清胱抑素C是一种反映早期糖尿病肾损伤的理想标志物,随肾功能恶化逐渐升高.     

视黄醇结合蛋白 4和 C反应蛋白血清水平与绝经后乳腺癌发生转移的相关性

目的 回顾性分析视黄醇结合蛋白4(RBP4)和C反应蛋白(CRP)血清水平与绝经后乳腺癌发生转移的相关性.方法 收集蚌埠医学院第二附属医院2016年11月至2020年6月资料完整的绝经后乳腺癌156例,其中74例无转移为对照组,82例已经转移为观察组.抽取血液样本,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测RBP4及CRP浓度.结果 logistic回归分析提示激素受体阴性、Her-2阴性、Ki67≥14％、高RBP4、高CRP是绝经后乳腺癌发生转移的危险因素(P<0.05).观察组病人血清RBP4和CRP水平高于对照组[(38.68±6.39)μg/mL比(35.09±4.95)μg/mL;(6.42±3.60)mg/L比(4.67±2.72)mg/L](P<0.05).发生内脏转移病人血清RBP4及CRP水平高于发生骨转移病人.ROC曲线下面积分析显示,RBP4联合CRP检测可提高诊断的特异性和敏感性.结论 血清RBP4和CRP与绝经后乳腺癌发生转移有明显相关性.RBP4与CRP对于诊断乳腺癌发生转移具有预测与评估价值.     

急性冠脉综合征病人超敏C反应蛋白、胱抑素C和同型半胱氨酸与全球急性冠状动脉事件注册评分的相关性分析

目的 回顾性分析急性冠脉综合征（ACS）病人超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、胱抑素C(CysC)及同型半胱氨酸（HCY）水平与全球急性冠状动脉事件注册（GRACE）评分的相关性。方法 选取2019年1月至2021年12月中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九〇一医院收治的疑似ACS病人170例，经冠状动脉造影确诊为急性心肌梗死（AMI）组32例，不稳定心绞痛（UAP）组58例、冠状动脉粥样硬化组46例，冠状动脉正常组34例。根据GRACE评分规则将冠状动脉异常病人分为低危组56例、中危组41例和高危组39例，选取同期90例健康体检者作为对照组；检测血清hs-CRP、CysC、HCY等指标，并进行统计分析。结果 冠状动脉正常组hs-CRP、CysC和HCY[(0.72±0.64)mg/L、（0.72±0.17）mg/L、（10.23±2.16）μmol/L]和状动脉粥样硬化组[（1.32±0.78）mg/L、（1.29±0.41）mg/L、（11.45±3.84）μmol/L]，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;AMI组和UAP组之间hs-CRP[(17.44±6.44)mg/L、（13....     

血清二肽基肽酶4水平与冠状动脉支架内再狭窄的相关性分析

目的 探讨血清二肽基肽酶4(DPP4)水平与冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（CAD）病人冠状动脉支架内再狭窄（ISR）的关系。方法 选取2017年1月至2021年1月于河北中石油中心医院行经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）术的220例CAD病人为研究对象，根据CAD病人PCI术后1年内是否发生ISR将其分为无ISR组（n=188）和ISR组（n=32）。比较ISR组、无ISR组一般资料及血清DPP4、C反应蛋白（CRP）水平；分析CAD病人PCI术后发生ISR的影响因素；分析血清DPP4、CRP对CAD病人PCI术后发生ISR的预测价值。结果 ISR组CAD病人支架直径小于无ISR组[（2.82±0.46）mm比（3.38±0.51）mm,P<0.05]，支架长度长于无ISR组[（25.85±3.21）mm比（23.43±3.15）mm,P<0.05];ISR组CAD病人血清DPP4、CRP水平高于无ISR组（P<0.05）；支架直径是CAD病人PCI术后发生ISR的保护因素（P<0.05），支架长度、DPP4、CRP是CAD病人PCI术后发生ISR的危险因素（P<0....     

胱蛋白酶抑制素C对冠心病合并肾功能不全患者对比剂急性肾损伤的诊断价值

目的评价血浆胱蛋白酶抑制素C（CysC）对对比剂急性肾损伤（CIAKI）早期诊断价值。方法连续人选拟行冠状动脉造影及支架植入术患者,包括稳定型心绞痛及除急性sT段抬高型心肌梗死外的急性冠状动脉综合征患者311例,其中39例发生CIAKI（CIAKI组）,未发生CIAKI的患者列为非CIAKI组（272例）。术前及术后4h血浆CysC测定采用酶联免疫吸附试验方法,评价CysC对C1AKI的预测价值。结果CIAKI组和非CIAKI组术后血清Cr、CysC水平均高于术前[CIAKI组：（124±28）mmol／L比（99±25）mmol／L,（554±199）μg／L比（457±136）ng／ml;jECIAKI组：（98±21）mmol／L比（94±20）mmol／L,（469±250）μg／L比（400±183）肛g／L,均P〈0．01]。CIAKI组术后血清cr及CysC均高于非．CIAKI组术后（P〈0．05）。术前及术后4h血浆CysC水平的曲线下面积分别为0．630[95％置信区间（C,）0．532～0．728,P=0．015]和0．628（95％C1：0．539—0．716,P=0．016）;术前CysC敏感性和特异性分别为0．571、0．801,术后分别为0．571、0．602。结论血浆CysC可作为CIAKI的早期诊断标志物,阴性诊断价值更大。     

