The interrelationship between bleeding, perforation, and stenosis in duodenal ulceration.

The interrelationship of gastrointestinal bleeding, acute perforation, and pyloroduodenal stenosis was examined in a hospital series of 1,457 patients with duodenal ulcers. The proportion of each complication among the total number of ulcer patients after various periods of ulcer symptoms was determined. There was little variation in the proportion with bleeding as the duration of symptoms increased, whereas the proportion with perforation decreased and the proportion with stenosis increased with increasing duration of ulcer dyspepsia. The association of bleeding with perforation (26 patients) was more common than the association of bleeding with stenosis (12 patients), and more so than the association of perforation with stenosis (4 patients). To explain the paradoxical relationship of perforation and stenosis it was proposed that perforation occurred when the pathological process in ulceration was such that there was more tissue destruction. than tissue repair, and that stenosis would result if there was more tissue repair than tissue destruction     

Unsuspected perforation in bleeding duodenal ulcers

A combination of bleeding and perforation rarely occurs simultaneously in peptic ulcer disease. The charts of 127 patients undergoing surgery for either complication were reviewed (bleeding, 91; perforation, 36). Nine of 91 (9.9%) patients in the bleeding group were found at operation to have a unsuspected perforated duodenal ulcer. The operative mortality in the patients with the combined complications (44%, 4/9) was significantly higher than that in patients with bleeding alone (8/82, 9.8, P less than 0.001) or those with perforation alone (4/36, 11.00, P less than 0.025). The mean age of nonsurvivors was significantly higher than that of the survivors (74 +/- 8.01 vs 50.4 +/- 5.65 years, P less than 0.005). The duration of symptoms until operation was longer in patients who died (63 +/- 12.7 hours) than in survivors (40.2 +/- 6.02 hours, P = NS). All patients who died, and three of five survivors, had preoperative fever (greater than 99.0 F), leukocytosis (greater than 12,000/mm3), and persistent tachycardia despite adequate hydration and blood replacement. Perforation in bleeding peptic ulcers is not an uncommon finding, and was present in 9.9 per cent of patients. The presenting symptom of bleeding may obscure signs of perforation, delay surgery, and contribute to the higher mortality rate. The presence of fever, leukocytosis, and tachycardia despite adequate fluid and blood replacement warrants a suspicion of perforation in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer.     

单向倒刺缝线在腹腔镜胃十二指肠巨大溃疡穿孔修补术的使用经验

目的探讨单向倒刺缝线在穿孔直径≧1.0 cm的胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔病例腹腔镜下修补的安全性与疗效。方法回顾性分析我院胃肠外科2014年2月~2017年6月采用单向倒刺缝线行腹腔镜胃十二指肠巨大溃疡穿孔修补术的32例病例,采用单向倒刺缝线对穿孔部位进行连续全层缝合,统计分析所有病例的手术时间、术中出血量、术后肛门排气时间、住院时间及并发症发生情况。结果 32例病例均成功完成手术,无中转开腹病例,围手术期无并发症发生。其中十二指肠球部前壁溃疡穿孔的有24例,胃窦前壁溃疡穿孔的有8例,穿孔部位直径≧1.0 cm且1.5 cm的病例有18例,≧1.5 cm且2.0 cm的有10例,≧2.0 cm的有4例。全组手术时间43.06±5.29 min,术中出血量9.25±3.47 m L,术后肛门排气时间34.31±7.85 h,住院时间7.53±1.02 d。结论在腹腔镜下将倒刺缝线应用于修补穿孔直径≧1.0 cm胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔病例是安全有效的,既有利于患者的恢复,同时也降低了腹腔镜下缝合难度。     

Density of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Patients with Peptic Ulcer Perforation

Background: A lack of change in prevalence of severe ulcer complications requiring emergency operation has been reported, despite the common use of histamine-2 (H₂)-receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors. This may be attributable to use of ulcerogenic drugs or Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection, or both. In this study, HP infection was evaluated semiquantitatively in patients with peptic ulcer who required surgery, and the severity of histologic change was investigated.

