原发性甲状腺功能减退症合并垂体增生32例临床分析

目的 通过对原发性甲状腺功能减退症(甲减)合并垂体增生的临床和影像学资料的分析,了解其临床特点及甲状腺激素替代治疗后的影像学变化.方法 分析华山医院1999至2008年门诊和住院的32例甲减合并垂体增生的患者的临床表现、激素水平、影像学检查以及治疗后随访结果.结果 32例患者多为青少年,病程在半年～8年之间,除甲减的表现外,影像学上可见垂体饱满或弥漫性增大.甲状腺素替代治疗后,1～6个月后垂体可缩小至正常.结论 青少年的原发性甲减易伴垂体增生,原发性甲减所致的垂体增生在充分的甲状腺素替代治疗后可完全逆转.

Abstract：

Objective To improve the recognition of pituitary hyperplasia secondary to primary hypothyroidism by analyzing clinical and imaging data. Methods The clinical features, hormone data,imaging findings, and treatment were reviewed in 32 patients with pituitary hyperplasia secondary to primary hypothyroidism in Huashan Hospital from 1999 to 2008. Results Thirty-two patients, most juvenile,presented clinical and imaging features suggestive of functional primary pituitary adenoma. The dose of levothyroxine was increased to maintain the thyrotropin concentration at normal values. Following adequate thyroxine replacement, pituitary hyperplasia regressed on average within 6 months. Conclusions Pituitary hyperplasia secondary to primary hypothyroidism seems to be quite prevalent in children and adolescents.Complete regression will be achieved with thyroxine replacement therapy.     

原发性甲状腺功能减退症导致继发性垂体增生31例临床分析

甲状腺功能减退症(甲减)是由各种原因导致的低甲状腺激素血症或甲状腺激素抵抗而引起的全身性低代谢综合征.原发性甲减是由于甲状腺腺体本身病变导致甲状腺激素分泌减少而引起的一组内分泌疾病.由于甲状腺激素分泌减少可反馈性地引起促甲状腺素(TSH)分泌增加和垂体TSH细胞增生造成垂体增生,易误诊为垂体瘤.以下分析31例原发性甲减引起的继发性垂体增生患者的临床资料.     

老年糖尿病脑梗塞合并甲减20例临床分析

对我科近年来住院老年DM脑梗合并甲减的患者20例进行回顾性临床分析,着重分析其DM、脑硬、甲减的临床症状、体征、辅助检查的结果及治疗转归情况。结果:老年DM脑梗合并甲减的病人甲功5项明显低于正常值,P 0.05。结论:老年DM患者脑梗并发甲减,与DM血管病变垂体缺血、缺氧致使垂体功能受损,使促甲状腺激素(TSH)分泌减少,则考虑为垂体性甲减。     

以生长发育迟缓首诊的原发性甲减并垂体增生临床分析

生长发育迟缓为青少年原发性甲状腺功能减退症(甲减)并垂体增生的常见临床表现,此报道3例以生长发育迟缓为首诊原因的青少年原发性甲减并垂体增生病例,分析其临床和影像学特征;探讨左甲状腺素小剂量起始,短时间内增加到治疗剂量方案的疗效及安全性.     

肾上腺皮质激素在治疗甲状腺功能减退症中的使用

甲状腺功能减退症(甲减)是由于各种原因造成甲状腺激素合成,分泌不足而引起的综合病征。通常将甲状腺本身病变引起者称为原发性甲减;由垂体、下丘脑病变引起者称为继发性甲减。极少数患者循环中     

甲状腺素对原发性甲减患者心肌酶谱、血脂的影响

原发性甲状腺功能减退症(甲减)是由于各种原因造成甲状腺合成、分泌甲状腺激素缺乏,机体的代谢和身体的各个系统功能减退,而引起的临床综合征.近年来陆续有原发性甲减患者心肌酶谱增高的个案报道~([1,2]),亦有研究~([3])显示甲减时血总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平增高,但对原发性甲减患者心肌酶谱、血脂水平的升高及甲状腺素治疗后对其动态影响缺乏系统性的研究资料.     

原发性甲状腺功能减退症合并原发性干燥综合征肾小管酸中毒及肾性骨病四例报道

目的提高原发性甲状腺功能减退症(原发性甲减)合并原发性干燥综合征(Pss)的认识。方法报道4例确诊为原发性甲减合并pSS的临床特点．结果4例患者均为女性．病程1一8年．原发性甲减诊断明确，也符合pSS同际诊断标准，并伴有低钾血症、低钙血症等临床表现．结论原发性甲减和pSS常共存，二者可能有共同的免疫学发病机制．     

原发性甲状腺功能减退症伴垂体增大5例报告

一,一般资料:5例原发性甲状腺功能减退症(下简称甲减)伴垂体增大患者,均女性,年龄17～49岁,平均28岁。甲减病程1～4年,1例12年前因甲亢行~(131)I放射治疗,1例为桥本病,3例病因不明。本症占我院同时期收治原发性甲减患者(14例)的35.7％。5例均有典型甲减症状,闭经者3例,均无溢乳及口服避孕药史。     

原发性甲减和席汉氏综合征患者喋鞍容积的变化

作者测量原发性甲减和席汉氏综合征患者的蝶鞍容积,并与正常人对照。结果发现:甲减患者14例平均蝶鞍容积为1350mm~3(±358-2SD);席汉氏综合征患者14例为330mm~3(±168-2SD),仅4例在正常范围;正常对照组200例,男122例,女78例,年龄10～68岁,平均蝶鞍容积为534mm~3(±280-2SD)。作者指出,原发性甲减和席汉氏综合征患者的蝶鞍大小与正常人相比有显著差别(P<0.001)。推测鞍鞍容积的改变与垂体功能变化有关,甲减时,TSH分泌增加,分泌TSH的细胞增生,垂体肥大,使蝶     

原发性甲状腺功能减退症致垂体增生误诊垂体大腺瘤22例临床分析

原发性甲状腺功能减退症（甲减）是比较常见的内分泌疾病,但由于临床表现多样性常易被漏诊和误诊,而且随着影像学检查被普遍应用,因此常被误诊为垂体瘤。现将我院2002年7月-2009年1月原发性甲减误诊为垂体大腺瘤22例患者临床资料分析如下。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.