小麦面筋蛋白质的乙酰化改性

采用乙酸酐对小麦面筋蛋白质进行酰化改性 .结果表明 :小麦面筋蛋白质乙酰化的最佳反应条件为面筋蛋白质质量分数 5 % ,反应温度 35℃ ,乙酰酐用量为小麦面筋蛋白质用量的 15 % ;乙酰化改性后的面筋蛋白质 ,溶解度、乳化能力和起泡能力均得到了提高 ,乙酰化小麦面筋蛋白质对弱筋粉粉质特性的改善效果强于普通谷朊粉 .     

淀粉和水分质量分数对脱脂豆粕制备仿生肉特性的影响

利用双螺杆挤压机,以脱脂豆粕(DSM)为主要原料,同时以浓缩大豆蛋白(SPC)作对比,考察了玉米淀粉添加量及混合物水分质量分数对仿生肉制品硬度和粘附力的影响.结果表明:以DSM为主要原料,添加玉米淀粉质量分数6%及控制水分质量分数26%的条件下,在机筒中心温度为135 ℃挤压所得产品在硬度上与对照牛肉干样品接近;同样在添加玉米淀粉质量分数13%和控制水分质量分数为40%的条件下,所得产品的粘附力与牛肉干较接近.根据仿生肉制品质量评估权重系数(硬度为70%,粘附力为30%)得到制备仿生肉制品的DSM与玉米淀粉最佳质量比为15∶2.制品的密封保存有利于贮藏稳定性.利用扫描电镜观察了仿生肉制品的微观结构呈多层、纤维状结构.     

戊聚糖提取工艺中分离蛋白质方法的比较

作者通过综合考虑除蛋白质方法对戊聚糖得率,戊聚糖中阿魏酸质量分数等4项指标的影响,对提取戊聚糖工艺中常用的5种分离蛋白质方法进行比较,确定了除蛋白质的最优方法.     

卡拉胶及糖、盐存在时对勾兑牛奶酒稳定性的影响

探讨了乙醇体积分数、卡拉胶质量分数以及卡拉胶与糖、盐共存时对牛奶酒体系稳定性的影响 .结果表明 ,随着乙醇体积分数的增加 ,牛奶酒体系粘度呈线性增加 ,当乙醇体积分数超过30 %时其稳定性被破坏 .卡拉胶的加入会对体系的稳定性产生一定的改善作用 ,而柠檬酸三钠的添加 ,能使这种改善作用明显提高 .添加质量分数为 10 %的蔗糖对稳定性不能起到改善作用 ,当柠檬酸三钠和蔗糖共同存在时 ,对体系的稳定性影响以蔗糖为主 .同时 ,在柠檬酸三钠存在下 ,将添加卡拉胶的牛奶酒在 4 0℃条件下进行加速贮藏试验 ,测定了这一过程中pH值、粘度和色度的变化     

亲水胶体对含酒精O/W(水包油)乳状液稳定性的影响

研究了卡拉胶、刺槐豆胶,及其混和胶作为稳定剂,对以酪蛋白酸钠稳定的含酒精O/W乳状液体系稳定性的影响.结果表明,单独添加一定浓度的卡拉胶可改善体系的分层稳定性,而单独加入刺槐豆胶会加速体系失稳,当m(卡拉胶)∶m(刺槐豆胶)=4∶1加入到体积分数为15%的酒精乳状液中,加入量为0.02%时体系稳定性最好.同时研究了两多糖的加入方式、热处理时间,以及蔗糖存在下对乳状液稳定性及黏度的影响.结果表明,卡拉胶与刺槐豆胶分别加入到乳状液中稳定效果较好,并且卡拉胶和刺槐豆胶分别在90℃保温6min后加入有利于体系的稳定;质量分数为10%的蔗糖存在增强了复合胶存在下体系的稳定性.     

膜分离技术在提取银杏叶黄酮类化合物中的应用

研究了银杏叶中黄酮类化合物的提取过程及工艺,使用超滤技术对粗提的产品进行精制,对影响超滤的工艺条件如压力、温度、时间进行考察,确定了最佳的提取条件:乙醇水溶液体积分数50%、提取温度80℃、料液质量体积比1 g:10 mL、提取时间2 h.提取物中黄酮质量分数达到5.96%,超滤后的产品中黄酮质量分数达到33.99%.     

谷氨酰胺转胺酶对面粉品质的改良作用

应用单一酶制剂谷氨酰胺转胺酶对面粉进行了品质改良研究,结果表明,谷氨酰胺转胺酶可以催化面筋蛋白形成ε (γ 谷氨酰基)赖氨酸共价键,从而明显改善面团的粉质特性,使面团的形成时间、稳定时间、断裂时间增加,面团的弱化度降低.在拉伸曲线中可以看出加酶的面团抗延伸阻力增加,面团的延伸性下降,粉力增加到2～3倍后逐渐稳定.应用AR 1000流变仪根据时间扫描动态测量模式考察了面团的贮能模量随酶反应时间的变化情况,与对照相比,添加质量分数为0.25%和0.5%的谷氨酰胺转氨酶可使面团的贮能模量显著增加,0.5%的加酶量使贮能模量增加更快.此外,加酶面团的持水性增大,面团的表面黏性下降.     

