The Arteries of the Brain in Hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778)

Research into course and variability of brain arteries in hare were performed on 38 adult hares of both sexes (males 23 and females 15). The arteries were filled with a synthetic latex at a constant pressure introduced with a medical syringe to the left ventricle. The source of blood supply to the brain was internal carotid arteries, whose branches formed an arterial circle of the brain, vertebral arteries, and basilar artery as the result of its anastomosis. Variability focused on a method of departure of middle cerebral arteries, which were multiple vessels in 39.5% of cases and rostral cerebellar arteries. Caudal communicating arteries in hare comprised bilateral anastomosis of internal carotid arteries and final branches of the basilar artery. It stabilized the steady flow of blood to all parts of the brain. Caudal cerebral arteries comprised final branches of the basilar artery. The largest capacity of all the arteries of the brain was observed in the main trunk of the basilar artery. The capacity of these vessels was 4.53 mm³ on average. The factor of capacity of cerebral arteries in relation to weight of the brain reaches a high value in hare. Anat Rec, 298:1774–1779, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Internal Ophthalmic Arteries Within the Brain‐Base Arterial System in Guinea Pig

In situ vascular specimens of the arterial circle were collected from 15 adult guinea pigs, both male and female. After specimen preparation, the vessels were filled with synthetic latex and subjected to analysis. Similar as in the case of other rodents, vertebral arteries were merged into basilar artery, further dividing into two short terminal branches. Distally, the terminal branches extend into caudal cerebral arteries. Rostral part of the arterial circle of brain is supplied with blood from maxillary arteries via external and internal ophthalmic arteries connected by a short anastomosis. This type of vascularity may probably be considered a functional analogy to the internal carotid arteries observed in other species. Rostral and caudal parts of the arterial circle of brain are connected by exceptionally long caudal communicating arteries. In author's opinion, the disputable contribution of internal carotid artery and the exceptional contribution of internal ophthalmic arteries in the cerebral blood supply in guinea pigs as compared to other rodents, warrants further research on the subject. Anat Rec, 301:887–891, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The arterial supply to the brain of the yak (Bos grunniens)

Fifteen head specimens of the yak were dissected to study the arterial supply to the brain. The supply comes from the internal carotid, maxillary, occipital and vertebral arteries. Except for the internal carotid artery, the branches of the above-mentioned arteries contributed in the formation of the rete mirable of which the vascular diameter was larger and the wall was thinner. The brain was mainly supplied by branches from the internal carotid and vertebral arteries in which the blood is oxygenated. These branches joined to form the circle of Willis (Circulus arterious cerebri) in the region of the pituitary gland. The arterial supply to the cerebrum was mainly provided by the middle and rostral cerebral arteries, which arose from the internal carotid. The basilar, cerebellar and caudal cerebral arteries came from the vertebral artery. However, the adult yaks do not have the rostral communicating artery. The outer diameter at the origin of the vessels ranged from 0.40 to 2.60 mm. The outer diameter of the left arterial vessel at its origin was larger than the same vessel of the right by about 0.20 mm in the all samples.     

Arterial arrangement of the cervical spinal cord in rabbit

The aim of this study was to describe the arterial arrangement of the cervical spinal cord in rabbit because it has been used widely to examine the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury. The study was carried out on 20 adult New Zealand White rabbits. We prepared corrosion casts of the arterial system of the cervical spinal cord. Batson's corrosion casting kit no. 17 was used as a casting medium. The origin of the ventral spinal artery from the right vertebral artery was found on average in 40 % of cases. The origin from the left vertebral artery was found on average in 35 % of cases. The ventral spinal artery raised from the anastomosis of two ventral spinal arteries on average in 25 % of cases. The presence of spinal arteries entering the ventral spinal artery in the cervical region was observed in 46.2 % of cases on the right side and in 53.8 % of cases on the left side. On the dorsal surface we found two irregular dorsal spinal arteries receiving dorsal branches of spinal arteries or they were absent. Until the cervical spinal cord arterial arrangement in species of laboratory animals is described in detail, it will be very difficult to determine the appropriate species for experiments in this field. Variations in arterial arrangement can produce biased or erroneous results in studies.     

