大学生一般自我效能感与防御方式的相关研究

目的 探讨大学生一般自我效能感与防御方式之间的关系。方法 采用“一般自我效能感量表”及“防御方式问卷”，对390名大学生的一般自我效能感和防御方式进行了测量。结果 大学生一般自我效能感性别差异非常显著（P〈0．01），而城乡差异不显著（P〉0．05）；大学生防御方式的性别差异显著（P〈0．05），而城乡差异不显著（P〉0．05）；大学生的一般自我效能感与防御方式有显著相关。结论 一般自我效能感是影响大学生防御方式的重要因素。     

大学生自我概念与主观幸福感的关系研究

目的探讨大学生自我概念与主观幸福感之间的关系。方法采用“田纳西自我概念量表”及“幸福感指数量表”,对465名大学生的自我概念和主观幸福感进行了测量。结果①大学生自我概念总分性别差异不显著（P〉0．05）,而城乡差异显著（P〈0．05）;②大学生幸福感指数的性别差异不显著（P〉0.05）,城乡差异显著（P〈0.01）;③大学生的自我概念与主观幸福感有显著正相关。结论自我概念是影响大学生主观幸福感的重要因素。     

大学生一般自我效能感、防御方式及其关系研究

目的探讨大学生一般自我效能感与防御方式之间的关系。方法采用“一般自卷”,对390名大学生的一般自我效能感和防御方式进行了测量。结果①大学生一般自我效能感性别差异非常显著（P〈0.01）,而城乡差异不显著（P〉0.05）;②大学生防御方式的性别差异显著（P〈0．05）,而城乡差异不显著（P〉0．05）;③大学生的一般自我效能感与防御方式有显著相关。结论一般自我效能感是影响大学生防御方式的重要因素。     

父母教养方式及其与青少年自我概念的关系

目的：探讨父母教养方式与青少年的自我概念的关系。方法：以北京市313名初中、高中学生为调查对象，采用田纳西自我概念量表和经改编的父母教养方式评价量表进行问卷调查。结果：男生的身体自我概念、个性自我概念高于女生，父亲文化程度高的子女家庭自我概念高于父亲文化程度低的子女（P〈0．05）；父亲和母亲的情感温暖与青少年自我概念各因素有正相关，父亲、母亲的严厉惩罚和母亲的情感疏远与青少年自我概念各因素有负相关（P〈0．01）。结论：青少年身体自我概念和个性自我概念存在性别差异，父母教养方式与子女自我概念的形成有一定关系。     

大学生竞争意识与父母养育方式相关研究

目的：探索大学生竞争意识与父母养育方式的关系。方法：采用父母养育方式评价量表和大学生竞争心理量表对292名大学生进行研究。结果：男生在竞争策略、动机、倾向和竞争内容上的得分都显著高于女生（P〈0．05～0．001）；年级在竞争意识各个因子和总分都有显著性差异（P〈0．05～0．001）；文科与理科学生的竞争倾向明显高于其他专业的（P〈0．05）；成长于城市的大学生的竞争策略得分明显高于乡镇和农村的（P〈0．05），但前者竞争动机明显低于后者（P〈0．05）；除了父亲情感温暖、理解与母亲情感温暖、理解以外，父母养育方式其他因子均与竞争意识有显著性相关（P〈0．05-0．001）；回归分析发现，父亲偏爱被试、母亲惩罚严厉、父亲惩罚严厉与父亲过分干涉等因素对竞争意识做出显著预测（P〈0．05-0．001），它们共同解释了18.3％的竞争意识变异。结论：大学生竞争意识各维度存在性别、年级等显著差异：父母养育方式对大学生竞争意识产生相关影响。     