Methods: We reviewed a total of 113 consecutive patients (98 men and 15 women) operated on for perforation, hemorrhage, or stenosis of gastroduodenal ulcer between January 1986 and December 1995. Detection of HP was carried out by immunohistochemical staining. We graded the density of HP infection according to the number of individual HP bacteria counted in a highly magnified visual field (×1,000 of light microscopy). The grade of HP infection was defined as follows: (0) = 0; (1+) = 1–9; (2+) = 10–29; (3+) = 30–99; (4+) ≥100. The severity of gastritis was evaluated by histologic examination using the criteria of Rauws.

Results: Although the number of operations for gastroduodenal ulcer declined significantly, the rate of emergency operation for gastroduodenal ulcer increased from 60% to 90%, with the result that the frequency of operations for perforation or bleeding remained virtually constant and that for stenosis significantly decreased. HP infection was more prevalent in perforated ulcer (92%) than hemorrhagic ulcer (55%) or stenotic ulcer (45%). The grades of HP infection were 3.0 ± 0.14 (mean ± SEM) in perforated ulcer, 2.3 ± 0.34 in hemorrhagic ulcer, and 2.5 ± 0.22 in stenotic ulcer. Perforated ulcer was associated with significantly more severe HP infection and gastritis changes than hemorrhagic ulcer or stenotic ulcer.

Conclusions: This study indicates that patients with perforated ulcer were infected with HP more severely than those with hemorrhagic ulcer or stenotic ulcer at the time of surgery. A close relationship was observed between the perforated ulcer and the density of HP infection determined semiquantitatively using immunohistochemical stain.     

Tonicity of autonomic nervous system in patients with complicated gastroduodenal ulcer

Investigation of autonomic nervous system tonicity has been undertaken in 34 healthy persons (control group I), in 30 patients with non-complicated duodenal ulcer (control group 2), 38 patients with complicated gastroduodenal ulcer (10--with perforation, 13--with bleeding, 15--with stenosis) and 32 patients in the long-term period. The patients age was from 17 to 75 years. 72 patients were males and 28--females. Results of the study showed, that among the patients with complicated gastroduodenal ulcer there were eutonics and sympathicotonics, among those with non-complicated ulcer disease sympathotonics prevailed. To predict occurrence of complicated ulcer, determination of the tone of vegetative nervous system in patients with non-complicated ulcer in period between attacks is recommended. Identification of phenotype characteristics of vegetative nervous system tone allows to predict development of possible postoperative complications in patients with gastroduodenal ulcer.     

Extended parietal cell vagotomy in the treatment of perforation, hemorrhage, and stenosis due to duodenal ulcer

Ninety-five patients with perforation, haemorrhage, and stenosis due to duodenal ulcer were treated by extended parietal cell vagotomy (EP-CV). Eighty-eight (92%) (acute perforation 60 patients, haemorrhage 8 and stenosis 20) of them were followed up for 3.5 to 10 years (average 6 years). There was no operative death except for 2 documented recurrent ulcers (2.3%) and 1 recurrent stenosis. Of the 88 patients, 67 (76.3%) belonged to class I, 13 (14.7%) class II, 4 (4.5%) class III, and 4 (4.5%) class IV according to visick system. We believe that EPCV is effective in the treatment of perforation, haemorrhage, and stenosis of duodenal ulcer.     

经脐单一部位腹腔镜手术治疗消化性溃疡穿孔

目的探讨经脐单一部位腹腔镜手术治疗消化性溃疡穿孔的可行性。方法2010年10月～2012年2月对18例消化性溃疡穿孔行经脐单一部位腹腔镜手术。脐上缘做一长约2．5cm弧形切口,分别置人5、5、10mmtroear,腹腔镜下完成溃疡穿孔修补术。结果17例顺利完成穿孔修补;1例术中探查发现穿孔位于胃窦部,直径达1．2em,周缘胃壁组织菲薄,修补困难,改三孔法手术穿孔处胃窦前壁部分切除及修补。17例单纯行穿孔修补手术时间95～110min,平均103min;1例行胃窦前壁部分切除及修补手术时间145rain。1例发生右膈下脓肿,经彩超引导下穿刺引流及抗感染治疗后治愈;其余患者术后发热时间28—36h,体温最高达38．1℃。术后未使用镇痛药物。无穿孔再发,无切口并发症发生。住院时间6～14d,平均7．2d。13例随访2～4个月,复查胃镜提示溃疡愈合。结论经脐单一部位腹腔镜手术治疗消化性溃疡穿孔安全可行。     

