不同类型输尿管结石治疗方法的探讨

目的：探讨不同类型输尿管结石治疗方法选择.方法：根据结石的大小、病程、肾积水情况、结石在输尿管的部位及输尿管本身的病变,对700例输尿管结石进行分类,并对其治疗方法进行回顾性分析.结果：本组均行饮水和药物排石其中Ⅰ类结石4周内结石排净率98.6%,4例行体外冲击波碎石（ESWL）治疗;Ⅱa类结石均行ESWL治疗,4周内结石排净率94.6%,转输尿管镜下碎石1例,开放手术8例;Ⅱb类结石行ESWL治疗者99例,周内结石排净率66.6%.转开放手术28例（当时无输尿管镜设备）,转输尿管镜下碎石5例,行输尿管镜下碎石56例,4周内结石排净率96.4%,失败2例转开放手术;Ⅲ类结石行输尿管镜下碎石5例,失败2例转开放手术,1例结合ESWL后治愈,开放手术8例,全部成功.结论：Ⅰ类输尿管结石,因结石小,病程短,肾积水轻,首选饮水和药物排石治疗;Ⅱa类输尿管结石首选ESWL;Ⅱb类输尿管结石位于输尿管中下段,输尿管镜操作容易,因此首选输尿管镜气压弹道碎石;Ⅲ类输尿管结石需尽快解除梗阻,有经验的术者可尝试榆尿管镜气压弹道碎石,但以开放手术为妥.     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石疗效分析

 目的 探讨输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管上段和中下段结石的安全性、有效性及相关方法.方法 回顾分析2006-05至2010-03采用德国WolfF8/9. 8输尿管硬镜治疗328例输尿管结石临床资料,对碎石率、排石率和并发症进行统计分析.结果 输尿管上、中、下段结石分别为75例、96例、157例.碎石时间15～75 min,平均35 min.输尿管镜一次碎石率94.5%,其中上段89.3%,中段95.8%,下段96.8%.1例改开放手术,16例结石移位至肾盂,留置支架管后辅以ESWL碎石.术中出血量3～15 ml ,平均5 ml.术后住院时间3～7 d,平均6.5 d.随访3～15个月,平均8个月,1个月内结石全部排净,未出现输尿管穿孔、狭窄等并发症.结论 输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术高效、安全、损伤小,可作为治疗输尿管结石的首选方法.     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管上段结石86例疗效分析

目的探讨输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法回顾性分析经输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石86例的临床资料。结果72例原位碎石成功,成功率83.7%,平均碎石时间（12.5±5.0）min,术后1个月结石排净率100%。结论气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石具有安全、有效、容易操作、术后住院日短、康复快等特点,是一种治疗输尿管上段结石理想的方法之一。     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石在治疗输尿管上段结石中的应用

目的探讨输尿管镜气压弹道碎石在治疗输尿管上段结石中的应用及疗效。方法对2005年8月—2007年8月的52例输尿管上段结石应用输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗的临床资料进行回顾分析。结果27例一次性碎石成功,成功率51.9%,5例改开放手术,20例部分或全部上移进入肾脏,行体外震波碎石辅助治疗,术后1个半月结石排净率100%。结论输尿管镜气压弹道碎石不宜作为治疗输尿管上段结石的首选方法,但是可以很好的解除输尿管梗阻。     

钬激光碎石术与气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石的疗效比较

目的比较经尿道钬激光碎石术与气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石的临床疗效。 方法使用钬激光机经输尿管镜治疗283例输尿管结石患者,使用气压弹道碎石术治疗150例输尿管结石患者。 结果283例使用钬激光机经输尿管镜治疗的患者一次手术结石粉碎率为96.11%（272例）,平均结石排净时间2.4周;平均手术时间和术后住院天数分别为28min和3d,术中3例发生输尿管穿孔、2例输尿管断裂。而气压弹道碎石组中上述各项指标分别为88.7%;3.2周;47min和5.1d,均与钬激光组有明显差异。 结论经输尿管镜下钬激光碎石疗效明显优于气压弹道碎石,是治疗输尿管结石一种安全、有效的碎石方法。     

输尿管气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石298例

输尿管结石的微创治疗有体外冲击波碎石术(Extracorporealshookwavelithotripsy,ESWL)、腹腔镜下切开取石术和输尿管镜下碎石术。而输尿管镜下碎石术已从早期超声液电碎石向气压弹道碎石、激光碎石方向转化。输尿管气压弹道碎石术碎石效力较强,是超声液电碎石的20～30倍,具有疗效可靠、安全、微创的效果,随着腔内器械的改进发展,已成为治疗输尿管中下段结石的首选方法[1-5]。2000年5月～2003年2月我们应用输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石298例,取得了满意的疗效。1对象和方法1.1对象298例中男175例,女123例;年龄6～78岁,平均45.3…     

