知柏地黄丸的UPLC指纹图谱研究

目的 建立知柏地黄丸UPLC指纹图谱的研究方法。方法 采用Waters Acquity BEH C₁₈色谱柱（2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm）,流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸,梯度洗脱,检测波长236 nm,流速0.4 mL·min^-1,柱温40℃,以丹皮酚作为参照物。结果 在12 min内完成指纹图谱分析,标出12个共有峰,对6个色谱峰进行了归属,并进行了相似度评价。结论 UPLC简便可行,建立的指纹图谱可用于知柏地黄丸的质量控制。     

不同产地锁阳药材HPLC指纹图谱研究及2种黄酮成分含量测定

目的 建立不同产地锁阳药材HPLC指纹图谱,并测定其中2种黄酮成分的含量。方法 采用HPLC-DAD技术,以Dikma Spursil C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,甲醇-0.2%甲酸溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,建立锁阳药材的指纹图谱并进行含量测定;采用中药指纹图谱相似度评价系统（2012版）对12批样品进行共有峰确认及相似度评价;通过SPSS 21.0统计软件采用聚类分析（CA）和主成分分析（PCA）对HPLC指纹图谱进行模式识别研究。结果 建立了锁阳药材指纹图谱,12批锁阳药材的相似度均>0.90;确定共有峰22个,并对其中儿茶素、根皮苷含量进行测定,其含量均值分别为0.320,0.057 mg·g^-1。CA将不同批次锁阳药材分为4类,反映了12个不同产区锁阳药材的质量特征;通过PCA筛选出累计贡献率达到89.349%的5个主成分,得到决定锁阳药材质量的4个化学成分。结论 建立的HPLC指纹图谱结合含量测定、CA、PCA方法可以客观、全面、有效地用于锁阳药材的质量评价。     

基于HPLC指纹图谱和化学计量学的不同产地雪菊质量评价

目的 建立雪菊HPLC指纹图谱，结合化学计量学，测定4种成分含量，评价不同产地雪菊质量。方法 采用依利特SinoChrom ODS-BP C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm，5 μm），以乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液为流动相，梯度洗脱；流速为0.6 mL·min^-1；检测波长为295 nm；柱温为30℃；建立不同产地雪菊指纹图谱，进行相似度评价、聚类分析、主成分分析、偏最小二乘法-判别分析，结合变量重要性投影值筛选指认主要差异成分，进行含量测定。结果 12批雪菊指纹图谱含21个共有峰，所有样品与对照图谱相似度均≥0.942；经聚类分析和主成分分析，12批雪菊聚为3类；偏最小二乘法-判别分析结果与聚类分析一致，变量重要性投影值筛选的4个主要差异成分含量分别为马里苷40.05~61.25 mg·g^–1，黄诺马苷7.44~19.82 mg·g^–1，芦丁0.85~2.03 mg·g^–1，绿原酸2.56~9.73 mg·g^–1。结论 建立的指纹图谱分析与含量测定方法可靠、重复性好，为雪菊的整体质量评价提供了参考。     

基于指纹图谱通便灵胶囊的化学计量学分析

目的 通过HPLC建立通便灵胶囊指纹图谱，并借助化学计量学分析，对其进行系统、科学的质量评价。方法 采用JADE-PAK ODS柱（250 mm×4.6 mm，5 μm），以流动相为甲醇（A）-0.1%甲酸溶液（B），进行梯度洗脱，流速1.0 mL·min^–1，柱温30℃，检测波长340 nm，建立通便灵胶囊的指纹图谱，通过ChemPattern软件确立共有峰，利用UPLC-Q/TOF-MS对共有峰进行成分确认，并进行化学计量学分析。结果 通过建立的通便灵胶囊指纹图谱确定14个共有峰，主成分分析得分图显示4个厂家的样品能够明显区分开，偏最小二乘判别分析载荷图显示化学成分松果菊苷、山柰酚-3-O-β-D-槐糖苷和异鼠李素-3-O-龙胆二糖苷对4个厂家样品的区分有较大贡献。结论 不同厂家样品存在较大差异，有可能会造成药效的不一致，此方法可为通便灵胶囊的质量控制提供参考依据。     

岭南特色饮片熟党参HPLC指纹图谱及其炮制前后对比研究

目的 建立同时适用于岭南特色饮片熟党参及其生品的HPLC指纹图谱，分析对比党参蒸制前后成分的变化，为进一步建立熟党参质量控制标准奠定基础。方法 Waters Symmtry C₁₈反相色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm，5 μm）；流动相为甲醇-0.1%甲酸水溶液，梯度洗脱（柱温30℃，流速1.0 mL·min^-1，检测波长283 nm，记录时间55 min）。使用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统（2012版）进行数据处理。结果 不同批次熟党参样品的指纹图谱相似度为0.750~0.979，存在一定的差异性，结合生、熟品色谱峰差异特点选定10个共有特征峰。结论 所建立的方法稳定、重现性好，熟党参与生品之间指纹图谱的差异对比结果为建立熟党参质控标准提供了参考依据。     

