Microsurgical Resection of Pituitary Adenoma via Single-Nostril Transsphenoidal Approach

OBJECTIVE To explore the methods and experience of the single-nostril transsphenoidal approach for treating pituitary adenomas.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 46 patients who had pituitary tumors and received surgery via the single-nostril transsphenoidal approach and observed the effects and complications of surgery. The specific surgical methods are: a nasal speculum is inserted slowly through the right nostril towards the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus. A 1.5 cm incision is made into the nasal mucosa in the right nasal cavity at the level of the middle nasal turbinate. By fracturing the bony septum, a space is formed between the bilateral nasal mucosa and the bony septum of the sphenoid sinus. Then, the inside of the sphenoid sinus is exposed. The remaining part of the bony septum, the anterior sphenoid sinus wall, and the sphenoid mucosa are gradually removed. The anterior sphenoidotomy is less than 1.5 cm wide. After confirming the tumor by dural puncture, a cross incision of the dura is made, and the tumor is slowly removed by curette. The sella is usually collapsed and visible after the total tumor removal. When the tumor is resected satisfactorily, gelatin sponges are placed into the operative cavity to stop bleeding.RESULTS Postoperative MRI scans revealed that among the 46 cases, total resection of the tumor was achieved in 34 cases and subtotal in 12. No deaths or disability occurred, and the hormone levels of almost all patients improved. Signs of diabetes insipidus occurred in 17, electrolyte disturbances in 5, and there were no reports of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. CONCLUSION The direct single nostril transsphenoidal approach of continuous improvement has the advantages of a convenient approach, simplified operation, safety and high efficiency.     

单鼻孔直接经蝶窦入路显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤

目的:探讨经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤的经验与方法。方法:回顾总结显微镜下单鼻孔经蝶窦入路切除46例垂体腺瘤,观察手术效果和并发症。具体手术方法是:将鼻窥器缓慢插入右鼻孔向上经中鼻甲直至蝶窦前壁,横行切开鼻中隔黏膜约1.5cm,保持窥器尖呈闭合状态向对侧偏移,使鼻中隔骨折移位。然后将窥器张开,此时在显微镜下即可见中线骨性隆起结构蝶嵴及两侧蝶窦开口。以蝶嵴及两侧蝶窦开口为标志,凿除蝶窦前壁约1.0~1.5cm,显露蝶窦腔,咬除蝶窦分隔,剥离电凝蝶窦黏膜,显露凸形鞍底,凿开并咬成1.2～1.5cm骨窗既见硬脑膜,电凝硬膜后穿刺,证实肿瘤后“十”字切开,显露肿瘤并予钳取和刮除。通常肿瘤切净后可见鞍隔塌陷,彻底止血,冲洗术腔,放入明胶海绵填塞。结果:手术过程顺利,肿瘤全切除34例,次全切除12例,无死亡及病残发生,激素水平均有明显改善,17例出现一过性尿崩症,5 例出现电解质紊乱,术后无脑脊液鼻漏发生。结论:不断改进的单鼻孔经蝶窦入路具有入路简捷、操作方便、安全高效的优点。      

Endoscopic Transseptal Approach to Frontal Sinus Disease

This paper describes an endoscopic transseptal approach to identify and access the frontal sinus and reviews the clinical cases. Between May 2004 and July 2010, endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure (EMLP) with transseptal approach was performed on sixteen patients. The indications for EMLP were complicated frontal sinusitis or cyst, revision surgery for failed frontal sinusotomy or Lynch procedure, or trauma cases. The first step of this procedure was to open a window in the bilateral anterior portion of the middle turbinates and nasal septum. The nasal septum, which could be observed through the window, should be the landmark of the midline during the surgery. A drill bur was raised up just behind the nasal bone along the midline of the nose. After the bilateral frontal sinuses and their posterior walls were confirmed, the interfrontal septum was removed superiorly. We reviewed the clinical records of patients who underwent the EMLP with transseptal approach. We have managed sixteen patients in this fashion. Neither intracranial nor orbital complications were encountered during or after surgery. Endoscopic transseptal frontal sinus surgery is simple to perform, and does not cause severe complications.     