输尿管插管定位ESWL治疗输尿管阴性结石126例

目的：探讨输尿管插管体外冲击波碎石（ESWL）治疗输尿管阴性结石的效果。方法：行患侧输尿管插管，逆行输尿管造影，用X线定位，明确结石部位后碎石治疗。对ESWL不能定位和ESWL治疗无效者，选用输尿管镜气压弹道碎石或输尿管切开取石。结果：在126例输尿管结石中有7例输尿管结石未插入输尿管导管或导管脱落者未行ESWL治疗，119输尿管结石例行ESWL治疗，103例经ESWL治愈，有16例行输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治愈，有7例输尿管结石行输尿管切开取石，126例均随访3～12个月，患侧无输尿管结石，肾积水消失或明显减轻。结论：输尿管插管定位ESWL治疗输尿管阴性结石效果好，不需要麻醉，费用低，对ESWL治疗无效者行输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗，明显提高了治疗效果，二者配合使用，绝大部分输尿管阴性结石不需要开放手术治疗。     

输尿管镜处理大于2cm输尿管下段结石的临床体会

目的评价输尿管镜处理输尿管下段大结石的安全性与有效性,并总结此术式的经验。方法从2006年6月~2009年5月,我们采用输尿管镜处理输尿管下段大于2cm结石共38例,术中应用气压弹道碎石(13例)和钬激光碎石术(25例)。男22例,女16例,年龄24～55岁,平均39岁。结石平均长径为2.28cm(2.0~2.8cm)。38例中有5例曾行体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)失败而再行输尿管镜处理。结果患者术后均行泌尿系平片(KUB)复查残石情况。在38例患者中,有32例(84.2%)通过一次输尿管镜达到结石清除。4例(10.5%)需行ESWL辅助碎石,其中2例(5.3%)因结石上移至肾内而行ESWL。2例(5.3%)一期行经皮肾镜术取出结石。2例(5.3%)见术中输尿管假道并发症,均发生于采用气压弹道碎石术的患者。均未见术后并发症。术后1个月再复查B超及KUB,均未见有结石残留。结论输尿管镜结合钬激光碎石是处理输尿管下段2cm结石安全有效的方法之一。     

输尿管镜气压弹道联合超声碎石治疗输尿管结石及其并发症

目的：探讨输尿管镜下气压弹道联合超声碎石治疗输尿管结石的方法及其并发症的防治。方法：2006-08～2009-10,采用输尿管镜气压弹道联合超声碎石治疗输尿管结石240例,男110例,女130例。年龄16～80岁,平均42.3岁。结石直径5～14mm,其中上段结石25例,中段结石80例,下段结石135例。手术后均留置D-J管。结果：输尿管下段结石均1次成功取出100%（135/135）,中段结石成功率95%（76/80）,上段结石成功率80%（20/25）。总体成功率96.7%（231/240）。其中3例妊娠合并输尿管结石患者治疗后,正常分娩。无泌尿系感染发生。结论：输尿管镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗输尿管结石安全、有效。     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗泌尿系结石128例

目的探讨输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗泌尿系结石的疗效与安全性。方法回顾性分析经尿道输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗的128例患者的临床资料。结果4例男性尿道结石和18例膀胱结石均碎石成功。输尿管中下段结石96例，93例成功，1例输尿管口狭窄改用ESWL碎石成功，2例因结石下方输尿管粘连狭窄中转行开放手术。输尿管上段结石10例，8例原位碎石成功，2例部分碎石冲入或推入肾内置引流管后行ESWL碎石成功。结论输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管及其以下尿路结石，具有安全可靠、损伤小、术后恢复快等优点，是微创治疗的有效方法之一。此碎石方法成功率高，尤其对输尿管下段结石、膀胱结石、尿道结石效果确切，损伤小。对于输尿管上段结石，如与ESWL治疗方法结合，疗效更佳。     

The influence of lithotripsy methods on the incidence of auxilary procedures after ureteric stone desintegration