Morbidity and mortality of perforated peptic gastroduodenal ulcer following emergency surgery

BACKGROUND: This study assessed the surgical concept and prognosis of perforated gastroduodenal ulcers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from 102 patients who underwent emergency surgery for peptic ulcer perforation were recorded prospectively. To evaluate morbidity and mortality ulcer perforation was classified into three types: type A, solitary peripyloric ulcer located anteriorly in which laparoscopic closure by suture with omentoplasty was treatment of choice and postoperative endoscopic biopsy was mandatory; type B, perforated ulcer with large defect in which excision and suture was necessary; type C, complicated perforated ulcer with destruction of proximal duodenum and penetration into adjacent organs in which resectional surgery was indicated. RESULTS: Morbidity and mortality were significantly lower in type A (9%, 4%, respectively) than types B (22%, 20%) and C (34%, 17%). Closure of type A perforation was managed laparoscopically in all cases. Billroth II resection was performed in 75% of type C cases. Age, ASA status, and time of surgery were independent prognostic factors by multivariate analysis, with increased mortality in patients older than 65 years, ASA III and IV, and surgery after 24 h following onset of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Prognosis of perforated ulcer disease is highly correlated with age, comorbid conditions (ASA status), and time of surgery. The proposed classification system helps to determine patients at risk of mortality.     

腹腔镜修补术治疗胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔的临床应用价值

目的:探讨腹腔镜穿孔修补术治疗胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔的临床效果。方法:回顾分析2014年12月至2016年3月收治的58例胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔患者的临床资料,分为腹腔镜组(n=27,行腹腔镜穿孔修补术)与开腹组(n=31,行传统开腹穿孔修补术)。分析比较两组手术时间、出血量、腹腔残余感染、切口感染、引流管拔除时间、下床活动时间、肠功能恢复时间、住院时间等情况。结果:腹腔镜组手术时间、出血量、引流管拔除时间、下床活动时间、肠功能恢复时间、住院时间均优于开腹组(P0.01),两组切口感染率、腹腔残余感染率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:腹腔镜穿孔修补术是治疗胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔的适宜术式,值得临床推广应用。     

Risk factors influencing the early outcome results after laparoscopic repair of perforated duodenal ulcer and their predictive value

Background and aims Clear patient selection criteria and indications for laparoscopic repair of perforated duodenal ulcers are necessary. The aims of our study are to report the early outcome results after operation and to define the predictive values of risk factors influencing conversion rate and genesis of suture leakage.Patients/methods Sixty nonrandomly selected patients operated on laparoscopically in a tertiary care academic center between October 1996 and May 2004 for perforated duodenal ulcers were retrospectively analyzed. The primary outcome measures included the duration of symptoms, shock, underlying medical illness, ulcer size, age, Boey score, and the collective predictive value of these variables for conversion and suture leakage rates.Results Laparoscopic repair was completed in 46 patients (76.7%). Fourteen patients (23.3%) underwent conversion to open repair. Eight patients (13.3%) had postoperative complications. Suture leakage was confirmed in four patients (6.7%). Hospital stay was 7.8±5.3 days. There was no mortality. Patients with an ulcer perforation size of >8 mm had a significantly increased risk for conversion to open repair (p<0.05): positive predictive value (PPV) 75%, sensitivity 27%, specificity 98%, and negative predictive value (NPV) 85%. The significance of ulcer perforation size was confirmed by a stepwise logistic regression test (p=0.0201). All patients who developed suture leakage had acute symptoms for >9 h preoperatively (p<0.001): PPV 31%, specificity 84%, sensitivity 100%, and NPV 100%. Conversions happened with surgeons whose previous experience involved 1.8±2.3 cases compared to 3.9±2.9 cases in successful laparoscopic repair (p=0.039, t test).Conclusions Ulcer perforation size of >8 mm is a significant risk factor influencing the conversion rate. An increase in the suture leakage rate is predicted by delayed presentation of >9 h.     