Origin and distribution of cerebral vascular innervation from superior cervical, trigeminal and spinal ganglia investigated with retrograde and anterograde WGA-HRP tracing in the rat

Peripheral sources of cerebral vascular innervation have been investigated with retrograde and anterograde neuronal tracing of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in the rat. For retrograde identification of sources of innervation, WGA-HRP was applied to the exposed basilar artery through a fine slit in the overlying meninges, and sections of brain and peripheral ganglia were reacted with tetramethylbenzidine for detection of the tracer. A high density of tetramethylbenzidine reaction product was observed around the basilar artery and in the surrounding pial tissue, but the application sites were not completely selective since some tracer always had spread into the ventral brain stem. Retrogradely labelled cell bodies were identified in the superior cervical, stellate, first and second spinal, and trigeminal ganglia, i.e. these ganglia may represent origins of basilar artery innervation. In a second series of experiments, microinjections of WGA-HRP were placed into the indicated ganglia to obtain anterograde labelling of nerve fibres on whole-mounts of the cerebral vessels. Injections into trigeminal ganglia labelled nerve fibres on the ipsilateral half of the circle of Willis, as well as the contralateral anterior cerebral artery and the rostral part of the basilar artery. The first and second spinal ganglia projected to the vertebrobasilar arteries, while the ipsilateral part of the internal carotid (outside the circle of Willis) received fibres from the second spinal ganglion. Nerve fibres originating in trigeminal and spinal ganglia were organised in bundles, and between these a sparse plexus of thin single fibres appeared. Injection of WGA-HRP into superior cervical ganglion labelled a plexus of nerve fibres on the ipsilateral circle of Willis and the (rostral) basilar artery. These experiments demonstrated the origin and distribution of sympathetic and sensory innervation to major cerebral arteries in the rat.     

Hydranencephaly in an infant with vascular malformations.

Hydranencephaly is a condition in which cerebral hemispheres are absent and reduced to fluid-filled sacs in a normal skull. Numerous causes have been proposed. We report a male infant with hydranencephaly and congenital vascular malformations (port wine stains, generalized nevus flammeus, anomalous retinal vessels, and absent internal carotid flow). Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed absence of most of the cerebrum except for small portions of the occipital cortex and thalami. Magnetic resonance angiography showed flow within the vertebral and basilar arteries without internal carotid intracranial flow above the internal carotid petrous and cavernous portion. This is a report of cutaneous and retinal malformations associated with hydranencephaly. Vascular malformations of larger vessels (e.g., webbing of the carotid arteries and an absent internal carotid arterial system) have been observed in other infants with hydranencephaly, and are proposed to lead to brain destruction. The case reported herein supports the role of primary vascular malformations in the development of some cases of hydranencephaly.     

The circulus arteriosus cerebri in the guinea pig.

Arteries to the brains of guinea pigs were injected with latex and the circulus arteriosus cerebri was studied. Most of the arterial blood to the guinea pig brain came from the internal ophthalmic and vertebral arteries. The internal carotid arteries were extremely thin. In addition to an anastomosis that was found between the right vertebral and the basilar arteries in one specimen, the right vertebral artery anastomosed with the left vertebral artery in eight specimens and in one animal the basilar artery was double along a major part of its length.     

Thalamic arterial pattern: An endocast and scanning electron microscopic study in normotensive male rats

Rat cerebral vasculature serves as a model for study of the pathophysiology of stroke in humans. Human thalamic anteries show a high incidence of stroke. The objective is to describe the thalamic arterial vascular pattern in normotensive male rats as the initial step for quantitative histochemical studies of enzyme activities in the walls of these vessels. Intracardiac injections of methyl methacrylate monomer provide detailed vascular endocasts. The thalamic vascular bed defined by in situ dissection, serial reconstruction, and light and scanning electron microscopy of endocasts contained four groups of vessels: (1) ventral medial thalamic arteries, (2) thalamic branches from the posterior cerebral artery, and (3) ventral lateral and (4) ventral anterior thalamic arteries. Thalamic vessels are muscular arterioles that, after three to four bipinnate branches, feed into a continuous capillary bed (no loops). The parent vessels and their subsequent branches have been evaluated in terms of their mean internal diameters, mean interbranch intervals, and branch angles. The arterial patterns to rat and human thalami are very similar, with the exception of the anterior choroidal artery which is missing in the rat. The branches supplying the thalamus in both the rat and human are closely associated with the circle of Willis; however, the constituent parts of the circle in rat vary from the pattern in human brain. The rat thalamic arteries show morphological features similar to those seen in the stroke-prone ganglionic arteries in the human basal ganglia.     