Versatility of Pectoralis Major Myocutaneous Flap in Oncosurgery and Its Role in Developing Countries

Schwannoma of nasal septum presentation is exceedingly rare in the literature, previously reported multiple lesions involving the paranasal sinuses or nasal mucosa. We report the case of a 20 year-old yellow male with a tiny schwannoma arising from the nasal septum, complaining of lightly alternate nasal obstruction. Both anterior and endo-rhinoscopy didn’t detect this tiny smooth-surfaced mass and other abnormality, except a little septal deviation. After final clinical diagnosis, we completely removed this tumor and corrected the deviation by an endoscopic approach. We discuss the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, pathologic diagnosis factor and therapy of this rarely encountered neoplasm.     

鼻内镜联合低温等离子刀手术治疗鼻内翻性乳头状瘤的疗效观察

目的:探讨经鼻内镜下鼻腔鼻窦乳头状瘤切除的手术方式和经验,观察治疗效果。方法:对本院2010年2月至2015年2月收治的鼻腔鼻窦乳头状瘤48例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,患者均在鼻内镜下行低温等离子刀切除治疗或联合柯－陆式上颌窦入路或联合泪前隐窝入路切除肿瘤,其中鼻腔肿瘤29例,鼻窦肿瘤19例,对其临床疗效行追踪随访24~36个月,对手术方法和技巧进行总结分析。结果:本组48例患者均手术成功切除病变组织,4例患者在随访期间复发,复发率为8.33％,与国内报道鼻内镜鼻内翻乳头状瘤22%术后复发率相比较,复发率明显较低(P<0.05)。本组3例复发病例通过术后鼻内镜复查时发现,给予局部切除,经低温等离子刀局部电凝后治愈,1例经二次手术彻底清除病灶后治愈。无１例术中或术后严重并发症发生,达到了良好的临床疗效。结论:鼻内镜联合低温等离子刀切除鼻腔鼻窦乳头状瘤可取得较好的临床疗效,根据病变范围及分期选择合适的手术方式及术中准确判断切除瘤体的根蒂部对保证手术的成功具有重要意义,术后鼻内镜密切随访,联合低温等离子刀处理,对达到治愈的目的及降低二次手术概率具有重要的意义。     

神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦切除垂体瘤

目的探讨神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路切除垂体瘤的手术方法和技巧。方法回顾分析2008年5月至2012年10月南京医科大学第一附属医院收治的神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路切除垂体瘤103例。结果神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦人路全切垂体瘤97例（94．2％）。术后平均住院天数5．5天,无手术死亡病例,2例术后脑脊液漏,1例经再行手术修补,1例经腰穿置管平卧治疗后自愈。结论对蝶窦气化较完全的患者,经鼻蝶窦手术入路创伤小、安全有效。     

Endoscopic Approach to Middle Turbinate Squeeze Syndrome

Middle turbinate squeeze syndrome (MTSS) refers to sino-nasal headache due to intense contact between the middle turbinate and the nasal septum and/or between middle turbinate and other structures in the lateral nasal wall. This study was intended to evaluate the efficacy of precise endoscopic surgical treatment of MTSS. This is a prospective study of 126 patients with refractory cephalgia due to endoscopically confirmed MTSS who underwent functional endoscopic naso-sinus surgery (FENS) wherein the contact points and ostio-meatal complex obstruction were endoscopically relieved. 91% of cases reported improvement/resolution of headache and 95% of cases had relieved contact points as documented endoscopically. This surgery was also found to facilitate resolution of sinus disease, both radiologically (in 64% of cases) and endoscopically (in 94% of cases). Cephalgia caused by MTSS can be effectively treated by an ultra-conservative endoscopic approach.     

Endoscopic hypophysectomy

The minimally invasive endoscopic pituitary surgery is performed through the natural nasal pathway without any incisions unlike the conventional microscopic surgery performed via Trans-nasal Trans-sphenoidal upproach. We have tried to compare the clinical implications of these two approaches. In our study, conducted from 1995 to 2004, we started operating pituitary adenomas with conventional Trans nasal Trans-sphenoidal microscopic approach and later used the endoscopic assisted approach and then endoscopic. Close and long period of follow up was maintained. In our experience of 9 years, adopting the endoscope not only eliminates the need for nasal packing, but also heightens the surgeons’ visualization of pituitary tumors, thus no external incision, no nasal packing and overnight stay with no complications.     

