两级轴流血泵基于血液损伤的数值分析

植入式微型轴流血泵工作时的高叶轮转速会增加血液损伤的风险。本文试图通过将轴流血泵设计成两级的方式来减小发生溶血和血栓的风险。本文对两级及单级轴流血泵在进口流量5L/min、出口压力100mm Hg的工况下进行数值模拟,并对比了溶血程度及血小板活化程度。研究结果显示,两级轴流血泵溶血程度优于单级设计,而血小板活化程度差于单级设计。在溶血程度和血小板活化程度的指标上,两级低-高扬程叶轮组合血泵设计优于两级等扬程和两级高-低扬程叶轮组合血泵设计。在降低植入式微型轴流血泵的血液损伤风险方面,本文的研究结果可为其提供一定的理论基础和新的设计思路。     

基于CFD的液悬浮人工心脏泵叶轮入口优化分析

目的应用计算流体动力学方法(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)对离心式双向液力悬浮人工心脏血泵流场进行仿真分析,通过改进叶轮入口结构来改善血液在血泵的流动状态,从而提升其抗溶血性能。方法从影响血泵溶血性能的角度考虑,基于N-S方程和k-ε标准双方程湍流模型,应用软件FLUENT6.3对离心式人工心脏血泵流场进行数值模拟,分析在设计工况下,叶轮入口处的结构变化对泵内流场的影响,以及流场中最大速度与溶血水平之间的关系,并根据流场分析结果对血泵叶轮入口进行优化。结果经过优化,血泵内流场紊乱现象得到改善,影响溶血值的切应力和曝光时间均有所降低,溶血性能得到改善。同时,对于离心式双向液力悬浮血泵,在设计工况下,其流场中最大速度有作为流场优化过程中的直观指标参数的潜力。结论该研究的仿真分析可为离心式双向液力悬浮人工心脏的设计积累一定经验。     

基于fluent离心式血泵内流场仿真与结构优化

提高溶血性能,降低溶血率作为血泵性能优化的一个重要指标,对血泵的结构优化具有重要的指导意义。本文基于一款离心式血泵通过使用计算流体力学（CFD）技术,采用非结构化网格、N-S方程和标准K-ε湍流模型在fluent中模拟分析出不同工况下血泵流场内部的剪切力场、压力场等重要参数并根据叶轮流场数据分析,提出了4种不同的结构优化方案;并基于三维快速溶血预估模型计算出不同流量、不同叶轮结构下血泵的溶血性能。仿真结果显示:当叶片与叶轮径向夹角为45°,流量达到5 L/min、转速为2 100 r/min时,扬程为115 mmHg,溶血率达到0.022 1 g/100 L,优化后模型较原模型溶血率提升40.9%,满足人体泵血生理需求。实验结果显示:选用优化后结构进行实验分析,得到扬程的实验数据与仿真数据相互验证,进一步证实了该仿真结果的准确性。     

应用CFD研究叶轮设计对人工心脏泵内流场的影响

溶血是叶轮血泵常见的一种血液破坏现象，而造成这种现象的内在原因是血液的动力学行为。本研究针对基于流线型设计的叶轮血泵和一种直叶片血泵，应用CFD对其内部流场进行了数值模拟，并通过溶血实验对结果进行了验证。研究结果表明，流线型叶轮血泵内的流动模式符合流线型设计理论，与直叶片叶轮血泵相比，它的溶血较小，更符合血液动力学要求。可以认为，在相同的边界条件下，流线型叶轮血泵具有更好的血液相容性，不容易造成血液破坏。     

离心血泵内部流场数字模拟及溶血分析

血泵是心脏辅助循环装置的核心部件之一,其运行过程中所产生的血栓和溶血超出安全范围将会引发多种并发症,严重者甚至危及病人生命,因此血栓和溶血问题是衡量血泵性能的重要指标也是血泵的重要研究课题。研究表明,溶血主要是由血泵内叶轮的机械运动及血液的复杂流动的高剪切力引起。因此溶血多出现在血液与固壁接触面上及复杂流动的流体问。本次研究的目的是要探索用数值模拟的方法分析离心血泵内部的流场及溶血情况,在研究中通过与上海某医院合作实验采集一种叶片式离心血泵运行过程中的实验数据,再对该叶片式离心血泵内部流场进行数值模拟,通过对比血泵实际运行情况与数值计算结果对其内部血栓和溶血问题进行系统的分析研究,最终数值模拟分析的情况与该血泵在实际运行中的血栓和溶血情况基本相符。通过本次研究探索用数值模拟的方法对血泵的血栓和溶血现象进行分析,特别是对溶血现象进行一定程度的定量分析,此分析结果及分析方法可为血泵优化及临床应用做方法指导之用。     