硕通镜治疗上尿路结石的临床疗效及对肾功能的影响:一项随机、对照、开放研究

目的评价硕通镜治疗上尿路结石的临床疗效及对肾功能的影响。方法 2018年 1月至 2019年 4月,三二〇一医院收治的 80例单侧上尿路结石的病人入选,采用随机数字表法分为两组(n＝40):硕通镜组(S组)和输尿管软镜组(C组)比较两组病人的手术时间、结石清除率、并发症发生率(感染、发热、血尿、输尿管黏膜损伤)、术前术后尿液中 α1微球蛋白和血清,胱抑素 C的水平。结果 C组手术时间为(59±10)min,结石清除率为 82.5%,并发症发生率为 20%,而 S组手术时间为(36±9)min,结石清除率为 97.5%,并发症发生率为 2.5%;术后 12 h和术后 24 h两组病人 α1微球蛋白为 C组(9.33±1.03)mg/L比 S组(5.06±1.02)mg/L和 C组(13.05±1.09)mg/L比 S组(7.19±0.96)mg/L;术后 12 h和术后 24 h两组病人血清胱抑素 C为 C组(1.33±0.38) mg/L比 S组(0.92±0.31)mg/L和 C组(1.62±0.66)mg/L比 S组(1.26±0.40)mg/L,以上各项指标两组比较均差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论治疗上尿路结石,硕通镜碎石术较输尿管软镜所需手术时间短,结石清除率高,术后并发症少,且对肾功能影响小,有利于病人术后快速康复。     

血清胆碱酯酶、可溶性白细胞分化抗原 -14、C反应蛋白与骨折术后感染相关性及临床预测价值分析

目的 探究血清胆碱酯酶、可溶性白细胞分化抗原-14(sCD14)、C反应蛋白(CRP)与骨折术后感染相关性及临床预测价值.方法 回顾性分析2017年3月至2019年7月淇县人民医院手术治疗的116例开放性骨折病人的临床资料,根据是否发生术后感染分为观察组(感染病人)53例,对照组(未感染病人)63例.研究两组病人的基线资料及术后1 d血清胆碱酯酶、sCD14、CRP水平,采用logistic回归分析骨折术后感染的危险因素,受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析血清各指标对术后感染的早期诊断价值.同时比较不同预后感染病人的基线资料及感染时、治疗2周、4周后各血清各指标水平,采用logistic回归分析骨折术后感染预后的影响因素,探讨治疗2周后的血清各指标水平对预后不良的预测价值.结果 观察组手术时间(131.07±10.03)min长于对照组(108.45±10.57)min,术后1 d血清胆碱酯酶(4846.23±1355.07)U/L、sCD14(2.46±0.78)mg/L、CRP(96.54±23.49)mg/L高于对照组(3562.71±1290.69)U/L、(1.71±0.70)mg/L、(75.16±21.55)mg/L(均P<0.05);logistic回归显示,手术时间、术后1 d血清胆碱酯酶、sCD14、CRP水平升高均是开放性骨折术后感染的独立危险因素(P<0.05);ROC分析显示,术后1 d血清胆碱酯酶、sCD14、CRP对骨折术后感染诊断的曲线下面积(AUC)值均>0.7,具有较好的诊断价值,其中术后1 d血清胆碱酯酶、CRP诊断的灵敏度更高(69.81％),而sCD14诊断的特异度更高(90.48％);血清胆碱酯酶与sCD14、CRP水平呈正相关,血清sCD14与CRP呈正相关(P<0.05).对术后感染病人进行3个月的随访,19例预后不良,34例预后良好;合并糖尿病、治疗2周后血清胆碱酯酶、sCD14、CRP水平升高是骨折术后感染病人预后不良的独立危险因素(P<0.05);ROC曲线分析显示,治疗2周的血清胆碱酯酶、sCD14、CRP水平对开放性骨折术后感染病人临床预后具有较好的预测价值(AUC均>0.7).结论 开放性骨折术后感染病人血清胆碱酯酶、sCD14、CRP水平显著升高,术后早期检测有助于感染的早期诊断.治疗2周后血清胆碱酯酶、sCD14、CRP水平对骨折术后感染病人预后具有较好的预测价值.     

