胎儿体格及脏器发育状况的研究

作者对128例不同胎龄胎儿的身高、体重和132例不同胎龄胎儿的肝、脾、胸腺、胰重量和体积共十项指标进行了测量.结果表明,孕14～36周胎儿十项指标均随胎龄的增长而增加.身高、体重及肝、脾、胸腺、胰重量与胎龄呈正相关,以身高、体重与胎龄的相关尤为显著.胎儿的生长发育有明显的阶段性,胎儿身高、体重于妊娠24及34周各有一次生长高峰,四个脏器均于妊娠26周出现一次生长高峰.本文结果为衡量不同胎龄胎儿在宫内的生长发育提供了参考标准.     

胚胎肝脏、肾脏、脾脏的重量测量

为了提供胚胎不同发育时期的肝脏、肾脏、脾脏重量数据,我们对受精龄第13～42周的胚胎肝脏69例,肾脏66例,脾脏63例,进行了重量测量,所取脏器不经任何药物固定,不附带多余组织,分别在精度为0.1g的天平上称量。同时测得上述脏器的相对重量(脏器重量/胎儿体 重×100％),按受精龄分成8组,所测数值经计算器进行统计学处理,分别得出其均数(x),标准误((?)x),95％可信值范围,各脏器的相对重量。数据列表1、2、3并根据以上数据绘制胎儿各脏器增长曲线图(本文图从略)。     

胎儿心脏外形的解剖学观测

目的:观测3~10月胎儿心脏重量及各表面结构的相关数值,探讨各结构随胎龄变化的规律和趋势。方法:取非正常分娩的、无心血管畸形的死亡胎儿心脏42例,甲醛固定后,按月龄分成8组,托盘天平称重后,测量表面各结构。结果:胎儿心脏重量为(6.31±5.53)g,其长径、宽径、前后径、周径、前室间沟径、后室间沟径、左缘径分别为(2.95±0.93)cm(、2.20±0.72)cm、(1.78±0.63)cm(、6.74±2.09)cm、(2.32±0.86)cm(、1.93±0.58)cm、(3.66±1.42)cm。结论:胎儿心脏外形各结构测量值随胎龄的增加而增大,且增大的速度不同。了解其正常数值对胎儿先天性心脏病的诊治有参考意义。     

胎儿大脑半球径线生长规律的解剖学研究

目的探讨胎儿大脑半球径线生长的发育规律,为研究成人脑的结构和功能提供参考资料。方法将收集到的60具不同胎龄的标本经4%甲醛固定3个月后取及脑,测量各径线进行对比分析。结果胎儿大脑半球径线生长发育速度曲线呈"M"形。结论胎儿大脑半球径线生长发育速度存在着快慢交替的阶段性生长速度。     

胎儿膀胱发育中肥大细胞量变的探讨

目的 :探讨肥大细胞在人胎儿膀胱发育中的数量变化。材料和方法 :43例不同胎龄的人胎儿膀胱切片做甲苯胺蓝 (TB)和阿尔辛蓝 藏红 (AB S)染色并对肥大细胞进行计数和用方差分析做统计学处理。结果 :胎儿膀胱肥大细胞 3月龄时开始出现 ,数量为 3 7.1 8± 5 .72个 /mm2 ,6月龄时增长迅速 ,为 1 61 .48± 4.3 8个 /mm2 ,约是最初量的 5倍 ,该变化具有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1 )。 9月龄时肥大细胞数量可达 2 3 7.92± 5 .48% ,约为最初量的 7～ 9倍。结论 :在人胎儿膀胱肥大细胞在 6月龄前后明显增多 ,并且随着胎龄增长而进一步增多。     

济宁地区213例胎儿心,脾重量及体重的测量分析

本文为了积累国人胚胎体质资料,为法医与临床应用提供参考,对２１３对受精龄为１３－３８周正常胎儿分为７组,对心,脾重量及体重进行了测量,得出各组正常数值,结果表明,胎儿心,脾重量及体重均随胎龄的增加而增加,但其生长速率则随胎龄增加相对减慢,有一定的波动性。心,脾重量与体重呈正相关,心,脾重复,体重与胎龄亦呈正相关。     

胎儿甲状腺测量及其形态学观察

胎儿271例(胎龄13～36周),平均甲状腺重量0.5±0.3g,体积0.4±0.3cm~2.甲状腺重量与胎儿体重、甲状腺纵径与胎儿身长呈正相关关系,并随胎龄的增长而增加.文内还对甲状腺的形态、位置、重量、体积及不同胎龄甲状腺的徽细结构作了观察.     