经蝶内窥镜辅助下切除大型垂体腺瘤42例

[目的]探讨绎蝶内窥镜辅助下切除大型垂体腺瘤的手术方法、手术技巧及其优点。[方法]经内窥镜控制下经蝶手术入路手术治疗垂体榴患者42例。[结果]肿增全切36例．次全切6例．手术效果良好。[结论]经蝶内窥镜辅助下切除大型垂体腺瘤具有微创、照明良好、视野开阔等优点，是垂体瘤手术治疗的发展方向。     

Transsphenoidal and Transcranial Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

This paper reviews the progress made over the first century of pituitary surgery. The goals of surgery for pituitary tumors are to eliminate tumor mass effect and perform as complete a removal as possible, retain pituitary function, and normalize any hormonal hypersecretion. Since the initial transsphenoidal approach performed in Austria by Schloffer, the transsphenoidal approach has become the preferred surgical approach to most pituitary tumors. The history and development of the transsphenoidal approach to the sella is discussed, as are the contemporary techniques of microscopic and endoscopic pituitary surgery. The continued evolution of the variations and extension of the transsphenoidal approach to other lesions are reviewed. The indications and use of a transcranial approach to remove pituitary tumors are discussed. More recently, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has become an important adjuvant management technique in the management of difficult pituitary adenomas, especially with cavernous sinus invasion.     

Transsphenoidal and Transcranial Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

This paper reviews the progress made over the first century of pituitary surgery. The goals of surgery for pituitary tumors are to eliminate tumor mass effect and perform as complete a removal as possible, retain pituitary function, and normalize any hormonal hypersecretion. Since the initial transsphenoidal approach performed in Austria by Schloffer, the transsphenoidal approach has become the preferred surgical approach to most pituitary tumors. The history and development of the transsphenoidal approach to the sella is discussed, as are the contemporary techniques of microscopic and endoscopic pituitary surgery. The continued evolution of the variations and extension of the transsphenoidal approach to other lesions are reviewed. The indications and use of a transcranial approach to remove pituitary tumors are discussed. More recently, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has become an important adjuvant management technique in the management of difficult pituitary adenomas, especially with cavernous sinus invasion.     

A Comparative Study of Endoscopic Septoplasty Versus Conventional Septoplasty

Nasal obstruction due to deviated nasal septum is a common problem encountered by otolaryngologists. A variety of surgical procedures have been tried in the treatment of the same. This study was conducted to evaluate the outcomes and complications of endoscopic and conventional septoplasty. This is a prospective, randomized study. Fifty patients with symptomatic deviated nasal septum were included in the study, 25 of them underwent conventional septoplasty and the rest underwent endoscopic septoplasty. The difference in the functional outcome of both the surgeries was insignificant. There was a significant difference with respect to complications. Endoscopic septoplasty had better outcome with respect to complications. It is easier to correct posterior deviations and isolated spurs with endoscopic septoplasty. Complications are lesser with endoscopic septoplasty.     

鼻内镜下鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤切除术

目的探讨经鼻内窥镜鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤切除术和鼻内镜联合鼻侧切开鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤切除术的疗效。方法26例鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤病例中,22例行经鼻内窥镜鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤切除术,4例行鼻内镜联合鼻侧切开鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤切除术。结果术后随访9~60个月。1例术后30个月复发,其它25例未见复发,全部病例无并发症发生。结论经鼻内窥镜鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤切除术适用于较局限的病变,而对广泛病变则应采用鼻内镜联合鼻侧切开术,术后鼻内镜定期复查可早期发现肿瘤复发并处理。     

鼻内窥镜在鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤切除术中的应用

目的　探讨和完善鼻内窥镜下彻底切除鼻内翻性乳头状瘤 ,降低术后复发率的手术方法及其适应证。方法　 1993年 2月至2 0 0 2年 6月住院的临床及病理诊断为鼻内翻性乳头状瘤 48例 ,其中 3 0例有 1～ 4次前期经鼻或鼻侧切开手术史。 3 7例患者采用鼻内窥镜经鼻肿瘤切除术 ;11例患者肿瘤侵及中鼻道、上颌窦口和部分或全部筛窦外 ,同时广泛侵及上颌窦内采用鼻内窥镜经鼻肿瘤切除 ,同时在内窥镜下经上颌窦前壁或下鼻道开窗联合径路肿瘤切除术 ,全部病例随访 10～ 3 6个月。结果　 48例中 1例术后复发 ,47例未复发 ,治愈率 97.9%。 8例 ( 16.7% )术后换药期间发现术腔局部出现瘤样组织 ,病理证实为内翻性乳头状瘤 ,内窥镜下以YAG激光处理局部创面 ,随诊 18个月 ,未再发现有瘤样组织。结论　辅以YAG激光治疗的内窥镜经鼻内翻性乳头状瘤切除术 ,有利于彻底切除肿瘤 ,该术式避免了面部疤痕 ,但对肿瘤已广泛侵及上颌窦内者宜采用联合径路术。     

