创伤后活化T细胞内cAMP代谢,蛋白激酶A活性的变化及意义

研究了创伤小鼠活化Ｔ细胞内ｃＡＭＰ代谢、蛋白激酶Ａ（ＰＫＡ）活性的变化及同Ｔ细胞功能的关系。结果显示，创伤后活化Ｔ细胞内ｃＡＭＰ含量增加，这一变化同创伤后Ｔ细胞白介素２（ＩＬ－２）生成减少，ＩＬ－２受体（ＩＬ－２Ｒ）表达受抑，Ｔ淋巴细胞转化（ＴＬＴ）降低密切相关。创伤后活化Ｔ细胞内腺苷酸环化酶（ＡＣ）、ＰＡＫ活性增加，ｃＡＭＰ－磷酸二酯酶（ｃＡＭＰ－ＰＤＥ）活性降低。ＰＫＡ抑制剂Ｈ－８在体外可明显     

PJ－CW对小鼠脾淋巴细胞内环核苷酸含量的影响

济南假单胞菌细胞壁组分（ＰＪ－ＣＷ）是由我院药物所研制的新型微生物制剂。本文就ＰＪ－ＣＷ对小鼠脾细胞总数及脾淋巴细胞内环核苷酸含量的影响作了动态观察。结果显示：小鼠腹腔注射ＰＪ－ＣＷ后，脾细胞总数在第２～６ｄ明显增多，第８ｄ恢复至对照组水平，脾淋巴细胞内的ｃＡＭＰ含量只在第６ｄ出现短暂下降。ｃＧＭＰ含量在第４～６ｄ明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）．ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ比值也只在第６ｄ明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示：细胞内ｃＧＭＰ含量升高，ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ比值下降可能导致了细胞分裂过程的启动，增强了脾淋巴细胞的功能。     

AC－cAMP－PKA途径对淋巴细胞DNA合成的调节作用

以ＣＤ３ＭｃＡｂ为激动剂，以淋巴细胞体外ＤＮＡ合成为研究手段，探讨了ＡＣ－ｃＡＭＰ－ＰＫＡ信号途径在ＣＤ３ＭｃＡｂ诱导的淋巴细胞活化中的意义。研究结果表明ＡＣ、ｃＡＭＰ和ＰＫＡ在决定细胞对外界刺激的反应中起着重要作用。在淋巴细胞活化早期细胞内ｃＡＭＰ出现一过性升高，随着细胞活化增殖，ｃＡＭＰ降至正常水平以下。活化ＡＣ、升高细胞内ｃＡＭＰ水平可显著降低ＣＤ３ＭｃＡｂ诱导的淋巴细胞ＤＮＡ合成，而ＰＫＩ却能在一定程度上促进淋巴细胞活化增殖。     

多抗甲素与IL—2协同促进骨髓移植小鼠免疫功能重建

目的：为了探讨多抗甲素ＰＡＡ与ＩＬ－２对骨髓移植（ＢＭＴ）小鼠免疫功能重建的影响。方法：用致死量照射的Ｂａｂｌ／ｃ小鼠移植同系小鼠骨髓细胞后,分别给予ＰＡＡ、ＩＬ－２或ＰＡＡ＋ＩＬ－２,３０ｄ后检查３组ＢＭＴ小鼠免疫功能重建的情况。结果：ＢＭＴ后３０ｄ,自然恢复小鼠免疫功能十分低下,但ＰＡＡ及ＩＬ－２用药鼠脾细胞对丝裂原反应,对ＳＲＢＣ特异的ＰＦＣ数,对同种异型小鼠脾细胞ＤＴＨ及ＭＬＲ均明显高于移     

多抗甲素与IL—2协同促进骨髓移植小鼠免疫功能重建

目的：为了探讨多抗甲素ＰＡＡ与ＩＬ－２对骨髓移植（ＢＭＴ）小鼠免疫功能重建的影响。方法：用致死量照射的Ｂａｂｌ／ｃ小鼠移植同系小鼠骨髓细胞后,分别给予ＰＡＡ、ＩＬ－２或ＰＡＡ＋ＩＬ－２,３０ｄ后检查３组ＢＭＴ小鼠免疫功能重建的情况。结果：ＢＭＴ后３０ｄ,自然恢复小鼠免疫功能十分低下,但ＰＡＡ及ＩＬ－２用药鼠脾细胞对丝裂原反应,对ＳＲＢＣ特异的ＰＦＣ数,对同种异型小鼠脾细胞ＤＴＨ及ＭＬＲ均明显高于移     