Is duodenal ulcer perforation best treated with vagotomy and pyloroplasty?

From 1967 to 1980, 65 patients underwent vagotomy and pyloroplasty for treatment of an acute perforated duodenal ulcer at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Their age ranged from 15 to 82 years, with a mean age of 49.6 years. All vagotomies were truncal and pyloroplasties were of the Heineke-Mikulicz variety. The condition of each patient was classified as acute or chronic depending on the duration of symptoms before perforation. The postoperative complication rate and perioperative mortality were higher in the group of patients whose symptoms had been present less than 3 months before perforation. Patients who underwent vagotomy and pyloroplasty more than 24 hours after the onset of symptoms had a higher mortality compared with those who were operated on less than 24 hours from the onset of symptoms. We mainly attributed the perioperative death rate of 11 percent to advanced patient age and associated cardiopulmonary disease. There was no significant difference in the rate of postoperative complications in patients over 60 years of age compared with those under 40 years; hence, age alone does not preclude definitive treatment, such as vagotomy and pyloroplasty. The degree of contamination found at operation did not correlate with a poor postoperative course. There was no significant increase in the mortality in the group with gross contamination. Of the patients available for long-term follow-up, 85 percent remained free of symptoms. These results compare favorably with reports for the elective treatment of duodenal ulcer with vagotomy and pyloroplasty. We conclude that vagotomy and pyloroplasty is acceptable, safe, and ideal for patients with acute perforated duodenal ulcers, except when significant cardiopulmonary disease exists or when the duration of perforation is more than 24 hours.     

倒刺缝线在腹腔镜胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔修补术中的应用

目的探讨单向倒刺缝线在腹腔镜胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔修补术中应用的安全性及有效性。方法将2014年6月至2016年6月期间60例行腹腔镜胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔修补术的患者分为两组,其中32例采用传统可吸收线缝合为传统缝线组,28例采用倒刺线缝合为倒刺线组,采用SPSS 17.0统计软件分析两组资料,缝合时间、手术时间、术中出血、术后住院时间采用均数±标准差表示,采用t检验;术后并发症计数资料采用χ~2检验;P0.05为差异具有统计学意义。结果所有患者均成功完成手术,无中转开腹,围手术期无并发症发生。两组患者术前一般资料、术中出血、术后住院时间差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05),但倒刺线组缝合时间[(6.4±2.8)min比(41.8±6.5)min]、手术时间[(18.6±4.5)min比(65.8±8.3)min]均明显少于传统缝线组(均P0.05)。60例均获得随访。随访时间3~22个月,平均随访11.5个月。所有患者出院1~3个月返院行胃镜检查,无幽门狭窄、溃疡出血等。结论倒刺缝线在腹腔镜胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔修补术的应用是安全有效,能够缩短缝合时间及手术时间,降低腹腔镜下缝合难度,缩短学习曲线,值得在临床上广泛应用。     

Complications of peptic ulcer disease in children and adolescents: minimally invasive treatments offer feasible surgical options

Purpose

Surgery for complications of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) carries a significant morbidity and even mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy, safety, and outcome of children and adolescents undergoing minimally invasive treatment of bleeding and perforation complicating PUD.

Methods

One hundred thirty-two consecutive patients aged 6 to 17 years managed endoscopically for bleeding and laparoscopically for perforation from January 1999 to February 2006 were reviewed.

Results

Thirty children had significant endoscopic stigma of recent hemorrhage. Primary endoscopic hemostasis was achieved in most cases except one requiring further endoscopic hemostasis. Seventeen patients with perforation underwent laparoscopic patch repair. Four patients were converted to open repair because of technical difficulty and the large size of the ulcer. All patients had a course of proton pump inhibitors postoperatively. Ninety percent of patients had Helicobacter pylori infestation. Triple therapy was given. Two patients defaulted triple therapy and presented later with recurrent ulcer bleeding. All others remained asymptomatic on follow-up (average, 32.6 months).

