乳安颗粒质量控制的研究

目的：制定乳安颗粒质量控制方法。方法：采用薄层色谱法对处方中的柴胡、当归、浙贝母、连翘、白术、茯苓、延胡索进行定性鉴别；采用高效液相色谱法对处方中自芍中的芍药苷进行含量测定。结果：芍药苷在0．16～1．04μg范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=0.9998），加样回收率为98．9％～101．6％。结论：本方法能对乳安颗粒进行定性、定量检测，结果准确可靠。     

健骨丸定性定量方法研究

目的 建立健骨丸定性定量方法.方法 采用薄层色谱方法对处方中的当归、川芎、红花进行定性鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法对处方中君药白芍的有效成分芍药苷进行定量测定,C18色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(15∶85);检测波长为230 nm;流速为1.0 mL·min-1.结果 在薄层色谱中可检出当归、川芎、红花.芍药苷进样量在0.108 8～2.176 0 μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9);平均回收率为99.73%(n=9).结论 该方法简便、准确,可用于健骨丸定性定量分析.     

乳安胶囊的质量标准

目的:建立乳安胶囊的质量标准.方法:采用薄层色谱法对处方中赤芍、延胡索进行鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定乳安胶囊中芍药苷的含量.结果:TLC图谱中斑点清晰易于观察;芍药苷在0.25～5.0 μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为100.3%,RSD=1.2%(n=5).结论:质量标准可有效控制乳安胶囊的质量.     

心脑康胶囊质量标准的研究

目的：制定心脑康胶囊质量控制方法。方法：采用薄层色谱法对处方中的何首乌、川芎、丹参、甘草、远志进行定性鉴别；采用高效液相色谱法对方中赤芍的芍药苷进行含量测定。结果：芍药苷在0．1592－0．796μg线性关系良好，r=0.9997，平均回刷率为100．1％，RSD为1．7％。结论：该方法准确可靠地进行定性、定量检测，能有效地控制制剂的质量。     

四物汤传统汤剂与配方颗粒的有效成分比较研究

目的 建立四物汤传统汤剂与配方颗粒的有效成分比较研究的质量特征.方法 采用薄层色谱法对处方中的当归、芍药进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定处方里当归中的阿魏酸和芍药中的芍药苷含量.结果 薄层色谱检出当归、芍药的特征斑点;阿魏酸的质量浓度在22.9~617.3ng范围内、芍药苷质量浓度在30.5~2469.1ng范围内时,其各自的积分面积与进样量呈现良好的线性关系(r=0.9995,0.9996),阿魏酸的平均回收率为97.46%,RSD为1.24%;芍药苷的平均回收率为98.13%,RSD为1.07%.结论 该种方法精密度良好,内稳定性好,操作简捷准确,重复性好,可用于四物汤传统汤剂与配方颗粒的有效成分的比较研究,为四物汤在临床上的应用提供一定参考.     

妇科白凤片质量标准研究

目的:对妇科白凤片的质量标准进行修订提高。方法:采用薄层色谱法对方中黄连、牛膝、延胡索进行定性鉴别,增加乌鸡的显微特征鉴别,用高效液相色谱法测定芍药苷的含量。结果:薄层色鉴别斑点清晰,显微特征明显,测定芍药苷的线性范围为12.762 5~204.2μg.mL-1(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为102.1%(RSD为2.5%)。结论:所建方法简便可靠,可作为该制剂的质量标准。     

暖胃舒乐片质量标准的研究

目的　建立暖胃舒乐片的质量标准。方法　采用TLC方法对处方中的主要药味黄芪、延胡索、鸡矢藤进行鉴别;并用高效液相色谱法测定其芍药苷的含量。结果　TLC方法能很好地检测出黄芪、延胡索、鸡矢藤;芍药苷在0 .3～2 .0 μg范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为98.6 % ,RSD为1.2 9%。结论　所建立的方法能对处方中的主要药味准确、快速地进行定性、定量检测。     

祛斑口服液的质量标准研究

目的 建立祛斑口服液的质量标准。 方法 采用薄层色谱法(TLC)对处方中的党参、黄芪、赤芍、白芍、白术、当归进行定性鉴别;采用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)对处方中赤芍和白芍中的芍药苷进行含量测定。 结果 定性鉴别方法分离良好、斑点清晰、专属性强。芍药苷检测浓度在18.20~2 330.00 μg/ml范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为99.72%,RSD为1.25%。 结论 本方法可对祛斑口服液的主要药味进行准确的定性和定量测定,有效地控制祛斑口服液的质量。     

伤科消肿颗粒定性定量方法研究

目的建立伤科消肿颗粒定性定量研究方法。方法采用薄层色谱法对处方中赤芍、益母草、粉防己、金银花、连翘、枳壳进行了定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法对样品中芍药苷和绿原酸2个成分进行含量测定。结果薄层鉴别斑点清晰,分离度好,阴性样品无干扰。含量测定芍药苷在进样溶液浓度为2.754~275.4μg·m L~(-1)与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.9994),平均回收率为98.3%,RSD为1.4%;绿原酸在进样溶液浓度为4.343~434.3μg·m L~(-1)与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.9996),平均回收率为111.4%,RSD为2.6%。结论本方法操作简便、准确,专属性强,重复性好,可作为伤科消肿颗粒的质量控制方法。     

妇康净片质量标准的建立

目的:建立测定妇康净片的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱法对处方中的苍术、当归和川芎进行鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定白芍芍药苷的含量。结果:薄层色谱斑点清晰,重复性好;芍药苷平均回收率为99.26%,RSD为1.14%(n=6)。结论:所建立的方法简便可靠,重复性好。为妇康净片的质量控制和评价提供了依据。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.