国人延髓动脉的观察

本文观察了110例成人脑标本的延髓外部动脉;采用动脉X线造影法和透明法,在20例人脑标本上观察了延髓内部动脉的形态和供应。将延髓表面分为四区,供应各区的外部动脉可分为相应的4群。前正中群和前外侧群动脉主要来自脊髓前动脉,前正中群动脉供应舌下神经核、内侧丘系及部分锥体束等中缝两侧结构;前外侧群动脉供应大部分锥体束;外侧群动脉来自椎动脉、小脑下后动脉、基底动脉和小脑下前动脉,主要供应网状结构、脊髓丘脑束、三叉神经脊束及核、迷走神经背核等;后群动脉来自脊髓后动脉和小脑下后动脉,主要供应薄、楔束核等。本文还讨论了延髓外侧区的血液供应及“终动脉”等问题。     

颅外椎动脉侧支吻合的观察及其临床意义

目的：观察椎动脉颅外段的仙支吻合情况,并探讨其临床意义,方法：17具防腐尸体标本并结合5具头颈部血管铸型标本,观察椎动脉与颈 脉,锁骨下动脉分支之间的血管吻合,结果：椎动脉与颈动脉的分支颈升动脉,咽升动脉以及颈深动脉等有广泛的吻合,一般为细小的肌支吻合,椎动脉与枕动脉间的血管吻合比较恒定,有两种类型：直接吻合（10％）和肌支吻合（占90％）。结论：颅外椎动脉侧支吻合是椎动脉代偿机制的重要解剖学基础之一,在椎基底动脉供血不足发病中有重要的意义。     

Hydranencephaly in an infant with vascular malformations

Hydranencephaly is a condition in which cerebral hemispheres are absent and reduced to fluid‐filled sacs in a normal skull. Numerous causes have been proposed. We report a male infant with hydranencephaly and congenital vascular malformations (port wine stains, generalized nevus flammeus, anomalous retinal vessels, and absent internal carotid flow). Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed absence of most of the cerebrum except for small portions of the occipital cortex and thalami. Magnetic resonance angiography showed flow within the vertebral and basilar arteries without internal carotid intracranial flow above the internal carotid petrous and cavernous portion. This is a report of cutaneous and retinal malformations associated with hydranencephaly. Vascular malformations of larger vessels (e.g., webbing of the carotid arteries and an absent internal carotid arterial system) have been observed in other infants with hydranencephaly, and are proposed to lead to brain destruction. The case reported herein supports the role of primary vascular malformations in the development of some cases of hydranencephaly. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Systematization,description, and territory of arteries that promote vascularization of the midbrain and rhombencephalon in the ostrich (Struthio camelus)

Brain specimens from 30 ostriches were injected with red-dyed latex via the internal carotid arteries (Aa.). The ventral tectal mesencephalic artery (a.), invariably a medium-sized single vessel, was, on the right side, a collateral branch of the caudal branch of the carotid artery (53.4%), a direct branch of the carotid artery (43.3%) and a direct branch of the basilar artery (3.3%) and on the left side, a collateral branch of the caudal branch of the carotid artery (66.7%), a direct branch of the carotid artery (30%), and a direct branch of the basilar artery (3.3%). It vascularized only the ventral half of the optic lobe, with no involvement in cerebellar vascularization on the right (93.3%) and left (80%) sides, extending to the ventrorostral-most cerebellar lobules, which were vascularized on the right (6.7%) and left (20%) sides. The caudal ventral cerebellar arteries were a single vessel on the right (96.7%) and left (93.3%) sides. Its first branch was a common trunk: dorsal spinal—caudal cerebellar on the right (60%) and left (56.6%) sides. Its second branch was the caudal cerebellar artery on the right (76.7%) and left (86.7%) sides. Its third branch was the second component of the caudal cerebellar artery on the right (6.7%) and left (3.3%) sides. The midbrain was vascularized by dorsal and ventral tectal mesencephalic arteries. The cerebellum was vascularized by branches of the caudal ventral cerebellar artery and by the dorsal cerebellar artery.     

大鼠前脑动脉的形态学研究

目的观察大鼠前脑动脉的分布、形态和结构,为进一步研究脑血管疾病提供依据。方法通过颈总动脉注射红色乳胶和多种染色方法对大鼠前脑动脉的大体形态和微细结构进行观察。结果大鼠脑基底动脉环完整,颈内动脉和基底动脉在前脑的主要分支有大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉和大脑后动脉。其中,大脑前动脉位于大脑纵裂底部,几何形态学指标稳定,镜下脑动脉管壁形态结构典型。结论大鼠前脑动脉大体形态学和微细结构与人端脑动脉相似,大脑前动脉由于其位置恒定和结构典型在研究脑血管改变方面具有一定价值。     

Overall distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing nerves on the wall of cerebral arteries: an immunohistochemical study using whole-mounts