浑浊苹果汁生产工艺的改进

苹果破碎前在45℃热水中处理45min,在30℃破碎可以增加果汁中果胶的含量和悬浮颗粒的ξ电位,增加了果汁的浊度和浑浊稳定性.苹果破碎时用质量分数0.02%的VC和0.044%的NaCl组合防褐变剂代替国内报道工艺中使用的质量分数0.05%～0.08%的VC,既经济又较好地防止了褐变效果,且减轻了由VC降解引起的非酶褐变.该工艺生产出的产品有较高的浊度和较好的颜色,果汁中颗粒的平均粒径为1.770μm.     

发酵法生产高纯度低聚果糖

将筛选得到的酵母添加于固形物质量分数为 2 5 %的普通级低聚果糖 (FOS)溶液中 ,以消除产品中的副产物葡萄糖 ,提高FOS的含量 .研究了固形物质量分数、起始 pH值、酵母添加量对消除葡萄糖的影响 ,得到了不含葡萄糖且FOS质量分数达 82 .85 %的产品 .后者再经果糖转移酶作用 ,于 5 0℃、pH 5 .5下反应 10h ,FOS质量分数可提高至 85 .2 3% .     

多菌种混合发酵生脉饮药渣生产蛋白饲料工艺条件优化

以生脉饮药渣为原料,利用康宁木霉(Tk)、产黄纤维单胞茵(Cf)、产朊假丝酵母(Cu)和黑曲霉(An)多菌种混合发酵生产蛋白饲料.通过单因素和正交试验对发酵条件进行优化,试验结果表明:先接种20%的Tk Cf(比例2:1),发酵2 d后再接种20%的Cu An(比例1:1),在(NH4)2SO4添加量为5 g/dL、初始PH值为6、料水比为1:2、温度为30℃的条件下发酵5 d,其发酵产物中真蛋白质量分数增加86.96%,粗纤维质量分数降低20.09%.     

小麦麸皮中戊聚糖的纯化分级及组成分析

用乙醇逐步沉淀和离子交换柱层析方法对麸皮中制备的水溶戊聚糖(WSP)和水不溶戊聚糖 (AEP)进行分级纯化 ,并对各组分的组成进行了分析 .结果表明 ,用乙醇逐步沉淀时 ,随着乙醇体积分数的增加 ,所得分级组分具有较高的分支 ;用离子交换柱层析时 ,WSP可分级为 2个组分 ,AEP可分级为 3个组分 ,并且用NaCl较H2 O洗脱的组分具有较高的分支和较高的相对分子质量     

Effects of adipocyte-derived cytokines on endothelial functions: implication of vascular disease

Adipose tissue has recently emerged as an active endocrine organ that secretes a variety of metabolically important substances, collectively called adipocytokines or adipokines. In this review we summarize the effects of the adipokines leptin, adiponectin, and resistin on the vasculature and their potential role for pathogenesis of vascular disease. Leptin is associated with arterial wall thickness, decreased vessel distensibility, and elevated C reactive protein (CRP) levels. Leptin possesses procoagulant and antifibrinolytic properties, and it promotes thrombus and atheroma formation, probably through the leptin receptors by promoting vascular inflammation, proliferation, and calcification, and by increasing oxidative stress. Research for development of pharmacologic antagonism for the leptin receptor is currently under way. Adiponectin inhibits the expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and P selectin. Therefore, it interferes with monocyte adherence to endothelial cells and their subsequent migration to the subendothelial space, one of the initial events in the development of atherosclerosis. Adiponectin also inhibits the transformation of macrophages to foam cells in vitro and decreases their phagocytic activity. Resistin, discovered in 2001, represents the newest of the adipokines and was named for its ability to promote insulin resistance. Resistin increases the expression of the adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, up-regulates the monocyte chemoattractant chemokine-1, and promotes endothelial cell activation via ET-1 release. Although many aspects of its function need further clarification, it appears that resistin will add significantly to our knowledge of the pathophysiology of vascular disease and the metabolic syndrome.     