基于溶血性能的离心式旋转血泵设计

溶血性能是衡量血泵性能的一个重要指标.基于平均剪切应力模型,通过减少红细胞流经叶轮的时间和降低它在此过程中所受平均剪切应力的方法,对离心血泵进行设计,进而改善溶血性能.采用商用流体仿真软件Fluent,对血泵内的三维不可压湍流流场进行数值模拟,得到红细胞在血泵内的流动迹线和流动参数;应用溶血估算公式,分析不同流量下血泵的溶血性能,计算得到溶血估算值在0.006-0.015之间,有较好的溶血性能,满足血泵对溶血性能的要求.     

轴流式血泵溶血数学模型的探究

溶血的定量评价对于血泵的设计和研究十分重要,而建立血泵溶血的数学模型,对于血泵溶血的预测,提高其血液相容性具有十分重要作用.本文在分析与血泵溶血相关因素的基础上,首先从能量守恒定律确定轴流式血泵叶轮驱动力的输出功可分两部分提供给血液：用于提高血液压力的能量以及用作血液溶血的能量.然后采用动力系统转矩方程和能量方程,建立血泵辅助循环溶血模型.最终建立了能够定量评价血泵在不同工作状态下（正常状态和抽吸状态）溶血程度的数学公式.本文对轴流式血泵的溶血问题提供了新的研究思路,将对血泵及其控制系统的改进提供重要的依据.     

五种叶轮血泵体外溶血试验的研究

血泵的标准溶血指数反映了它对血液的破坏程度，是衡量血泵性能的一个重要指标，选用I型离心，II型轴流，磁耦合，I型和II型螺旋混流5种叶轮血泵，用新鲜抗凝羊血500ml，平均压力100mmHg，流量5L／min,在转泵0，0．5，1．0…4．0h后，测量血浆游离血红蛋白含量和血泵出口处的表面温度，计算标准溶血指数。结果表明，5种血泵的转速，温度变化与溶血指数是没有直接关系的，由结构形成的运动流场是对血液造成破坏的主要原因。本文对5种血泵的温度变化，转速和溶血之间的关系做一探讨。     

BPX-80离心式血泵中剪切力引发血管性血友病因子机械损伤的评价

目的 对BPX-80离心式血泵中剪切力引起血管性血友病因子（von Willebrand Factor,vWF）的损伤进行评价,判断其是否可以作为vWF损伤研究的参照泵。方法 按照ASTM标准搭建体外溶血测试平台,使用新鲜猪血在此平台对BPX-80离心式血泵进行8 h测试,然后评估每小时血液样本的溶血水平和vWF损伤,并与静态对照组进行比较。结果 在整个实验过程中,BPX-80的溶血指数保持稳定且较低;高分子量vWF多聚体有少量降解,与静置对照组相比无显著性差异;vWF抗原含量无明显变化,与静置对照组趋势基本一致。结论 BPX-80离心式血泵血液相容性良好,可以作为vWF损伤以及溶血评价实验的基准参照泵,从而为新型血泵的设计与优化提供参考。     

基于快速溶血预估模型的离心血泵叶轮特性数值分析

离心血泵叶轮形态是决定其内部流场剪切应力致血液细胞损伤的重要因素之一。对具有不同叶轮形态的离心血泵进行流体动力分析及数值溶血预估有助于提高血泵的综合性能。本文采用低雷诺数修正SSTκ-ω湍流模型,对四种不同叶轮形态的离心血泵内部流场进行计算,包括压力场、速度场以及剪切应力场分布等;并运用快速溶血预估模型计算各血泵的标准溶血参数值(NIH)。分析结果表明,虽然四种血泵的压力场分布均符合要求,但对数螺旋线叶轮血泵流道中的涡流和回流得到了明显改善,高剪切应力区域体积只占总体积的0.004%,NIH为0.0089,对血液细胞破坏最小。     

Blood Pump Design Variations and Their Influence on Hydraulic Performance and Indicators of Hemocompatibility

