年轻未生育妇女子宫内膜癌保留生育功能的治疗

年轻妇女子宫内膜癌保留功能治疗,包括未生育患者保留生育功能治疗和年轻患者保留卵巢内分泌功能治疗,是近年来子宫内膜癌治疗方面的热点问题之一。本文从保留生育功能治疗的必要性、病例选择和治疗等方面进行讨论。1保留生育功能治疗的必要性子宫内膜癌是妇科常见的恶性肿瘤之一,目前在国内发病率仅次于宫颈癌。但是由于生活方式的转变,其发病率在不断升高,并且随着宫颈癌筛查及预     

早期子宫内膜癌保留生育功能治疗中特殊问题处理的研究进展

子宫内膜癌保留生育功能治疗的适应证为高分化子宫内膜癌Ⅰa期,且其疗效已得到肯定。随着社会经济发展的影响以及我国人口发展战略“二孩”政策的实施,更多患者保留生育功能的愿望更加急迫;针对临床治疗中所面临的新挑战,近年来部分研究者开始探索治疗方式的优化,以及对某些有特殊问题(包括初次保留生育功能治疗后复发、中分化及子宫肌层浸润等)的子宫内膜癌患者行保留生育功能治疗的可行性与安全性进行摸索,发现部分超适应证患者经严密筛查后仍可以选择保留生育功能治疗。本文将近年来早期子宫内膜癌保留生育功能治疗中特殊问题临床处理的研究进展进行综述。     

子宫内膜癌保留生育功能的治疗进展

子宫内膜癌是最常见的妇科恶性肿瘤之一,5%发生在40岁以下的妇女,年轻子宫内膜癌患者常强烈要求保留生育功能。生育年龄子宫内膜癌患者症状(月经异常)出现早,多为早期、分化程度好、且多数为性激素依赖型,预后较好。现已有早期子宫内膜癌采用保守手术及激素(通常为孕激素)治疗成功且保留生育功能、成功分娩的报道,现就子宫内膜癌保留生育功能治疗的现状做一综述。     

早期子宫内膜癌患者保留生殖内分泌功能治疗的研究进展

子宫内膜癌（endometrial carcinoma,EC）为女性生殖道常见三大恶性肿瘤之一,近年来发病率有上升趋势。虽然子宫内膜癌大多发生于绝经后妇女,但也有约25%的患者为绝经前女性,且3%～14%发生在40岁以下。其中未生育的年轻患者很难接受失去生育机会及卵巢内分泌功能。因此,近年来子宫内膜癌保留生殖内分泌功能的治疗,即保留年轻EC患者的生育功能或卵巢内分泌功能成为较关注的问题。近年研究表明,以孕激素为主治疗希望保留生理功能的年轻、早期、高分化子宫内膜癌患者是相对安全有效的。综述子宫内膜癌保留生育及卵巢功能的治疗现状。     

子宫内膜癌保留生育功能治疗的研究进展

年轻子宫内膜癌患者的保留生育功能治疗是目前的研究热点。子宫内膜癌传统的治疗方式为全子宫与双附件切除术,使年轻女性丧失了生育功能。年轻子宫内膜癌患者的症状出现较早,癌细胞分化程度好,且往往肿瘤局限于内膜,大多为激素依赖型,预后较好。近年已有越来越多的学者尝试了年轻女性保留生育功能的治疗,本文从激素治疗、手术治疗和其他治疗3个方面综述了近年的研究进展。     

早期子宫内膜癌保留生育力选择与实施

随着子宫内膜癌发病率的升高，如何对有保留生育功能要求的年轻子宫内膜癌患者进行严格的筛选和制定个体化诊疗计划，从而提高保留生育力疗效，降低相应并发症或疾病进展风险是临床面临的主要问题。文章就早期年轻子宫内膜癌保留生育功能评估和治疗方案选择进行阐述。     

宫腔镜下全面评估和病灶去除在子宫内膜癌保留生育治疗中的价值

正宫腔内多部位、多灶性病变是子宫内膜癌的主要特点之一,通过药物或机械方法全面抑制病灶增殖或去除病灶是提升子宫内膜癌保留生育功能治疗完全缓解率的重要一环。另一方面,作为承担胚胎种植和发育重要功能的器官,在子宫内膜癌治疗过程中尽最大可能保护正常子宫内膜功能是改善子宫内膜癌保留生育治疗完全缓解后妊娠率和妊娠结局的关键因素。如何平衡去除子宫内膜病灶和保护正常子宫内膜功能之间的矛盾是子宫内膜癌保留生育功能治疗的重要课题。     

结合典型病例谈年轻子宫内膜癌患者生育功能的保留

随着全球女性生育年龄的推迟,年轻子宫内膜癌患者保留生育功能越来越受到重视,是近年来国内外研究的热点及重点。大多数早期的年轻子宫内膜癌多为雌激素依赖型,具有病变局限、进展缓慢、分化及预后较好、对性激素治疗反应良好等特点,高效、大剂量、长期应用孕激素是子宫内膜癌患者保留生育功能治疗成功的关键,安全有效的全面评估尤为重要,介绍1例治疗成功的典型病例,就此领域的最新进展进行详细阐述。     