Screening for scoliosis-New recommendations,old dilemmas,no straight solutions

This opinion review considers the prevailing question of whether to screen or not to screen for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. New and improved standards of people-oriented care and person-centredness, as well as improved principles of preventive screening and guideline development, have been postulated and implemented in health care systems and cultures. Recommendations addressing screening for scoliosis differ substantially, in terms of their content, standards of development and screening principles. Some countries have discontinued issuing recommendations. In the last decade, a number of updated and new recommendations and statements have been released. Systematically developed guidelines and recommendations are confronted by consensus and opinion-based statements. The dilemmas and discrepancies prevail. The arguments concentrate on the issues of the need for early detection through screening in terms of the effectiveness of early treatment, on costs and cost-effectiveness issues, scientific and epidemiologic value of screenings, and the credibility of the sources of evidence. The problem matter is of global scale and applies to millions of people. It regards clinical and methodological dilemmas, but also the matter of vulnerable and fragile time of adolescence and, more generally, children's rights. The decisions need to integrate people's values and preferences – screening tests need to be acceptable to the population, and treatments need to be acceptable for patients. Therefore we present one more crucial, but underrepresented in the discussion, issue of understanding and implementation of the contemporary principles of person-centred care, standards of preventive screening, and guideline development, in the context of screening for scoliosis.     

Rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is the injury of the spinal cord from the foramen magnum to the cauda equina which occurs as a result of compulsion, incision or contusion. The most common causes of SCI in the world are traffic accidents, gunshot injuries, knife injuries, falls and sports injuries. There is a strong relationship between functional status and whether the injury is complete or not complete, as well as the level of the injury. The results of SCI bring not only damage to independence and physical function, but also include many complications from the injury. Neurogenic bladder and bowel, urinary tract infections, pressure ulcers, orthostatic hypotension, fractures, deep vein thrombosis, spasticity, autonomic dysreflexia, pulmonary and cardiovascular problems, and depressive disorders are frequent complications after SCI. SCI leads to serious disability in the patient resulting in the loss of work, which brings psychosocial and economic problems. The treatment and rehabilitation period is long, expensive and exhausting in SCI. Whether complete or incomplete, SCI rehabilitation is a long process that requires patience and motivation of the patient and relatives. Early rehabilitation is important to prevent joint contractures and the loss of muscle strength, conservation of bone density, and to ensure normal functioning of the respiratory and digestive system. An interdisciplinary approach is essential in rehabilitation in SCI, as in the other types of rehabilitation. The team is led by a physiatrist and consists of the patients’ family, physiotherapist, occupational therapist, dietician, psychologist, speech therapist, social worker and other consultant specialists as necessary.     

兔肌肉移植瘤纳米刀、冷冻、射频消融的对比实验研究

目的探讨肌肉移植瘤纳米刀（IRE）、冷冻、射频消融术后的肿瘤凋亡、机体免疫及血管生成因子情况,观察不同微创技术对肌肉移植瘤的抗肿瘤效果,为临床应用提供一定的实验依据。 方法兔肌肉移植瘤模型8只,并随机分为正常对照组、纳米刀治疗组、冷冻治疗组及射频治疗组,每组2只。动态观察治疗过程中新西兰大白兔的生命体征以及治疗后并发症,术后24 h全部处死,分离血浆及血清检测,取瘤块包埋切片,HE染色,免疫组织化学方法检测Bcl-2、HSP70和VEGF在肌肉移植瘤中的表达,并运用Tunel法检测细胞凋亡。 结果肉眼观肿瘤表面血管丰富,触之质地软;各组术后治疗区域可见明显凝固性坏死改变,冷冻及射频术后临近肌肉组织充血水肿明显。HE染色显示纳米刀组治疗区域边界清晰,冷冻及射频术区仍可见部分存活细胞。Tunel结果显示纳米刀治疗组可以明显增加肿瘤细胞凋亡,各治疗组均可通过升高血浆Caspase-3水平及降低术区Bcl-2表达促进肿瘤组织凋亡,升高血浆TNF-α水平激发机体抗肿瘤免疫,同时促使血浆VEGF因子分泌短期内升高;肿瘤组织术区边缘HSP70及VEGF因子表达水平各组不一。术后血清学检测结果显示各组治疗后新西兰大白兔的肌酸激酶水平升高,CTnI及肝肾功能未见异常。 结论纳米刀、氩氦刀冷冻、射频均能够通过直接消融、诱导细胞凋亡、产生特异的抗肿瘤免疫效应来抑制兔肌肉移植瘤的生长,且治疗方法安全、有效。纳米刀在诱导细胞凋亡、周围重要脏器的保护及治疗时间短均有明显优势,为其进一步的临床应用提供了动物实验依据。     

Diagnosis and laparoscopic treatment of surgical diseases during pregnancy: an evidence-based review

Treatment of surgical disease in the gravid patient requires a unique and careful approach where safety of the mother and fetus are both considered. Approaches to diagnosis and therapy of surgical disease in the gravid patient are increasingly clarified and defined in the literature. Laparoscopy, once described as contraindicated in pregnancy, has been steadily accepted and applied as data supporting its safety and use have accumulated. An extensive review of the literature was performed to define the use of laparoscopy in pregnancy. Diagnoses for independent surgical diseases as well as imaging modalities and techniques during pregnancy are reviewed. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative management of the pregnant patient are described and evaluated with focus on use of laparoscopy. Literature supporting safety and efficacy of laparoscopy in cholecystectomy, appendectomy, solid organ resection, and oophorectomy in the gravid patient is outlined. Based on level of evidence, this review includes recommendations specific to surgical approach, trimester of pregnancy, patient positioning, port placement, insufflation pressure, monitoring, venous thromboembolic prophylaxis, obstetric consultation, and use of tocolytics in the pregnant patient.     