脐血促酰化蛋白水平测定与胎儿发育临床意义研究

目的探讨脐血促酰化蛋白(ASP)水平与胎儿生长发育的关系。方法研究对象为大于胎龄儿(LGA)、适于胎龄儿(AGA)和小于胎龄儿(SGA)各30例。应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血浆促酰化蛋白和脂联素浓度,用免疫比浊法测定甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TCH)、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-c)、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-c)的水平;并分析脐血促酰化蛋白水平与脐血脂联素水平、母血促酰化蛋白水平、新生儿性别、出生体质量、体质量指数、胎盘重量和血脂水平的相关性。结果①LGA的脐血ASP水平高于AGA,AGA的脐血ASP水平高于SGA,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),三组新生儿血脂水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。②脐血ASP水平与新生儿出生体质量、BM、I脐血甘油三酯水平呈显著正相关(P<0.001),与血脂联素水平呈显著负相关(P<0.001),与母血ASP水平、胎盘重量无相关性(P>0.05)。③男、女婴脐血ASP、血脂各成分水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论促酰化蛋白参与胎儿生长发育调节,脐血ASP水平可反映胎儿的生长发育状况。     

474例国人正常胎儿胎盘、脐带的测量统计

本文对受精龄9～40周的474例正常胎儿胎盘的重量,直径和厚度及脐带的长度、直径和附着胎盘的位置进行了测量和统计分析。结果表明,胎盘重量、直径和厚度及脐带长度、直径都是随着胎龄的逐渐增长而逐渐增大;胎盘重量与胎儿体重之比,妊娠前期大于后期;胎盘外形以椭圆形最多见、圆形次见、不规则形较少;统计学检验还表明,胎儿胎盘重量、直径和厚度的男、女性比较无显著性差异。     

透明标本骨骼染色法研究胎儿的足骨发育

本文采用胚胎透明标本骨骼染色法研究了46例受精龄为10－37周胎儿的足长，足骨骨化顺序和程序，结果表明：（1）足长随胎龄的增加而增长，左右足长的变化差异无显著性，P＞0．05，（2）随着胎龄的增加，胎足从10周开始，跖骨，趾骨，跟骨，距骨先后依次出现骨化点，骨化点范围随胎龄的增加而增大，本研究为胎儿足骨的生长发育提供形态学资料，对于人体胚胎学，人类学，法医学等有实用价值。     

Vaspin and insulin resistance

We have identified the vaspin gene(serpina12), which is up-regulated in visceral white adipose tissues (WATs) of Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rat, an animal model of abdominal obesity and type 2 diabetes. Vaspin mRNA was barely detectable at 6 weeks of age, but was abundantly and exclusively expressed in visceral WATs at 30 weeks of age, when OLETF rats reach their peak body weight. However, vaspin mRNA decreased with worsening of diabetes and body weight loss. Vaspin mRNA increased with administration of thiazolidinediones, i.e. pioglitazone. Administration of recombinant vaspin into high fat high sucrose (HFHS) chow-induced obese ICR mice improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Vaspin may be the compensatory molecule in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and vaspin recombinant protein or vaspin-mimicking agents such as vaspin analogues, antibodies or small molecule agents would link to drug discovery and development.     

A comparison of corpus callosum development in the BALB/cCF and C57BL/6J inbred mouse strains

Series of fetuses from two inbred mouse strains, BALB/cCF and C57BL/6J, were collected at the time during which the corpus callosum (CC) crosses midline. Fetuses from each strain were matched initially with respect to chronological age, then morphological age and finally brain weight, and in each case the CC was assessed for presence at midline. The results indicated that CC development was retarded in the BALB animals relative to C57 animals of the same developmental status as measured by either morphological age or brain weight.     