下肢动脉硬化性闭塞症病人术前血清瘦素、艾帕素、内脏脂肪特异性丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制物水平与介入治疗后复发相关性

目的 探究血清瘦素、艾帕素（Apelin）、内脏脂肪特异性丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制物（Vaspin）水平对下肢动脉硬化性闭塞症（ASO）病人介入治疗后复发风险的预测价值。方法 选取2014年12月至2017年12月西安市第九医院收治的因ASO行介入治疗病人120例作为研究对象,根据术后复发情况分为复发组39例和无复发组81例。采用酶联免疫吸附测定检测病人术前血清瘦素、艾帕素、Vaspin水平;采用logistic回归模型分析ASO病人介入治疗后复发的影响因素;受试者操作特征曲线（ROC曲线）分析血清瘦素、艾帕素、Vaspin水平对ASO病人介入治疗后复发的预测价值。结果 复发组合并糖尿病比例、完全闭塞病变比例、单纯行球囊扩张术比例、血管病变长度显著高于无复发组（P<0.05）;复发组术前血清瘦素（9.48±2.03）μg/L水平显著高于无复发组（5.01±1.54）μg/L,血清艾帕素（1.19±0.34）μg/L、Vaspin(0.31±0.17)μg/L水平显著低于无复发组（1.76±0.62）μg/L、（0.43±0.12）μg/L(P<0.05)。与未合并糖尿病、血管病变长...     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Interaction of estrone and estradiol with DNA and protein of liver and kidney in rat and hamster in vivo and in vitro

[6,7-³H] Estrone (E) and [6,7-³H]estradiol-17 (E₂) have been synthesized by reduction of 6-dehydroestrone and 6-dehydroestradiol with tritium gas. Tritiated E and E₂ were administered by oral gavage to female rats and to male and female hamsters on a dose level of about 300 g/kg (54 mCi/kg). After 8 h, the liver was excised from the rats; liver and kidneys were taken from the hamsters. DNA was purified either directly from an organ homogenate or via chromatin. The radioactivity in the DNA was expressed in the units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (mol chemical bound per mol DNA-P)/(mmol chemical administered per kg b.w.). Rat liver DNA isolated via chromatin exhibited the very low values of 0.08 and 0.09 for E and E₂, respectively. The respective figures in hamster liver were 0.08 and 0.11 in females and 0.21 and 0.18 in the males. DNA isolated from the kidney revealed a detectable radioactivity only in the female, with values of 0.03 and 0.05 for E and E₂, respectively. The values for male hamster kidney were < 0.01 for both hormones. The minute radioactivity detectable in the DNA samples does not represent covalent binding to DNA, however, as indicated by two sets of control experiments. (A) Analysis by HPLC of the nucleosides prepared by enzyme digest of liver DNA isolated directly or via chromatin did not reveal any consistent peak which could have been attributed to a nucleoside-steroid adduct. (B) All DNA radioactivity could be due to protein contaminations, because the specific activity of chromatin protein was determined to be more than 3,000 times higher than of DNA. The high affinity of the hormone to protein was also demonstrated by in vitro incubations, where it could be shown that the specific activity of DNA and protein was essentially proportional to the concentration of radiolabelled hormone in the organ homogenate, regardless of whether the animal was treated or whether the hormone was added in vitro to the homogenate.Carcinogens acting by covalent DNA binding can be classified according to potency on the basis of the Covalent Binding Index. Values of 10³–10⁴ have been found for potent, 10² for moderate, and 1–10 for weak carcinogens. Since estrone is moderately carcinogenic for the kidney of the male hamster, a CBI of about 100 would be expected. The actually measured limit of detection of 0.01 places covalent DNA binding among the highly unlikely mechanisms of action. Similar considerations can be made for the liver where any true covalent DNA binding must be below a level of 0.01. It is concluded that an observable tumor induction by estrone or estradiol is unlikely to be due to DNA binding.Paper presented at the Satellite Symposium of the European Society of Toxicology, Rome, March 29, 1983     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Isolation and characterization of glycosylated and non-glycosylated prolactins from alligator and crocodile

Two molecular forms of prolactin (PRL). glycosylated and non-glycosylated, were isolated from pituitary glands of two reptiles, alligator and crocodile. The reptilian PRLs were extracted under alkaline conditions from the precipitate obtained after pituitaries were first extracted with 0.25 m sucrose, 1 mM NH₄HCO₃, pH 6.3. Purification was performed by ion exchange chromatography on DE-52, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 superfine, and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Two forms of both alligator and crocodile PRL, designated PRLI and PRLII, with molecular weights of 26000 and 24000 were isolated. Alligator and crocodile PRLI and PRLII were stained specifically in immunoblots with anti-sea turtle PRL and anti-ostrich PRL. Sequence analysis revealed that both forms of alligator and crocodile PRLs consisted of 199 amino acid residues with a glycosylation consensus sequence (Asn-Ala-Ser) at position 60 in alligator and crocodile PRLs with a molecular weight of 26000 (PRLI). In contrast, Thr was substituted for Asn at position 60 in the PRLs with a molecular weight of 24000 (PRLII). The sequences of alligator PRLs differed from crocodile PRLs only in position 134: Val for alligator PRLs and He for crocodile PRLs. There is a high degree of structural conservation between the reptilian PRLs isolated in this study and avian PRL; each showed 92% sequence identity with chicken PRL and 89% with turkey PRL.