Conclusions

Endoscopic hemostasis of bleeding peptic ulcer is effective and safe in children. With stringent criteria, laparoscopic patch repair of perforation can be applied safely to most pediatric patients. Eradication of H pylori and subsequent antiulcer medication are integral in the management of complicated PUD.     

Surgery for duodenal ulcer. A study relating indications to the results of surgery.

The present study correlates the indications for operation in 215 patients with duodenal ulcer disease with the results of operative management. The majority of patients had conservative surgery utilizing truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty or gastrojejunostomy. None of the 194 patients operated on electively died and four patients died after emergency operations, for an overall operative mortality in the entire series of 1.8 per cent. The incidence of recurrent ulcer symptoms in all patients was 10 per cent. We could demonstrate only a modest correlation between indications for operation and long-term results of conservative surgical management; the indication for surgery, whether that of chronic (intractability, stenosis) or more acute (hemorrhage, perforation) ulcer disease is only moderately reliable as a predictor of long-term results. In this series of patients, those with obstructing duodenal ulcers (pyloric stenosis) had the best long-term results after conservative surgical management.     

腹腔镜胃十二肠溃疡穿孔修补辅助H2受体拮抗剂治疗急性胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔

目的:总结腹腔镜下胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔修补术的临床经验。方法:回顾分析采用腹腔镜行胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔修补术的33例临床资料。结果:除1例十二指肠溃疡穿孔时间较长中转手术外,29例十二指肠球部穿孔和3例胃穿孔患者腹腔镜手术均获得成功,无并发症发生;术后辅助H2受体拮抗剂治疗,胃镜复查无复发。结论:腹腔镜修补并H2受体阻断剂口服治疗胃十二指肠溃疡急性穿孔的效果是肯定的,值得临床应用推广。     

All perforated ulcers are not alike.

To determine if ulcer location and other clinical factors affect the hospital course and early outcome of patients with perforated peptic ulcers in the decade since the introduction of H2 receptor antagonists, the records of 80 patients with perforated peptic ulcers were analyzed. Demographic factors, clinical features, and the outcome of patients with duodenal ulcer perforation were similar to patients with prepyloric ulcer perforation. In contrast, patients with gastric ulcer perforation had differing characteristics from the group with perforated pyloroduodenal ulcers. Overall, NSAID use preceded perforation in one half of the patients; severe coexisting medical illness and a short interval of symptoms before perforation were seen in more than one half of patients. Gastric ulcer location, hemodynamic instability, greater degree of peritoneal contamination, and larger ulcer size were factors associated with increased rates of mortality. Overall mortality rate was 12.5% and rate of morbidity was 33%. Oversewing with or without omental patch was the operation most commonly employed by a diverse group of surgeons.     

Outcome of omentopexy as primary repair in perforated duodenal ulcer

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the short-term complications and duration of hospital stay in patients treated with omentopexy as primary repair in perforated duodenal ulcer that were more than 12 hours old and more than 0.5 cm in size. Study Design: Case-series study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of General Surgery, Bolan Medical College, Quetta from January 2006 to January 2007. Patients and Methods: Thirty consecutive patients of perforated duodenal ulcer in whom the duration of perforation was greater than 12 hours and size of perforation was greater than 0.5 cm were included in this study. After adequate resuscitation, emergency laparotomy was performed and primary repair with pedicled omental patch performed without primary suturing of the perforation. A thorough peritoneal lavage was done with normal saline. Postoperatively, all the patients were given intravenous fluids, antibiotics and H2-receptor blockers. All the patients were closely monitored for the development of any postoperative complication. All the findings were recorded on a pre-designed proforma. Duration of hospital stay was noted at the time of discharge. All the patients were discharged on proton pump inhibitors, prescribed for 6 weeks. Results: Perforation was present on the anterior surface of the first part of duodenum in all cases. Size of perforation varied from 0.6 cm to 1.5 cm. Median size was 0.8 cm. Wound infection was seen in 10 (33.3%) patients and pneumonia in 7 (23.3%) patients. Two (6.7%) patients developed burst abdomen and residual pelvic collection that required re-operation. Overall, 15 (50%) patients did not develop any complication. Mortality was 1 (3.3%). Median hospital stay was 9 days. Conclusion: Omentopexy with thorough peritoneal lavage is simple and safe procedure with low mortality and fewer post-operative complications. It does not require great expertise and can be performed in a very short time in seriously ill patient. It should be chosen instead of an acid reducing operation in an emergency setting.     