Ethnic and familial factors in early child development

A sample (1,031 individuals) of infants born at varying gestational ages (26–42 weeks) and birth weights (860–4,750 g) was used in a study of 5 developmental traits appearing during the first 2 years of life: the ages at which a child could turn over, sit up, stand up, walk without support, and eruption of the first tooth. The mean age of attaining each developmental milestone was not significantly different among the Jewish ethnic groups represented in the sample. In addition, the following potential predictor variables were evaluated: the infant's weight, length, and head circumference at birth and at 1.5 years of age; maternal body weight, height at the infant's birth, and number of miscarriages; family size and parental occupation. Only few variables showed significant effects with developmental milestone; birth weight made the greatest contribution. Highly significant intraclass and Pearson correlations were observed between siblings in the ages of appearance of each of the 5 developmental milestones. The correlations ranged between 0.30 and 0.53 for the total group, after adjusting for all significant covariates. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

In vivo quantification of subcutaneous and visceral adiposity by micro-computed tomography in a small animal model

Accurate and precise techniques that identify the quantity and distribution of adipose tissue in vivo are critical for investigations of adipose development, obesity, or diabetes. Here, we tested whether in vivo micro-computed tomography (microCT) can be used to provide information on the distribution of total, subcutaneous and visceral fat volume in the mouse. Ninety C57BL/6J mice (weight range: 15.7-46.5 g) were microCT scanned in vivo at 5 months of age and subsequently sacrificed. Whole body fat volume (base of skull to distal tibia) derived from in vivo microCT was significantly (p<0.001) correlated with the ex vivo tissue weight of discrete perigonadal (R(2)=0.94), and subcutaneous (R(2)=0.91) fat pads. Restricting the analysis of tissue composition to the abdominal mid-section between L1 and L5 lumbar vertebrae did not alter the correlations between total adiposity and explanted fat pad weight. Segmentation allowed for the precise discrimination between visceral and subcutaneous fat as well as the quantification of adipose tissue within specific anatomical regions. Both the correlations between visceral fat pad weight and microCT determined visceral fat volume (R(2)=0.95, p<0.001) as well as subcutaneous fat pad weight and microCT determined subcutaneous fat volume (R(2)=0.91, p<0.001) were excellent. Data from these studies establish in vivo microCT as a non-invasive, quantitative tool that can provide an in vivo surrogate measure of total, visceral, and subcutaneous adiposity during longitudinal studies. Compared to current imaging techniques with similar capabilities, such as microMRI or the combination of DEXA with NMR, it may also be more cost-effective and offer higher spatial resolutions.     

Relationships among processing speed, working memory, and fluid intelligence in children

The present review focuses on three issues, (a) the time course of developmental increases in cognitive abilities; (b) the impact of age on individual differences in these abilities, and (c) the mechanisms by which developmental increases in different aspects of cognition affect each other. We conclude from our review of the literature that the development of processing speed, working memory, and fluid intelligence, all follow a similar time course, suggesting that all three abilities develop in concert. Furthermore, the strength of the correlation between speed and intelligence does not appear to change with age, and most of the effect of the age-related increase in speed on intelligence appears to be mediated through the effect of speed on working memory. Finally, most of the effect of the age-related improvement in working memory on intelligence is itself attributable to the effect of the increase in speed on working memory, providing evidence of a cognitive developmental cascade.     

Brief report: birth status, medical complications, and social environment: individual differences in development of preterm, very low birth weight infants

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether medical complications mediate the relationship between birth status (i.e., birth weight and gestational age) and developmental outcome of preterm, very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, as well as the role of the early social environment (maternal distress and social support) in infant development. METHOD: Birth status and medical complication information was collected during the child's NICU stay. Maternal distress was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory and the Parenting Stress Index at 4 months corrected infant age. Social support was measured with the Dunst Scales at 4 months corrected age. Child development measures were collected at 4 and 13 months corrected age (Bayley MDI and PDI), and at 36 months chronological age (PPVT-R and Achenbach CBCL). RESULTS: Medical complications mediated the birth status-outcome relationship at 4 and 13 months, but not at 36 months. The 36-month outcomes were predicted by 4-month maternal distress and social support. CONCLUSIONS: Prematurity and VLBW are indirectly related to early developmental outcome through their association with medical complications. However, by 36 months, developmental outcomes are more closely related to aspects of the early social environment than to early physiological factors.     