Patients with ventricular assist devices still suffer from high rates of adverse events. Since many of these complications are linked to the flow field within the pump, optimization of the device geometry is essential. To investigate design aspects that influence the flow field, we developed a centrifugal blood pump using industrial guidelines. We then systematically varied selected design parameters and investigated their effects on hemodynamics and hydraulic performance using computational fluid dynamics. We analysed the flow fields based on Eulerian and Lagrangian features, shear stress histograms and six indicators of hemocompatibility. Within the investigated range of clearance gaps (50–500 µm), number of impeller blades (4–7), and semi-open versus closed shroud design, we found association of potentially damaging shear stress conditions with larger gap size and more blades. The extent of stagnation and recirculation zones was reduced with lower numbers of blades and a semi-open impeller, but it was increased with smaller clearance. The Lagrangian hemolysis index, a metric commonly applied to estimate blood damage, showed a negative correlation with hydraulic efficiency and no correlation with the Eulerian threshold-based metric.     

Improvement of washout flow in a centrifugal blood pump by a semi-open impeller

To reduce the possible thrombogenicity of the pump studied, pump characteristics and washout conditions were compared between a pump with a semi-open and a pump with a full-open impeller. A difference in hydrodynamic performance was observed between the semi-open impeller and the full-open impeller; the pressure in the former was less by approximately 10%, and the maximum attainable efficiency decreased from 0.41 to 0.34. The flow pattern, as visualized by the oil film method, showed that the washout condition was enhanced by addition of the shroud, especially at the bottom region of the pump where the blood flow tended to be stagnant. The stagnant area was observed in the suction side of the impeller in both models, where the vortices shed from the impeller tip contributed to the washout. It was also shown that the flow entering the bottom region was circumferentially uniform in the full-open impeller, whereas in the semi-open impeller the flow was not uniform and entered primarily from the vicinity of the outlet port. The semi-open impeller, thus, was demonstrated to have better washout conditions than the full-open impeller regardless of a slight decrease in hydrodynamic efficiency.     

人工心脏圆盘泵的流动特性研究

人工心脏（血泵）一直存在泵体对血细胞剪切力过大和流速过快容易引起溶血的问题。为了研究人体正常血压情况下,血泵内部剪切力和速度场的分布情况,选择圆盘泵叶轮代替传统离心泵叶轮,对两种模型进行数值计算,分析不同叶轮内部剪切力和速度场的分布规律。研究表明传统离心泵内部流速高,叶片表面剪切力大,对血细胞的伤害大。圆盘泵相比传统离心泵,剪切力更小,流场速度分布均匀,流速更小。和传统离心泵相比,不同转速下圆盘泵能降低溶血的发生率。圆盘泵叶片数为6片时,抗溶血性能更好。研究结果为血泵的优化提供理论依据。     

Feasibility of a miniature centrifugal rotary blood pump for low-flow circulation in children and infants

In this study, a seal-less, tiny centrifugal rotary blood pump was designed for low-flow circulatory support in children and infants. The design was targeted to yield a compact and priming volume of 5 ml with a flow rate of 0.5-4 l/min against a head pressure of 40-100 mm Hg. To meet the design requirements, the first prototype had an impeller diameter of 30 mm with six straight vanes. The impeller was supported with a needle-type hydrodynamic bearing and was driven with a six-pole radial magnetic driver. The external pump dimensions included a pump head height of 20 mm, diameter of 49 mm, and priming volume of 5 ml. The weight was 150 g, including the motor driver. In the mock circulatory loop, using fresh porcine blood, the pump yielded a flow of 0.5-4.0 l/min against a head pressure of 40-100 mm Hg at a rotational speed of 1800-4000 rpm using 1/4" inflow and outflow conduits. The maximum flow and head pressure of 5.25 l/min and 244 mm Hg, respectively, were obtained at a rotational speed of 4400 rpm. The maximum electrical-to-hydraulic efficiency occurred at a flow rate of 1.5-3.5 l/min and at a rotational speed of 2000-4400 rpm. The normalized index of hemolysis, which was evaluated using fresh porcine blood, was 0.0076 g/100 l with the impeller in the down-mode and a bearing clearance of 0.1 mm. Further refinement in the bearing and magnetic coupler are required to improve the hemolytic performance of the pump. The durability of the needle-type hydrodynamic bearing and antithrombotic performance of the pump will be performed before clinical applications. The tiny centrifugal blood pump meets the flow requirements necessary to support the circulation of pediatric patients.     