Function of the sympathetic-adrenal system in patients with complicated peptic ulcer

Under study was the functional state of the sympathoadrenal system and correlation between its activity and the white blood parameters in 30 patients with ulcer disease of the stomach and duodenum complicated by ulcer perforation, bleeding, peritonitis in the postoperative period. It was found that the complicated ulcer disease was accompanied by an increased functional activity of the sympathoadrenal system which was most pronounced in perforation.     

Parietal cell vagotomy for duodenal and pyloric ulcers: I. Clinical factors leading to failure of the operation

In a prospective study, 170 consecutive unselected patients with duodenal (n = 115) or pyloric (n = 55) ulcers underwent elective parietal cell vagotomy, with an additional drainage procedure in patients with stenosis. The patients were classified in two consecutive groups and were followed up for 3 to 7 years after operation, in 132 cases for more than 5 years. The follow-up was complete. Patients with symptoms suggestive of ulcer for more than 3 days, independent of roentgenographic or endoscopic findings, were classified as having symptoms of recurrent ulcer and were specially analyzed.There was no mortality; splenic injuries occurred in 5 cases (3 percent), dumping symptoms in 4 percent after parietal cell vagotomy but in 34 percent after vagotomy plus drainage. Diarrhea occurred in 3 percent of the patients after parietal cell vagotomy and in 20 percent after vagotomy plus drainage.Fifty-five patients had clinical recurrences, significantly more patients with pyloric ulcer (46 percent) than with duodenal ulcer (28 percent). In 27 patients, the symptoms responded well to conservative therapy. In the other 28 patients the symptoms were severe, and 14 underwent reoperation for proven recurrent ulcers. The difference in the recurrence rates for duodenal and pyloric ulcer was found only in patients who did not undergo a drainage procedure, while pyloric ulcer patients with stenosis and a drainage operation were comparable in this respect to duodenal ulcer patients with and without drainage.A decrease in the rate of recurrence was achieved between the earlier and later parts of the series, even considering the difference in length of follow-up. The decrease is considered to reflect mainly our increased experience with the method. The results in patients in the later part of the series, followed up for more than 5 years, were a 22 percent incidence of recurrent ulcer symptoms and an 8 percent incidence of proven recurrent ulcers in those with duodenal ulcer, and a 28 percent incidence of recurrent ulcer symptoms and a 22 percent incidence of proven recurrent ulcers in those with pyloric ulcer.The overall results in patients followed up to more than 5 years, according to a modified Visick scale which incorporates differences in the severity of recurrent ulcer symptoms and the results after reoperation, were satisfactory in 89 percent of the patients with duodenal ulcer and in 73 percent of those with pyloric ulcer.     

Two kinds of diverticular disease.

Two kinds of acquired diverticular disease were identified. The more common variety presented with pain, bowel symptoms or fistulae, and the less common with bleeding. The former patients rarely had a history of bleeding and among the latter pain and bowel symptoms were uncommon. In contrast to the few, chiefly sigmoid, diverticular often found in the former group, barium enemas of those presenting with bleeding usually showed densely packed and extensive diverticula. Even where there was no history suggesting perforation or evidence of it at operation, specimens resected for the more common form of diverticular disease invariably showed histological evidence of previous perforation. There was no histological evidence of previous perforation in those specimens resected for bleeding. This retrospective clinical, radiological and histological study supported the idea that there are two kinds of diverticular disease, one associated with perforation and its sequelae, the other associated with bleeding.