The overall distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity on the wall of the cerebral arteries, including its 3-dimensional profile, was investigated by means of the indirect immunofluorescence method using flat-mounts. VIP-immunoreactive fibers run spirally on the wall of the cerebral arteries. On the wall of the large arteries, such as the vertebral artery, basilar artery, internal carotid artery, within and/or without the circle of Willis, posterior and anterior communicating arteries, proximal parts of anterior, mid and posterior cerebral arteries, these fibers are richly distributed and show a dense grid-like appearance. The highest density was identified on the wall of the anterior cerebral artery, internal carotid artery and anterior communicating artery, while the lowest density was on the posterior communicating artery. On the other hand, on the walls of the branches of these arteries or along distal parts of the anterior, mid and posterior cerebral arteries, the number of VIP-immunoreactive fibers decreased markedly.     

The cerebral basal arterial network: morphometry of inflow and outflow components

The aim of this project was to study how the morphology of the incoming and outgoing arterial components of the cerebral basal arterial network influence the blood flow to the brain. The cerebral basal arterial network consists of the circulus arteriosus cerebri anteriorly and the basilar artery posteriorly. Diameters of inflow vessels (bilateral vertebral and internal carotid arteries), connecting vessels (anterior communicating, basilar and bilateral posterior communicating arteries) and outflow vessels (anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries) were measured and cross‐sectional areas calculated in 51 cadaveric brain specimens. The individual and the average cross‐sectional areas of inflow arteries (51.43 mm²) were significantly bigger than the major outflow arteries (37.76 mm²) but smaller than the combined cross‐sectional areas of outflow (37.76 mm²) and connecting (25.33 mm²) arteries. The difference in the size of arterial cross‐sectional area and the presence of the connecting arteries in the cerebral basal arterial network provides a mechanism for lowering peaks in pressure, and demonstrates a function of the cerebral basal arterial network.     

神经内镜经鼻经斜坡入路切除脑干腹侧肿瘤的解剖学研究

目的　探索内镜经鼻入路切除脑干腹侧肿瘤的解剖可行性。 方法　采用内镜扩大经鼻经斜坡入路,解剖5具成人尸头标本,观察暴露的骨窗范围及血管、神经。 结果　所有标本可暴露中脑、脑桥和延髓;暴露中脑受到蝶鞍限制,需要移位垂体才能显露中脑。骨窗外侧边界是颈内动脉和岩下窦;切除寰椎前弓和枢椎齿突可暴露延髓及延颈髓交界区。暴露的主要血管、神经包括：基底动脉及其分支、椎动脉及其分支、Ⅲ至Ⅶ脑神经以及颈神经。 结论　内镜经鼻经斜坡入路可暴露全部脑干腹侧区域及相应的血管、神经,采用该手术入路切除脑干肿瘤在解剖学上具有可行性。     

神经内镜经鼻经斜坡入路切除脑干腹侧肿瘤的解剖学研究

目的　探索内镜经鼻入路切除脑干腹侧肿瘤的解剖可行性。 方法　采用内镜扩大经鼻经斜坡入路,解剖5具成人尸头标本,观察暴露的骨窗范围及血管、神经。 结果　所有标本可暴露中脑、脑桥和延髓;暴露中脑受到蝶鞍限制,需要移位垂体才能显露中脑。骨窗外侧边界是颈内动脉和岩下窦;切除寰椎前弓和枢椎齿突可暴露延髓及延颈髓交界区。暴露的主要血管、神经包括：基底动脉及其分支、椎动脉及其分支、Ⅲ至Ⅶ脑神经以及颈神经。 结论　内镜经鼻经斜坡入路可暴露全部脑干腹侧区域及相应的血管、神经,采用该手术入路切除脑干肿瘤在解剖学上具有可行性。     

下颈椎血供的解剖研究及其临床意义

目的为颈椎前路减压手术中减少出血量,改善显露和减少手术并发症的发生提供解剖学基础。方法在15具成人尸体标本上,解剖观测C3～7椎体前后部血供的起源、走行、分支及吻合。结果椎体前部血供来自颈升动脉脊支、甲状腺下动脉和颈深动脉脊支,C4～7椎前动脉在椎体上的分支相互吻合,在颈长肌的内侧缘处常吻合成一纵行动脉链;椎体后部血供来自椎间动脉发出的椎后动脉,其分支在颈椎体后部吻合形成节段性弧形动脉吻合链。结论阻断术椎的椎前动脉及其与相邻椎前动脉的纵行动脉吻合,并在颈椎后部减压时注意对硬膜囊外侧缘及椎体中部处的椎后动脉及其分支的处理,可减少颈椎前路减压手术的术野出血,改善手术显露。