子宫内膜癌患者保留生理功能的治疗

子宫内膜癌是妇科常见恶性肿瘤之一,约75%的患者为早期病例,对于Ⅰ期子宫内膜癌的首选治疗方法为筋膜外全子宫切除、双附件切除及盆腔、腹主动脉旁淋巴结取样和（或）清扫术,术后5年存活率达83%～93%,预后较好.但标准的手术治疗使年轻的子宫内膜癌患者失去了生育机会及卵巢内分泌功能,严重影响患者的生存质量.因此,子宫内膜癌患者保留生理功能的治疗,包括保留年轻子宫内膜癌患者的生育功能或卵巢内分泌功能,以及对手术治疗后的子宫内膜癌患者进行激素替代治疗,成为近年较为关注的问题.     

子宫内膜癌患者保留生育功能治疗的研究进展

子宫内膜癌好发于绝经前后的妇女,40岁以下者相对少见,只占所有病例的2.1%～14.4%.其治疗方法主要为子宫双附件切除,或同时行腹膜后淋巴结切除.此种手术治疗尽管对早期肿瘤的治愈率高,但患者却丧失了生育能力.一般情况下,年轻的子宫内膜癌患者多为有不孕史的未孕妇女,渴望保留生育功能.现已有早期子宫内膜癌采用反复子宫内膜诊刮及激素（通常为孕激素）治疗成功且保留生育功能的报道.保守性治疗尽管可行,但仍有许多问题存在争议,诸如恰当的治疗前评估,孕激素治疗的期限及剂量,完成生育后子宫切除的必要性等.因此,本文复习近年的国内外文献,就子宫内膜癌患者保留生育功能治疗的治疗前评估、治疗方法及结局的研究进展综述如下.     

年轻子宫内膜癌女性保留生育及卵巢功能的治疗进展

子宫内膜癌（endometrial carcinoma,EC）是女性生殖系统三大恶性肿瘤之一,年轻育龄期EC患者相对少见,但随着子宫内膜癌发病率的逐渐上升,以及现代生活习惯的改变,EC出现明显年轻化趋势。EC的标准治疗方案使得女性永久性失去生育功能以及绝经前女性提前进入更年期,严重影响年轻患者的生活质量。故年轻EC患者保留生育功能或保留卵巢功能的治疗方案逐渐受到重视。现有的保留生育功能方案主要有：孕激素、芳香化酶抑制剂、二甲双胍等药物治疗以及宫腔镜下EC病灶切除术。多项研究已经证实,肥胖与EC发生发展相关,保留生育功能治疗期间体质量管理同样也至关重要。现就年轻EC女性保留生育及卵巢功能治疗以及治疗期间体质量管理等的研究进展进行综述。     

Fertility-preserving surgical procedures, techniques

As a result of the trend toward late childbearing, fertility preservation has become a major issue in young women with gynaecological cancer. Fertility-sparing treatments have been successfully attempted in selected cases of cervical, endometrial and ovarian cancer, and gynaecologists should be familiar with fertility-preserving options in women with gynaecological malignancies. Options to preserve fertility include shielding to reduce radiation damage, fertility preservation when undergoing cytotoxic treatments, cryopreservation, assisted reproduction techniques, and fertility-sparing surgical procedures. Radical vaginal trachelectomy with laparoscopic lymphadenectomy is an oncologically safe, fertility-preserving procedure. It has been accepted worldwide as a surgical treatment of small early stage cervical cancers. Selected cases of early stage ovarian cancer can be treated by unilateral salpingo-ophorectomy and surgical staging. Hysteroscopic resection and progesterone treatment are used in young women who have endometrial cancer to maintain fertility and avoid surgical menopause. Appropriate patient selection, and careful oncologic, psychologic, reproductive and obstetric counselling, is mandatory.     

Fertility-preserving treatment in young women with endometrial cancer

Nonsurgical fertility-preserving treatment of well-differentiated endometrial cancer with systemic progestins has been described for young women who desire to preserve their fertility. The overall response to progestin treatment in 9 retrospective studies is 79% with 79 subsequent live births. Recurrence can be expected in approximately 36-40% of conservatively treated patients who initially responded. Synchronous ovarian cancer has been reported in approximately 9%. However, amongst 162 receiving systemic, continuous treatment with progestins no death caused by cancer has been reported. We review guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up in young women undergoing conservative treatment for endometrial cancer.     