神经导航引导内镜下手术切除蝶窦发育不良垂体腺瘤——附19例临床报告

背景与目的：经蝶窦入路切除垂体瘤是当今垂体瘤手术治疗的发展方向。本研究探讨应用神经内镜技术和神经导航技术在单鼻孔手术切除蝶窦发育不良型垂体腺瘤的意义与价值。方法：在神经导航引导内镜下经单鼻孔微创手术治疗垂体瘤19例，其中泌乳素腺瘤13例，生长激素腺瘤1例，无功能腺瘤5例。结果：神经内镜和神经导航下全切肿瘤14例，近全切4例，大部分切除1例，术后13例内分泌化验恢复正常，其中15例术前有视力损害者，术后13例较术前好转，2例无变化；1例出现一过性脑脊液漏。19例随访3-11个月，未发现复发。无鼻中隔穿孔、萎缩性鼻炎等并发症。结论：神经导航引导内镜下经单鼻孔手术切除蝶窦发育不良型垂体腺瘤具有深部照明好．鼻腔结构损伤小、操作简捷、术后恢复快等优点，神经导航技术的应用可以避免蝶窦多房分隔的干扰．快速确定鞍底位置、判定肿瘤切除的程度与范围、减少手术对肿瘤周围神经血管结构的副损伤，二者结合能提高手术全切率，减少复发．是蝶窦发育不良型垂体腺瘤微创外科治疗的理想手段。     

Intraoral approach for the treatment of submandibular salivary gland mixed tumors

Pleomorphic adenoma represents a most common benign neoplasm of major salivary glands. Most occurrences of this benign tumor in the submandibular gland have been treated surgically without difficulty via transcervical approach. However, a few clinical problems in the transcervical approach have been mentioned, such as nerve injury or aesthetic scaring. In this study, we introduced the intraoral approach for the removal of the submandibular mixed tumor. In total, 12 cases of pleomorphic adenoma of the submandibular gland were treated via intraoral approach. The surgical technique and morbidity associated with this approach were reviewed. During surgery the tumor and submandibular gland are easily dissected from surrounding tissue and removed through intraoral incision. Early postoperative morbidity developed, such as a temporary paresis of lingual nerve and a temporary limitation of tongue movement, but recovered within a short-term period. No late complaints appeared, such as neurological discomforts. All patients were followed up for the recurrence of the tumor from 20 months to 10 years. One patient showed a tumor recurrence at the early stage of this approach. We propose that the benign mixed tumor of the submandibular gland could be removed easily via intraoral route without an external scar or nerve injury.     

应用神经导航辅助技术在内镜下切除伴有甲介、鞍前型蝶窦的垂体腺瘤

背景与目的：多数学者认为伴有甲介、鞍前型蝶窦的垂体腺瘤不适合内镜下切除．但应用神经导航辅助技术可以克服其在内镜下手术的缺陷。本文着重探讨应用神经导航辅助技术在内镜下切除伴有甲介、鞍前型蝶蜜的垂体腺瘤。方法：回顾性分析我院自2004年10月至2008年10月应用神经导航技术对伴有甲介、鞍前型蝶窦变异的垂体瘤进行内镜下单鼻孔手术21例。其中生长激素腺瘤4例．高泌乳素腺瘤6例,促肾上腺皮质激素腺瘤7例,无功能性腺瘤4例。蝶窦冠状CT及蝶窦X线平片提示蝶窦形态,甲介型9例。鞍前型12例。术前行头部CT、MRI扫描,术中神经导航定位,在内镜下经单鼻孔切除肿瘤。结果：术后随访6．24个月,术前症状（视力受损、尿崩症）均在术后消失,血液、内分泌指标均在正常范围内。术后随访1年以上的病例（17例）复查MRI均提示未见肿瘤残留或复发。术后所有病例均未出现颅内出血、视力、视野障碍、尿崩、脑脊液漏、颅内感染等并发症。结论：对于伴有甲介、鞍前型蝶窦变异的垂体瘤手术．应用神经导航辅助内镜能确保术中定位准确,术野大且直观。有利于切除肿瘤．并保护周围重要结构．     