甲状旁腺素联合降钙素对大鼠骨质疏松的治疗作用

目的探讨甲状旁腺素联合降钙素对大鼠骨质疏松的影响及其作用机制,为临床治疗提供理论依据。方法 100只雌性SD大鼠随机分为5组:假手术组、去势组、甲状旁腺素组、降钙素组、联合用药组,每组20只,构建去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松动物模型。骨组织骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)和骨矿物质含量(bone mineral content,BMC)测定,血清E2检测,骨代谢相关生化指标和标志物检测,观察骨形态结构变化。结果去势组较假手术组腰椎和股骨BMD和BMC、股骨最大负荷及血清E2、Ca、P、骨保护素水平均显著降低(P0. 05),而联合用药组上述指标较去势组均显著增高(P0. 05)。去势组血清碱性磷酸酶、OC、RANK水平较假手术组均显著升高(P0. 05),而联合用药组上述指标较去势组均显著降低(P0. 05)。去势组骨小梁明显减少,排列稀疏错乱,并出现大片断裂现象,大量纤维组织,骨细胞少见;联合用药组骨小梁较多且致密,形态结构较规整,骨细胞排列较整齐,骨连续性好,骨密质较厚且均匀。结论甲状旁腺素联合降钙素通过提高雌激素水平,调节维持骨代谢,提高骨密度和矿物含量,改善生物力学性能,改善骨组织病理形态学,起到抗骨质疏松疗效和骨保护作用。     

Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines

This article discusses the definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis. Acute cholangitis and cholecystitis mostly originate from stones in the bile ducts and gallbladder. Acute cholecystitis also has other causes, such as ischemia; chemicals that enter biliary secretions; motility disorders associated with drugs; infections with microorganisms, protozoa, and parasites; collagen disease; and allergic reactions. Acute acalculous cholecystitis is associated with a recent operation, trauma, burns, multisystem organ failure, and parenteral nutrition. Factors associated with the onset of cholelithiasis include obesity, age, and drugs such as oral contraceptives. The reported mortality of less than 10% for acute cholecystitis gives an impression that it is not a fatal disease, except for the elderly and/or patients with acalculous disease. However, there are reports of high mortality for cholangitis, although the mortality differs greatly depending on the year of the report and the severity of the disease. Even reports published in and after the 1980s indicate high mortality, ranging from 10% to 30% in the patients, with multiorgan failure as a major cause of death. Because many of the reports on acute cholecystitis and cholangitis use different standards, comparisons are difficult. Variations in treatment and risk factors influencing the mortality rates indicate the necessity for standardized diagnostic, treatment, and severity assessment criteria.     

The brain: functional divisions

The incompletely separated cerebral hemispheres consist of a thin outer folded cortex of grey matter containing organized neuronal cell bodies and interneurons. Some of the surface convolutions subserve particular sensory or motor functions. Incoming afferent and projected efferent fibres constitute the underlying white matter, which connects different parts of each hemisphere, the hemispheres to each other and (as the corona radiata) to subcortical nuclei, especially components of the deeply-embedded diencephalon and the basal ganglia, and continuing between the latter as the internal capsule to and from the cerebellum and brainstem. Divisions of the diencephalon, the deeper part of the embryonic forebrain, include the epithalamus (pineal gland), the thalamus (connected extensively with the cortex), the subthalamus and the hypothalamus (involved in the autonomic nervous system, limbic system and neuro-endocrine system). The brainstem, consisting of the midbrain, pons and medulla, allows passage of many ascending and descending nerve fibre tracts between the brain and spinal cord, carrying sensory information from and allowing movement of the limbs and trunk. It is also the site of many of the cranial nerve nuclei, through which the brain innervates the head region. It houses the centres controlling vital aspects related to respiration, cardiovascular function and consciousness levels. The cerebellum also has a cortex of grey matter, tightly convoluted into folia, and containing layered neuronal cell bodies projecting laterally and, as underlying white matter, to a collection of deep nuclei. Fibres run to and from the cerebellar nuclei in a series of peduncles to the midbrain, pons and medulla, and allow the cerebellum to coordinate movement at an unconscious level.