惊恐障碍患者防御方式的对照研究

目的：探讨惊恐障碍患者的防御方式及其与焦虑抑郁、功能状况的关系。方法：采用防御方式问卷对47名伴或不伴广场恐怖的惊恐障碍患者和37名健康对照者评估其防御方式，同时以汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评估其焦虑抑郁状态，并以功能大体评定量表评估近一周的社交职业功能水平。结果：①惊恐障碍组不成熟防御方式总分、投射、分裂、退缩和躯体化得分高于对照组（P〈0．05）；中间型防御方式总分、理想化、假性利他、伴无能之全能和交往倾向得分高于对照组（P〈0．05）；惊恐障碍组成熟防御方式总分、幽默得分显著低于对照组（P〈0.001）；②惊恐患者的不成熟防御方式总得分与受教育程度呈负相关（r=-0．357，P〈0．05），交往倾向得分与功能大体评分呈负相关（r=-0．384，P〈0．01）.结论：惊恐障碍患者使用不成熟和中间防御方式增多，使用成熟防御减少。     

高中生自我概念特点及与社会关系的相关研究

目的：探讨高中生自我概念的特点及其与社会关系的关系。方法：采用自我概念问卷、亲子关系量表、同伴关系量表以及自编的师生关系问卷分别测试高中生的自我概念及其社会关系。结果：①）高中生的自我概念随年级的升高有下降趋势；②）男生的身体自我和自我呈现显著高于女生（P〈0．05）；③）社会关系诸因素与自我概念各方面表现不同的相关程度；④）师生关系对学业自我和总体自我概念具有首要预测效果（P〈0．001）；积极同伴关系是社会自我和自我呈现的首要预测因素（P〈0，001）；父子交流和母亲积极情感对学业自我有显著的预测作用（P〈0．001）。结论：高中生自我概念随年级的升高有下降趋势，师生关系和积极同伴关系对自我概念的具有首要影响。     

大学生社会支持获得策略的研究

目的探讨大学生社会支持获得策略的现状及其影响因素。方法采用大学生社会支持获得策略量表，对大连地区3所高校338名大学生进行问卷调查。结果大学生社会支持获得策略的7个因子中，“因子2-哀求”得分在性别上差异显著（t=19．56，P〈0．01）、文理差异显著（t=4．29，P〈0．05）、校际差异显著（t=6．05，P〈0．05）；“因子6-理性的诉说”得分在性别上差异显著（t=6．19，P〈0．01）、文理差异显著（t=5．29，P〈0．05）、校际差异显著（t=4．67，P〈0．05）；“因子7-威胁”得分在年级上差异显著（t=4．05，P〈0．05）。结论大学生社会支持的获得策略受性别、文理、校际和年级的影响较大。     

大学生自我概念、人格特质与职业生涯规划的相关性

目的探讨大学生自我概念、人格特质和职业生涯规划的特点及其关系。方法采用田纳西自我概念量表（大学生版）、大五人格问卷和生涯决定量表对237名大学生进行调查。结果男大学生在生涯自我概念、宜人性、尽责性、道德自我、家庭自我和自我概念总分上的得分均显著低于女大学生（t=．2．16,-3．89,-4．60;P〈0．05;t=-4．73,-4．67,-3．69;P〈0．001）;工科大学生的生涯自信心和心理自我得分显著低于文科生和理科生（F=3．29,P〈0．05,F=4．62,P〈0．01）;自我概念、人格特质和职业生涯规划三者存在显著相关关系（P〈0．05）。结论大学生的自我概念和人格特质对生涯规划具有一定的预测作用。     

中学生自我概念的调查研究

目的 研究中学生自我概念状况,为实际教育工作提供依据。方法 采用田纳西自我概念量表对259名中学生自我概念状况进行调查,并对测验结果进行t检验和F检验。结果 各年级间在生理自我、自我认同、自我满意以及自我总分有显著差异（P〈0．05）;男女生在自我满意、自我认同、生理自我、自我总分上存在着显著差异（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论 中学生自我概念的年级差异显著,中学生自我概念的性别差异显著。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.