Properties of a monopivot centrifugal blood pump manufactured by 3D printing

An impeller the same geometry as the impeller of a commercial monopivot cardiopulmonary bypass pump was manufactured using 3D printing. The 3D-printed impeller was integrated into the pump casing of the commercially available pump to form a 3D-printed pump model. The surface roughness of the impeller, the hydraulic performance, the axial displacement of the rotating impeller, and the hemolytic properties of the 3D-printed model were measured and compared with those of the commercially available model. Although the surface roughness of the 3D-printed model was significantly larger than that of the commercially available model, the hydraulic performance of the two models almost coincided. The hemolysis level of the 3D-printed model roughly coincided with that of the commercially available model under low-pressure head conditions, but increased greatly under high-pressure head conditions, as a result of the narrow gap between the rotating impeller and the pump casing. The gap became narrow under high-pressure head conditions, because the axial thrust applied to the impeller increased with increasing impeller rotational speed. Moreover, the axial displacement of the rotating impeller was twice that of the commercially available model, confirming that the elastic deformation of the 3D-printed impeller was larger than that of the commercially available impeller. These results suggest that trial models manufactured by 3D printing can reproduce the hydraulic performance of the commercial product. However, both the surface roughness and the deformation of the trial models must be considered to precisely evaluate the hemolytic properties of the model.     

应用CFD对人工血泵流场进行数值仿真

发展人工心脏以便在某些情况下代替心脏进行供血已成为医学界的普遍要求。血泵研制和改进中所面临的主要难点之一是血液在血泵中的流动分离等复杂流动情况 ,对人工血泵中血液的流体动力分析是发展先进人工血泵的前提。本文应用计算机求解三维Navier Stokes方程 ,对某型血泵叶片通道间内部流场进行了数值仿真。研究分析结果表明 ,血泵中流体具有非常复杂的流动情况。为避免流动中分离造成流体升压比下降和血细胞破坏 ,对通道的进口和小叶片的安放位置以及叶片高度的变化都提出了很高的要求。充分应用计算流体力学的发展来推动人工血泵的研究具有非常广阔的前景     

Optimization of a miniature Maglev ventricular assist device for pediatric circulatory support

A miniature Maglev blood pump based on magnetically levitated bearingless technology is being developed and optimized for pediatric patients. We performed impeller optimization by characterizing the hemodynamic and hemocompatibility performances using a combined computational and experimental approach. Both three-dimensional flow features and hemolytic characteristics were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. Hydraulic pump performances and hemolysis levels of three different impeller designs were quantified and compared numerically. Two pump prototypes were constructed from the two impeller designs and experimentally tested. Comparison of CFD predictions with experimental results showed good agreement. The optimized impeller remarkably increased overall pump hydraulic output by more than 50% over the initial design. The CFD simulation demonstrated a clean and streamlined flow field in the main flow path. The numerical results by hemolysis model indicated no significant high shear stress regions. Through the use of CFD analysis and bench-top testing, the small pediatric pump was optimized to achieve a low level of blood damage and improved hydraulic performance and efficiency. The Maglev pediatric blood pump is innovative due to its small size, very low priming volume, excellent hemodynamic and hematologic performance, and elimination of seal-related and bearing-related failures due to adoption of magnetically levitated bearingless motor technology, making it ideal for pediatric applications.     

Magnetically suspended centrifugal blood pump with a self bearing motor

A magnetically suspended centrifugal blood pump with a self bearing motor has been developed for long-term ventricular assistance. A rotor of the self bearing motor is actively suspended and rotated by an electromagnetic field without mechanical bearings. Radial position of the rotor is controlled actively, and axial position of the rotor is passively stable within the thin rotor structure. An open impeller and a semiopened impeller were examined to determine the best impeller structure. The outer diameter and height of the impeller are 63 and 34 mm, respectively. Both the impellers indicated similar pump performance. Single volute and double volute structures were also tested to confirm the performance of the double volute. Power consumption for levitation and radial displacement of the impeller with a rotational speed of 1,500 rpm were 0.7 W and 0.04 mm in the double volute, while those in the single volute were 1.3 W and 0.07 mm, respectively. The stator of the self bearing motor was redesigned to avoid magnetic saturation and improve motor performance. Maximum flow rate and pressure head were 9 L/min and 250 mm Hg, respectively. The developed magnetically suspended centrifugal blood pump is a candidate for an implantable left ventricular assist device.