兰州市2013年农村环境卫生状况监测分析

目的掌握兰州市农村环境卫生现况。方法按照分层随机抽样的方法从兰州市3个区县中选取5个乡镇60个村600个农户。调查垃圾、污水、厕所及粪便无害化情况,进行病媒生物监测及土壤监测。统计方法采用一般描述性研究。结果调查60个村,31.67%的调查村生活垃圾为随意堆放,83.33%的调查村生活污水明沟排放,使用卫生户厕的占18.11%;调查600户居民,29.67%的农户粪便无害化处理,67.50%的农户房屋周围存在病媒生物滋生地;共检测60份土壤,检出蛔虫卵10份,其中活卵2份;土壤中铅、汞、铬和砷的含量均合格,镉的含量合格率为98.33%,其中有1份样本不合格。结论兰州市农村垃圾和污水处理较差,卫生厕所普及率较低,粪便无害化处理差,病媒生物孳生严重,应加快公共卫生干预措施。     

成都市农村环境卫生调查与分析

目的 了解成都市农村环境卫生状况,为改善农村环境提供依据.方法 于2011-07/08分层随机抽取成都市3个县,15个乡镇,60个行政村300户农户进行农村环境卫生学调查并采集土壤样品进行检测.结果 成都市农村无害化卫生厕所覆盖率56.2％;生活污水经处理后排放比例为28.3％,有41.7％的生活污水直接排入河流;86.0％的农户住房周围有病媒生物孳生地;农户厨房及周围病媒生物密度均远高于病媒生物控制标准;土壤中活蛔虫卵检出率43.3％;土壤中铅、镉分别有85.0％和63.3％的样点超过国家土壤环境质量标准1级水平,其中镉有28.3％的样点超过2级标准.结论 成都市农村生活污水和粪便无害化处理率较低,农户住房周围病媒生物孳生地比例较高,土壤中铅、镉含量较高.     

2011年安县农村环境卫生现状监测分析

目的掌握安县农村环境卫生现状。方法2011年按照分层随机的方法,在全县东、西、南、北、中5个方位抽取5个镇,在各镇中分别抽取4个村进行环境卫生监测。结果2011年安县农村村级道路硬化占90％,集中供水覆盖率为41％,无垃圾统一处理点的占85％,生活污水未处理排放占78．3％,养殖污水未无害化处理排放占71．4％,卫生厕所普及率57．5％;调查的20个村,其中2个村有专职的环境卫生管理人员6人,14个村有兼职管理人员43人,4个村无管理人员;环境卫生管理经费投入人均2．04元,土壤寄生虫虫卵成活率为83．3％,病媒生物控制工作总频次和村布点均数低：灭鼠26次／年、灭蝇12次／年、灭蚊和灭蟑螂各10况／年。结论安县农村居民的环境卫生状况较差,尤其在垃圾、污水处理等问题较突出。     

2015年广州市农村地区环境卫生调查

为了解广州市农村地区环境卫生现状,于2015年7-8月,在广州市农村地区分层随机抽取89个自然村,自广州市爱卫办获取卫生户厕普及率等数据;选取282户农户开展现场环境卫生调查,了解农户家庭的基本情况、厕所与粪便无害化状况、生活垃圾和污水处理情况、饮水卫生情况和病媒生物情况.结果显示,卫生户厕共44 938个,占总户数的89.9％;31.5％的垃圾堆放点无臭味,34.8％的垃圾堆放点附近发现苍蝇;生活污水产生量为5.1万t/d,排放方式主要为管道,占49.4％(44/89);92.1％自然村饮水采用集中式供水.调查的282户农户中,80.5％农户采用三格式卫生厕所;垃圾丢弃地点主要为垃圾箱和住宅周围的固定点;生活污水的排放方式主要为暗沟、管道和明渠,2.5％的农户生活污水随意排放;65.2％的农户房屋附近存在病媒孳生地,以鸡、鸭、鹅圈为主.提示广州市农村地区环境卫生有待进一步改善,应加大卫生户厕普及率,加强农村垃圾和污水处理管理,及时开展病媒生物杀灭工作.     

2012年泉州市农村环境卫生监测结果分析

目的了解泉州市农村环境卫生健康危害因素,客观评价农村环境卫生状况。方法依据《2012年福建省农村环境卫生监测项目技术方案》开展监测。结果 (1)监测村65%(26/40)道路硬化,93.0%(35 499/38 191)农户使用卫生户厕,75%(30/40)有开展病媒生物控制工作,100%(40/40)有环境卫生经费投入及卫生保洁员,垃圾收集处理总体良好,但污水收集处理率低;(2)监测户99.5%(199/200)使用卫生厕所,86.5%(173/200)监测户家庭成员有饭前便后洗手习惯,61%(122/200)的家庭室内卫生干净,但所有房屋周围存在病媒生物孳生地;(3)农田土壤铅、镉含量均符合国家标准,1份土壤样品检测到活蛔虫卵;(4)监测学校100%(20/20)监测学校厕所为卫生厕所且有人管理,80%(16/20)有自备供水,75%(15/20)自备供水未经任何处理,100%垃圾定点堆放处理。结论监测村的环境卫生状况总体良好,但在农村饮用水供给、水质,污水收集处理上还较薄弱,加强农村集中式供水工程及污水管网建设,提高农村饮用水水质及污水收集和处理率将成为相关部门今后工作的重点。     