Endometrial cancer and fertility

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Endometrial cancer can affect reproductive-age women who may desire fertility preservation. This article discusses the current, available data about conservative management of endometrial cancer in young women. RECENT FINDINGS: Reproductive-age women with well differentiated endometrial carcinoma have an overall favorable prognosis provided that the tumor is identified at an early, noninvasive stage; however, advanced disease can be present. This article discusses current modalities to evaluate and clinically stage endometrial cancer including hysteroscopy, dilation and curettage, pelvic ultrasound, abdominopelvic computed tomography scan, pelvic magnetic resonance imaging, tumor marker CA125 level, and surgical exploration with laparoscopy or laparotomy. Thorough evaluation is critical as 10 to 29% of young women with endometrial cancer have a synchronous ovarian malignancy. Detailed counseling about the risks and benefits of conservative management, and expectations for fertility after treatment, surveillance, and definitive surgical management is essential. Multiple effective protocols exist for conservative treatment of endometrial cancer, and the initial response rates are as high as 57 to 75%. Successful pregnancies have occurred after conservative management, spontaneously, and with assisted reproductive technologies. SUMMARY: There are no standard recommendations for selection of appropriate women, treatment protocols, or long-term surveillance for conservative management of clinical stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma, and larger prospective clinical studies are warranted.     

Hormone therapy for younger patients with endometrial cancer

The relationship between hormones and endometrial cancer is well known because disease states, such as chronic anovulation and endogenous estrogen production from hormone-secreting tumors (for example, granulosa cell tumor of the ovary), are related to excess estrogen, and unopposed estrogen use might lead to endometrial overgrowth, hyperplasia, and subsequent development of endometrial carcinoma. Therefore, the possibility of using antihormone therapy in endometrial carcinoma and/or its precancer lesions, such as simple hyperplasia with and without atypia and complex hyperplasia with and without atypia, is always supposed, as in the management of breast cancer. In addition, if women in whom endometrial cancer is diagnosed are very young, some critical issues should be considered, including the possibility of ovary preservation-partial preservation of fertility and the possibility of both ovary and uterus preservation-complete preservation of fertility. Other factors are also important to consider and include oncologic risk, appropriateness of candidates for treatment, type of hormone use, response rate of hormonal therapy, appropriate surveillance, and additional counseling for issues such as anxiety about relapse and metastasis, distress about side effects, advice of the family, advice of the medical staff, and economic burden.This review will be focused on updated information and recent knowledge of the use of hormones in the management of younger women with endometrial cancer who want fertility preservation.     

Oncofertility for women with gynecologic malignancies

The emerging field of oncofertility addresses fertility and the reproductive health needs for cancer patients, a key topic in cancer survivorship. Given that the standard treatment for gynecologic malignancies involves removal of reproductive organs, pelvic radiation, or chemotherapy, the effect of such treatment on fertility and options for fertility preservation are even more relevant than for other malignancies.In young women with new diagnoses of cervical, endometrial, or ovarian cancers, viable strategies for fertility preservation without compromising oncological outcome exist and should be considered. We present here a comprehensive review of the literature as it pertains to gynecologic malignancies on 1) the effects of radiation and chemotherapy on fertility, 2) fertility-sparing surgeries and the role of assisted reproductive technology, and 3) fertility preservation in adolescent girls and women with BRCA germline mutations.     

妇科恶性肿瘤保留生育功能肿瘤结局

子宫颈癌、卵巢癌和子宫内膜癌是妇科常见的恶性肿瘤，近年发病有年轻化趋势。对于有生育要求的年轻患者，如何在不增加肿瘤风险的情况下，保留患者术后的生育功能，成为近年来备受关注的问题。文章对保留生育功能的妇科恶性肿瘤患者的肿瘤结局进行阐述。     

Fertility-preserving surgical procedures for patients with gynecologic malignancies

Gynecologic malignancies often affect young women who are at the peak of their reproductive potential. The treatment for gynecologic malignancies often consists of removal of the ovaries or uterus, affecting the future fertility of these patients. Advances in surgical management have allowed patients to undergo more conservative treatment with preservation of their fertility. This review summarizes fertility-sparing surgical procedures for patients with gynecologic malignancies evaluating the role of radical trachelectomy and ovarian transposition in cervical cancer, hormonal therapy and hysteroscopic resection in endometrial cancer, and conservative surgery in ovarian cancer.     

A successful live birth with in vitro fertilization and thawed embryo transfer after conservative treatment of recurrent endometrial cancer

Estrogen-dependent early stage endometrial cancer is relatively common in young women of reproductive age. The standard treatment is hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO), even in early stage well-differentiated endometrial cancer patients. This surgical option results in permanent loss of fertility. There have been some reports of live births using in vitro fertilization after conservative management of endometrial cancer with high-dose progestin for the purpose of fertility preservation. However, most were not recurrent cases and pregnancy was achieved through conventional in vitro fertilization, which usually raises serum estradiol levels and may lead to the recurrence of endometrial cancer. To date, it is hard to find a case that can be referred for any possible different approach needed for the patients who experience recurrence. Here we report a successful live birth with in vitro fertilization using letrozole to maintain physiological levels of estradiol, and subsequent thawed embryo transfer after elective cryopreservation of embryos in a patient with recurrent endometrial cancer. There has been no evidence of disease recurrence at one year after delivery.