INTRODUCTION/AIM: Localization of ureteric stones and the difference in disintegration success are the most important but not the only factors in choosing the first treatment approach to ureteric stones. The aim of the study was to investigate the incidence of auxiliary procedures after different ureteric stones lithotripsy modalities. METHODS: In a prospective bicentric study 260 patients with ureteric stones were analyzed. The patients weve divided into two groups: group I--120 patients subjected to extracorporeal shock ware lithotripsy (ESWL) treatment and group II--140 patients treated endoscopicly with ballistic lithotripsy using "Swiss" Lithoclast. RESULTS: Endoscopic treatment of all distal ureteric stones was significantly more successful than ESWL, but not significantly more successful than ESWL regarding proximal ureteric stones except for stones larger than 100 mm2 that were significantly better treated with endoscopic method. There was no general significant difference in auxiliary procedures rate after lithotripsy between the two groups. In the group I auxiliary procedures were significantly more performed than in the group II after the lithotripsy of stones larger than 100 mm2, calcium-oxalat-monohydrate stones and highly significantly more performed after the treatment of stones located in the iliac ureteric portion and impacted stones. After the lithotripsy of lumbar ureteric stones and multiple stones situated in different ureteric portions additional procedures were highly significantly more necessary in the goup II than in the group I. CONCLUSION: Being significantly more successful comparing to ESWL, ureteric stone treatment with "Swiss" Lithoclast should be considered the first therapeutic option for all, especially impacted stones located in iliac and pelvic ureter. In spite of a statistically significant difference in success rate, ESWL should be performed as the first treatment option in all cases of lumbar stones as well as multiple stones located in different ureteric portion because of lower auxiliary procedures rate except for stones larger than 100 mm2 that should be primarily treated endoscopicly.     

经尿道输尿管镜联合经皮肾镜碎石术治疗复杂性上尿路结石

 目的 探讨经尿道输尿管镜联合经皮肾镜碎石术治疗复杂性上尿路结石的可行性和应用效果。方法 56例均为肾复杂性结石合并同侧输尿管结石肾积水。先取截石位,经尿道置入输尿管镜到达输尿管结石部位,插入钬激光光纤直视下行钬激光碎石术,然后置入F5输尿管导管至肾盂,退出输尿管镜保留输尿管导管,膀胱内置入导尿管。然后取俯卧位,在B超定位下穿刺,根据结石情况行经皮肾镜碎石术,碎石设备为第四代气压弹道超声清石系统。碎石完成后,通过经皮肾镜置入F6双J管,如有结石下移至输尿管或置入双J管不顺利,可再次通过截石位,经尿道置入输尿管镜行钬激光碎石或放置双J管。结果 56例均成功,无中转开放手术,无一例出现输尿管损伤或结肠损伤,所有输尿管结石均一期清除干净,56例有48例肾脏结石清除干净,结石一期清除率为78.6%（44/56）,二期结石清除率为80.0%（8/10）,结石总清除率为92.8%（52/56）。结论 对于复杂性肾结石合并同侧输尿管结石,术前无须行体外冲击波碎石术。采取经尿道输尿管镜联合经皮肾镜碎石治疗,可同时取出输尿管全程和肾内的结石,结石清除率高,是处理复杂性上尿路结石安全、可靠实用的方法。     

体外冲击波碎石治疗上尿路阴性结石的研究

探讨X线定位系统碎石机治疗泌尿系阴性结石的定位方法。应用国产HX902型碎石机,采用静脉尿路造影术（IVU）和逆行尿路造影术（RGU）定位法,X线双重定位碎石机进行体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）,治疗泌尿系阴性结石63例,首次碎石治愈率为87.3％（55／63）。观察上尿路不同部位阴性结石的碎石效果,首次碎石治愈率分别为：肾阴性结石40％（2／5）;输尿管上中段阴性结石88.24％（30／34）;输尿管下段阴性结石95.83％（23／24）,疗效满意。提出了利用双束交叉X线定位碎石机,通过尿路造影协助,对阴性结石进行ESWL治疗时的几种定位方法,认为X线定位碎石机,只要在尿路造影协助下,治疗阴性结石可取得同样良好效果。     

多尼尔腔内泌尿外科工作站在上尿路结石中的综合应用

目的 探讨多尼尔腔内泌尿外科工作站在上尿路结石一站式微创治疗的功效。方法总结262例上尿路结石患者经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术、微造瘘经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术、体外冲击波碎石术的临床资料。结果239例患者一次碎石成功，占91、2％。结石排净253例，占96．5％。结论在多尼尔腔内泌尿外科工作站内采用体外冲击波碎石术联合腔内碎石技术的一站式综合治疗是处理上尿路结石的最佳手段，具有创伤小、效果好、方便、快捷的优势，值得临床推广应用。     

经尿道输尿管肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石

目的探讨经输尿管肾镜联合钬激光腔内治疗输尿管结石的有效性及安全性。方法分析2005年1月～2006年12月收治的经输尿管肾镜钬激光治疗输尿管结石206例的临床资料。其中181例伴有患侧轻、中度肾盂积水，IVP患肾不显影19例，28例同时合并结石远端输尿管狭窄，57例合并有息肉或肉芽组织包裹，26例为体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）治疗失败。结果206例中195例单次手术碎石成功，单次手术结石粉碎率达94．7％（195／206）。平均手术时间25min，术中无输尿管穿孔等并发症发生，平均住院日5.5d。10例结石在钬激光碎石过程中移位于肾盏或结石残留，术后再行ESWL治愈；1例双侧输尿管结石，因输尿管狭窄无法人镜，中转开放手术。结论输尿管肾镜联合钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石有效、安全，可作为输尿管结石特别是中下段结石首选的治疗方法。     

Ureteroscopic treatment of proximal ureter stones with the aid of an antegrade occlusion balloon catheter

Purpose: To define the role of an antegrade occlusion balloon catheter in preventing migration of proximal ureteral stones to the dilated proximal ureter during endoscopic treatment.