不同产地野生与栽培伊贝母药材UPLC-ELSD指纹图谱研究

目的 建立伊贝母药材UPLC-ELSD指纹图谱,为有效控制其质量提供可靠的方法。方法 采用UPLC-ELSD方法,色谱柱为Waters Acquity UPLC^TM BEH C₁₈（100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm）,流动相为乙腈和0.02%三乙胺,梯度洗脱,流速0.25 mL·min^-1,柱温25℃,样品为室温度,ELSD漂移管温度40℃,喷雾器参数40%,增益值500,气体压力30psi。采用国家药典委员会颁布的中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统2012 A版软件建立共有模式,以2种方法对29批野生与栽培伊贝母药材计算相似度评价图谱的相似性,同时利用聚类分析法分析结果。结果 29批伊贝母药材有16个共有特征峰,建立了UPLC-ELSD指纹图谱共有模式。各批次伊贝母药材相似度都≥0.801。29批野生与栽培伊贝母药材可通过系统聚类分成2~3类,同时定量测定了样品中的西贝母碱苷和西贝母碱。结论 所建立的UPLC-ELSD指纹图谱方法快速,可用于伊贝母药材的质量综合评价。     

经典名方泽泻汤UPLC指纹图谱的建立

目的 建立泽泻汤的UPLC指纹图谱。方法 采用ACQUITYUPLC^ÒBEH C₁₈色谱柱（2.1 mm×50 mm，1.7 μm），以乙腈（A）-水（B）作为流动相进行梯度洗脱，柱温35℃，流速0.3 mL·min^-1，全波长扫描，以泽泻醇B为参照峰，分析15批次泽泻汤的UPLC指纹图谱，并使用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统结合主成分分析、正交偏最小二乘法判别分析（PLS-DA）评价泽泻汤的指纹图谱。结果 在泽泻汤指纹图谱中共标定23个共有峰，其中15个化合物峰来自泽泻，8个化合物峰来自白术，指认了白术内酯Ⅰ、白术内酯Ⅱ、白术内酯Ⅲ、泽泻醇A、泽泻醇B和23-乙酰泽泻醇B 6个共有峰，其含量波动范围分别为0.028 7~0.033 1，0.029 5~0.036 6，0.012 0~0.019 4，0.102 2~0.143 9，0.469 3~0.701 2，0.425 5~0.730 8 mg·mL^-1，15批样品指纹图谱相似度为0.979~0.996。主成分分析和PLS-DA将15批样品按照泽泻的产地不同分为3类。结论 该方法快速简单、精密度高、稳定性强、重复性好，基本体现了泽泻汤的整体化学成分特征，可为泽泻汤开发和应用的质量控制提供参考。     

绵马贯众配方颗粒的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的 建立绵马贯众配方颗粒的HPLC指纹图谱。方法 采用HPLC，色谱柱以C₁₈为填充剂，乙腈-1%醋酸溶液为流动相，流速为1.0 mL·min^-1进行梯度洗脱，检测波长为330 nm；采用液质联用技术（LC-MS）获得特征峰的分子量和分子离子碎片，结合对照品和文献比对等方法进行特征峰结构指认。结果 绵马贯众配方颗粒的指纹图谱呈现12个共有峰，7个共有峰进行了指认，分别为新绿原酸、绿原酸、隐绿原酸、4β-羧甲基-（–）-表儿茶素、圣草次苷、3-甲基丁酰基间苯三酚-4，6-二-C-葡萄糖苷、1-甲基-3-丁酰基间苯三酚。结论 建立了绵马贯众配方颗粒的HPLC指纹图谱，方法重复性、稳定性好，可用于绵马贯众配方颗粒的生产全过程的质量控制。     

ASE-HPLC测定仙茅中仙茅苷的含量及其指纹图谱研究

目的 获得仙茅药材的HPLC指纹图谱,同时研究快速萃取仙茅中仙茅苷及其含量测定的方法,为其质量控制提供依据。方法 采用正交试验优选ASE 350快速溶剂萃取系统的最佳提取方法,采用HPLC测定仙茅苷的量,色谱柱为Thermo Syncronis C₁₈（100 mm×3 mm,3 μm）,流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱,体积流量为0.5 mL·min^-1,检测波长为285 nm,柱温为40℃。指纹图谱共有模式采用国家药典委员会中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统（2.0版）进行处理分析。结果 采用萃取温度100℃、静态萃取时间5 min、循环提取2次的快速提取方法最优。在指纹图谱研究中,标定了15个共有峰,建立了对照指纹图谱,20批药材与共有模式之间相似性良好,相似度均>0.9。结论 本方法快速、准确,可用于仙茅药材的综合质量评价。     

基于标准汤剂的酒女贞子配方颗粒HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的 建立酒女贞子配方颗粒的HPLC指纹图谱,并对其与饮片、标准汤剂、中间体的相关性进行评价。方法 采用Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱;以甲醇-水作为流动相,梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 mL·min^-1;检测波长为224 nm;柱温为30℃;进样体积为10 μL。结果 酒女贞子饮片、标准汤剂、中间体及配方颗粒指纹图谱均呈现5个共有特征峰,呈良好的相关性,在5个共有峰中指认出山特女贞苷、齐墩果酸、熊果酸3个成分。酒女贞子饮片、标准汤剂、中间体、配方颗粒的主要化学成分组成基本相同,结论 该HPLC指纹图谱方法可用于酒女贞子配方颗粒的生产全过程的质量控制。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.