The relation between visceral adipose tissue accumulation and biochemical tests in university students

We evaluated the visceral adipose tissue accumulation in university students in Okayama prefecture, Japan. Fifty-eight Japanese university students (10 men and 48 women, age 18.4 +/- 0.6 years)were enrolled in this study. Fat distribution was evaluated by visceral fat (V) and subcutaneous fat (S) areas measured with computed tomography (CT) scanning at umbilical levels. Anthropometric parameters,i.e., height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, and body fat percentage; blood examination; and blood pressure (BP) were also measured. In 58 subjects, the V area was 23.4 +/- 21.0 cm(2) and the S area was 122.5 +/- 57.9 cm(2). V areas were significantly correlated with hepatic enzymes, uric acid, triglyceride, and BP in men, while they were weakly correlated with hepatic enzymes, triglyceride, and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in women. Correlation coefficients between V areas and clinical parameters were comparatively higher than those between other body composition parameters,i.e., S areas, weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, and clinical parameters. The present study suggests that visceral adipose tissue accumulation is important for hepatic enzymes, uric acid, triglyceride, and BP in university students.     

利用生物电阻抗法分析辽宁汉族成人脂肪分布特点

目的 运用生物电阻抗分析法,测量辽宁汉族成人身体各部份脂肪含量,提出适合于辽宁汉族群体的脂肪含量基准值,进而探讨辽宁汉族成人的脂肪分布特点与规律。 方法 在知情同意的前提下,随机抽取父母均为汉族的辽宁汉族健康成人作为研究对象,共选取1034人(男性379例,女性655例)。应用体成分分析仪,对所有受试者进行检测,得出脂肪总量、去脂体重、内脏脂肪等级、左上肢（左下肢、右上肢、右下肢、躯干）脂肪量等与脂肪相关的各项数值,进而推算出体脂肪率、左上肢（左下肢、右上肢、右下肢、躯干）脂肪率。结果采用SPSS统计学软件,进行独立样本t检验和方差分析处理。 结果 多数年龄段,男性的脂肪总量、四肢脂肪量、躯干脂肪量均低于女性（ EM>P /EM><0.01）,     

Speed of Movement in Relation to Period of the Electroencephalogram in Normal Children

Movement Time (MT) and simple reaction time (RT) were investigated in relation to period of the electroencephalogram (EEG) in a group of 17 healthy boys aged 8.5–17.2 years. MT and RT were measured by means of a modified version of the dart-throwing game in which S thrust his arm and forefinger forward, as quickly as possible, at a target located 28 cm away. Statistically significant negative correlations between RT and age and between MT and age confirmed previous reports that younger children not only take more time to initiate a response than older children but also move more slowly. RT was positively correlated with EEG period but MT and EEG period were not related. MT and RT were unrelated when age of the Ss in the sample had been taken into account. Overall, findings suggested that while MT and RT in children appear to run similar developmental courses, the speed of initiation and speed of execution of a response are not determined by the same processes.     

The correlation between insulin resistance and the visceral fat to skeletal muscle ratio in middle-aged women

Central obesity with visceral fat accumulation and the amount of skeletal muscle mass may influence insulin sensitivity via its capacity for glucose load uptake. We investigated the relationships among the following metabolic variables: ratio of fat area to skeletal muscle area (VMR), percent ideal body weight, body mass index, waist-to-hip circumference (WHR) and visceral fat to subcutaneous fat ratio (VSR) in 114 nondiabetic middle-aged women. Anthropometric parameters, lipid profiles and sex hormone- binding globulin were measured. Visceral and subcutaneous fat areas at the umbilical level and the skeletal muscle area at the mid-thigh level were measured and computed. 75-gram OGTT tests were performed, along with measuring plasma glucose, insulin and free fatty acid levels, according to which area under the curve of glucose (Glu-AUC), insulin (Ins-AUC), free fatty acid (FFA-AUC) and glucose/insulin ratio (GIR=Glu- AUC/Ins-AUC), were calculated. 1) Triglyceride was more correlated with VSR than VMR. 2) The independent anthropometric parameters for each metabolic variable were In conclusion, VMR for Ins-AUC, WHR for Glu-AUC and total cholesterol, and VSR for triglyceride. 3) For subjects with higher VMR, age, Ins-AUC and triglyceride were significantly higher. 4) Subjects with higher VMR were older and showed higher Ins-AUC and lower GIR than the subjects with lower VMR. In conclusion, VMR is an anthropometric parameter that reflects insulin resistance concerning glucose metabolism, and VSR is thought to be a good parameter that that reflects the serum lipid levels. Further prospective studies are necessary to reevaluate the visceral fat vs. skeletal muscle relationship.