鼻内镜手术治疗鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的临床效果观察

目的 探讨鼻内镜手术治疗鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤(SNIP)的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析93例行鼻内镜手术治疗的SNIP患者的临床资料,对患者进行Krouse分期,比较不同手术方法(单纯鼻内镜手术、鼻内镜联合改良柯-陆氏手术、鼻内镜联合鼻外进路手术)的治疗效果及术后复发情况.结果 所有患者均一次性完成手术,手术时间47~196 min,平均(94.3±25.9)min;术中出血量34~281 ml,平均(97.3±29.0)ml;术后随访时间26~62个月,平均(39.4±10.9)个月.19例KrouseⅠ期患者均采用单纯鼻内镜手术治疗,复发1例(5.26%).45例KrouseⅡ期患者中,32例采用单纯鼻内镜手术治疗,复发2例(6.25%);13例采用鼻内镜联合改良柯-陆氏手术治疗,复发1例(7.69%),两种手术方法的复发率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).25例KrouseⅢ期患者中,10例采用单纯鼻内镜手术治疗,复发6例(60.00%);15例采用鼻内镜联合改良柯-陆氏手术治疗,复发1例(6.67%),两种手术方法的复发率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).4例KrouseⅣ期患者均采用鼻内镜联合鼻外进路手术治疗,复发1例(25.00%).结论 鼻内镜手术治疗SNIP效果较好,复发率低,应根据患者肿瘤分期制定手术方案,并于术后定期复查以有效预防肿瘤复发.     

鼻内镜下手术治疗侵及眼眶的鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤

目的： 探讨鼻内镜下手术治疗侵及眼眶的鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤的安全性、临床效果和术式的选择。方法:回顾性分析15例在鼻内镜下行切除手术治疗的侵及眼眶的良性和早期恶性鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤患者的临床资料、手术方法、并发症及治疗预后。结果:全部病例中,11例单纯经鼻内镜下切除肿瘤,4例经鼻腔和鼻外切口双径路手术治疗,其中 1例侵袭性大B细胞淋巴瘤患者术后出现下睑外翻,经治疗后好转;1例鼻腔鼻窦骨瘤患者于鼻内镜下全切骨瘤,术后出现患侧内眦外移;4例良性骨源性病变患者行鼻内镜下病变部分切除术,其余病例均彻底切除肿瘤而无明显并发症,随访6~36月未见复发。结论:鼻内镜下手术治疗侵及眼眶的鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤有其独特的优势,在鼻内镜下单纯经鼻腔或内镜辅助经鼻腔和鼻外切口双径路手术治疗可以取得比较好的临床预后。     

Treatment paradigms for pituitary adenomas: defining the roles of radiosurgery and radiation therapy

Pituitary adenomas represent one of the most common types of intracranial tumors. While their macroscopic appearance and anatomical location are relatively homogeneous, pituitary tumors have the potential to generate a wide variety of clinical sequelae. Treatment options for pituitary tumors include medical therapy, microscopic or endoscopic surgical resection, radiosurgery, radiation therapy, or observation depending on the biochemical profile and clinical status of the patient. Radiosurgery and external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) are most commonly as adjunctive treatments following incomplete surgical resection leaving residual tumor, tumor recurrence, or failure of medical therapy. We present a comprehensive literature review of the radiosurgery series for pituitary tumors including nonfunctioning adenomas, ACTH- and GH-secreting adenomas, and prolactinomas. While post-radiosurgery radiographic tumor control for nonfunctioning adenomas is excellent, typically around 90 %, the rates of biochemical remission for functioning adenomas are lower than the tumor control rates. The highest endocrine remission rates are achieved patients with Cushing’s disease and the lowest in those with prolactinomas. Although EBRT has been largely supplanted by radiosurgery for the vast majority of pituitary adenomas cases, there remains a role for EBRT in select cases involving large tumor volumes in close proximity to critical neural structures. By far the most common complication after radiosurgery or EBRT is delayed hypopituitarism followed by cranial neuropathies. The effect of suppressive medications on radiosurgery outcomes remains controversial. Due to the rare but well-documented occurrence of late recurrence following endocrine remission, long-term and rigorous clinical and radiographic follow-up is necessary for all pituitary adenoma patients treated with radiosurgery or EBRT.