2011-2016年广东省农村环境卫生状况调查

目的 了解广东省2011-2016年农村环境卫生状况及其变化趋势,为农村环境卫生整治提供科学依据。方法 于2011-2016年每年的7-8月,按比例分层随机抽样方法,选取19个县(市、区),每个县20个村,每村选择不少于5户为调查对象,采用统一调查表进行调查,内容包括基本情况、垃圾与污水情况、病媒生物防制等。结果 2011-2016年广东省农村垃圾和污水处理厂的覆盖人口比例逐渐增加,分别从40.72%提高到61.29%、39.15%提高到55.07%;生活垃圾的收集方式均以定点堆放为主(52.33%),以填埋为主要处理方式(57.93%);生活污水排放方式主要以明沟为主占34.01%,排放地点以河流为主,占40.37%;环境卫生经费投入逐年增长,大部分的调查点都制定了环境卫生管理制度、有环境卫生规划、开展了环境卫生宣传教育及灭鼠、灭蝇等相关病媒生物控制工作。结论 2011-2016年广东省各地农村的卫生基础设施、垃圾污水处理、卫生管理、病媒生物控制等方面情况有所改善,但也存在一些不足,建议采取多种措施进一步改善农村环境卫生状况。     

2011年北京市怀柔区农村环境卫生现状调查

目的掌握怀柔区农村环境卫生健康危害因素水平,客观评价农村环境卫生状况,为制定政策措施提供依据和支持。方法由经过严格专业培训的调查人员对调查点及调查户进行填表式问卷调查,同时采集每个调查点村中农田土壤1份,进行土壤卫生检测。结果 56%的农村居民户将垃圾丢在箱(池)中;79%农村户的家庭污水是通过管道排放的。22%的家庭厨房内发现苍蝇。房屋周围的病媒生物孳生地最多的是柴草垛和垃圾投放点。结论应建立农村环境卫生管理长效机制,加强对农村居民健康教育的宣传,把农村环境卫生监测当作长期的、经常的、持久的系统工程来作。     

云南省建水县农村环境卫生现状调查结果

目的了解云南省建水县农村户厕和粪便处理,垃圾、污水治理情况,为制定农村爱国卫生相关规划和策略措施提供科学依据。方法根据随机的原则,选取5个乡镇20个村,每村5户为调查点,采用统一调查表入户调查。结果建水县农民以初中文化为主,主要经济来源为种植业,村内道路以部分硬化为主,集中式供水覆盖率为66．1％;卫生厕所普及率为69．5％,厕室大多有臭味和蝇蛆,粪便以直接施肥为主。垃圾主要是生活垃圾,随意堆放占60．0％,所有堆放点都有臭味和苍蝇,主要采用焚烧和填埋方式处理。生活污水明沟排放为主。79．0％的人家房屋周围有病媒生物孳生地,大多数家庭有鼠迹、蟑螂和苍蝇。土壤监测蛔虫卵阳性率15．0％。结论建水县农村垃圾、污水、粪便无害化处理率低,环境卫生状况亟需进一步改善。     

兰溪市农村环境卫生现况调查

目的调查评估兰溪市农村环境卫生现状,为制定干预措施提供依据。方法于2016年采用分层随机抽样方法,抽取兰溪市20个行政村和100户家庭进行访谈和现场观察,对垃圾及污水处理、厕所与粪便无害化、病媒生物防制和土壤卫生等状况进行分析。结果 95.11%的农村居民采用集中式供水,55.00%的村对生活垃圾进行统一处理,5.00%的村生活污水随意排放,75.00%的村生活污水排放到污水处理厂,村卫生厕所普及率为77.78%。19个村未展开过灭蝇、灭蚊、灭蟑和灭鼠工作;49.00%的家庭厨房内发现苍蝇,22.00%的家庭厨房内发现鼠迹,21.00%的家庭厨房内发现蟑螂成若虫;37.00%的家庭周围有积水容器,其中23.00%的积水容器中发现蚊虫幼虫。20份土壤样本平均蛔虫卵数为0.26个/g,活卵个数为0个/g;土壤铅、铬含量合格率均为100.00%,镉含量合格率为30.00%。结论兰溪市农村环境卫生状况总体不容乐观,存在垃圾和污水处理不规范、卫生厕所普及率不高、病媒生物未控制及土壤镉污染等问题。     

2017年陕西省农村环境卫生监测结果分析

目的 调查陕西省农村环境卫生健康危害因素水平,为制订政策措施提供依据与支持。 方法 2017年采用分层随机抽样的方法抽取陕西省全部设区市(共10个)的30个县(区、市)中的600个行政村作为监测点,通过査阅资料、访谈、现场观察、实验室检测等方法获得农村基本情况、垃圾和污水处理、饮用水、户厕与粪便处理、病媒生物工作、环境卫生管理、土壤卫生等监测数据。采用Excel 2016进行数据分析。 结果 共调查600个监测点,3 000个监测户。集中式供水覆盖人口比例为77.87%,农户卫生厕所普及率为30.31%,粪便处理以直接施肥(26.98%)为主,13.17%的监测点生活垃圾随意堆放,垃圾处理以填埋为主,49.83%的监测点生活污水随意排放,“灭四害”工作全部未开展的监测点占比71.83%,87.70%的居民住宅周围有病媒生物滋生地,开展环境卫生管理工作的监测点占比较大,土壤样品镉超标率达25.17%。 结论 2017年陕西省农村生活垃圾和污水的处理率、处理厂的覆盖范围、卫生厕所的普及率、病媒生物控制工作、土壤重金属含量等还不能满足改善农村环境的需求,仍有很大的提升空间     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.