Material and Methods: An occlusion balloon catheter was used in 8 of 21 patients with proximal ureteral stones who underwent ureterorenoscopy. Five of the eight patients had solitary kidneys admitting with anuria and had percutaneous nephrostomy. In the other three patients, percutaneous nephrostomy and occlusion balloon catheters were placed a day before the procedure, since these patients had total obstruction and massive dilatation of the proximal ureter and renal collecting system. The balloons of occlusion catheters were inflated with 1 ml of sterile saline proximal to the stones just before ureterorenoscopy.

Results: All stones could be reached by ureterorenoscopy and treated successfully with the aid of an ultrasonic lithotripter, and no stone migration to the upper dilated collecting system was observed. Just after the operation, while the patient was still lying on the operation table, the occlusion catheter was removed. The nephrostomy catheter was removed a day later. All patients were totally stone-free after the procedures.

Conclusion: Occlusion balloon catheters increase the ureteroscopic treatment success rate in proximal ureter stones. This should be kept in mind especially when dilatation of the proximal collecting system is prominent and in cases with unsuccessful previous intervention with a retrograde stone cone catheter.     

超声表现对输尿管结石治疗方式选择的临床意义

目的探讨输尿管结石的声像图表现对输尿管结石治疗方式选择的指导作用。方法对240例经输尿管造影证实为输尿管结石患者的超声声像图表现进行分型（-、二、三型）,结合各型与所采用的治疗方式进行对比分析。结果本组一型41例,二型134例,三型65例。实行经口服排石药物治疗35例,均为一型;体外冲击波成功碎石136例,其中一型6例,二型130例;经输尿管镜气压弹道碎石69例,其中二型4例,三型65例。结论输尿管超声声像图分型对输尿管结石治疗方式的选择具有重要指导意义。     

Percutaneous nephrostomy in conjunction with ESWL in treatment of nephrolithiasis

The use of percutaneous nephrostomies (PCNs) in 1456 patients (1660 kidneys) treated with extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) was evaluated. In this group, 138 PCNs (130 patients) were performed in 133 kidneys. Forty-seven percent of PCNs were placed in patients with staghorn calculi; 24% were for stones in the renal pelvis, and 20% for ureteral stones. The most common indication for PCN was fever and obstruction (57%). In 15%, the indications were failure to decompress an obstructed system from a retrograde direction, clogged double-J ureteral stents, and perforation of the ureter. Prophylactic PCN placement in the treatment of staghorn calculi and large stones in the renal pelvis accounted for 12%. Five percent were placed for miscellaneous other reasons, and for 11% there was no documentation of the indication because they were placed before the patients came to our center. Localization of the collecting system for optimal placement of PCN is unique in ESWL patients because the residual stone fragments provide natural contrast. This eliminates the need for administration of contrast material in 50% of the patients. Twenty-six percent of PCN tracts were subsequently used for other procedures (e.g., percutaneous nephrolithotomy, fragment irrigation, ureteral stone manipulation). Bleeding complications from PCN occurred in 7%. Other minor complications occurred in 12% of cases. PCN is a useful adjuvant to ESWL treatment of kidney stones. Although its major use is to relieve urinary tract obstruction, it is also used as a preliminary step in planning other percutaneous interventional procedures. This is particularly the case in the treatment of large bulky stones in the renal pelvis and staghorn calculi.     

Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy: prevalence of renal stones 3-21 months after treatment

One hundred and four (70%) of the first 148 patients who underwent extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) at the University of Florida were evaluated for persistent or recurrent renal stone disease. Radiographs obtained 3-21 months after treatment showed that 53 (50%) of 106 treated kidneys were free of stones. In 48 of the 53 kidneys that contained stones, the stones were residual fragments dating from the period immediately after ESWL. New stones had developed in only five kidneys. The 50% incidence of stone-free kidneys 3-21 months after ESWL is less than the 65-90% rate reported by other institutions in the United States and Europe. After stone removal by ESWL, new stone formation occurs at a rate of 5%, which is much lower than the expected recurrence rate of 37-50%.