枸杞多糖体外对正常及衰老小鼠免疫细胞功能的作用及作用机理的初步研究

目的：探讨枸杞多糖（ＬＢＰ） 对免疫细胞功能的直接作用及其机理。方法：应用淋巴细胞增殖、溶血空斑和Ｆｕｒａ２ＡＭ 双波长荧光测定等方法。结果：ＬＢＰ体外应用对正常小鼠及快速老化模型ＳＡＭＰ８ 和抗快速老化模型ＳＡＭＲ１ 脾细胞增殖反应具有直接促增殖作用,明显增加正常小鼠脾抗体形成细胞（ＰＦＣ） 数目,迅速诱导脾细胞和腹腔巨噬细胞内［Ｃａ２ ＋ ］ｉ 的增加,并有一定剂量依赖性关系。结论：枸杞多糖对免疫活性细胞的功能有直接促进作用,这可能与其增加细胞［Ｃａ２ ＋ ］ｉ 有关。     

PJ—CW对小鼠脾淋巴细胞内环核苷酸含量的影响

济南假单胞菌细胞壁组分（ＰＪ－ＣＷ）是由我院药物所研制的新型微生物制剂。本文就ＰＪ－ＣＷ对小鼠脾细胞总数及脾淋巴细胞内环核苷酸含量的影响作了动态观察。结果显示：小鼠腹腔注射ＰＪ－ＣＷ后，脾细胞总数在第２～６ｄ明显增多，第８ｄ恢复至对照组水平，脾淋巴细胞内的ｃＡＭＰ含量只在第６ｄ出现短暂下降，ｃＧＭＰ含量在第４～６ｄ明显升高（Ｐ〈０．０５），ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ比值也只在第６ｄ明显降低（Ｐ〈０．０１）     

枸杞多糖对小鼠淋巴细胞信号系统的效应

对枸杞多糖发挥免疫调节效应的信号传导系统进行探讨，结果显示，５０￣４００μｇ／ｍＬ ＬＢＰ可剂量依赖性的升高小鼠淋巴细胞内ｃＡＭＰ和ｃＧＭＰ的水平，５０μｇ／ｍｌ可升高ＰＭＡ活化的脾淋巴细胞内ｃＧＭＰ的水平，另外，１００μｇ／ｍｌ ＬＢＰ可增加ＣｏｎＡ活化后的小鼠脾淋巴细胞膜上的ＰＫＣ活性，说明ＬＢＰ的作用途径可能是通过影响ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ系统以及促进的ＰＫＣ活性来发挥免疫调节效应的。     

PA－MSHA菌苗对小鼠免疫活性细胞的作用

ＰＡ－ＭＳＨＡ菌苗对小鼠免疫活性细胞的作用锦州医学院微生物学教研室（锦州１２１００１）张明策，牟希亚ＰＡ－ＭＳＨＡ（Ｐｓ．ａｅｒｕｇｉｎｏｓａｗｉｔｈｍａｎｎｏｓｅｓｅｎｓｉ－ｔｉｖｅｈｅｍａｇｇｌｕｔｉｎａｔｉｏｎｐｉｌｌ，ＰＡ－ＭＳＨＡ）菌苗是携...     

云芝多糖增强巨噬细胞M-CSF的表达与分泌

为揭示云芝多糖作用与巨噬细胞Ｍ－ＣＳＦ表达与分泌的关系,采用活性测定、斑点杂交等方法,将云芝多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞Ｍ－ＣＳＦ表达及分泌的影响进行了探讨。结果显示,腹腔注射云芝多糖可以提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞培养上清中的Ｍ－ＣＳＦ活性,并使巨噬细胞Ｍ－ＣＳＦｍ ＲＮＡ的含量增加;应用ｍ ＲＮＡ 合成抑制剂及蛋白合成抑制剂的研究发现,ａｃｔｉｎｏｍ ｙｃｉｎ Ｄ及ｃｙｃｌｏｈｅｘｉｍ ｉｄｅ均能阻断云芝多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞Ｍ－ＣＳＦｍ ＲＮＡ的诱导     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.