微RNA在2型糖尿病发病中的作用

2型糖尿病发病与遗传及环境因素密切相关.该病的家族聚集性及在某些种族的高发病率提示遗传因素在发病中重要的作用.2型糖尿病具有遗传异质性,其表型受到多基因遗传背景和复杂环境因素的共同控制.全基因组的研究也证实2型糖尿病和多种基因相关,但具体机制不清.已知调控基因表达方式主要有4种：组蛋白修饰、DNA甲基化、染色质重塑、非编码RNA调控[1].微RNA（miRNA）是目前非编码RNA中研究最多的一种.1993年Lee等首先报道在线虫中发现miRNA,并证实miRNA能够调节机体的发育时间.随后对人类的研究发现miRNA占人类全基因组的3％,其中30％编码蛋白质的基因受其调控,是重要的基因调控元件.     

从遗传学谈优生优育

地球上的所有生物,从最简单的微生物一直到人类,都是由核酸(DNA或RNA)、蛋白质和它们的代谢产物所构成;一个生物体的包括全套基因在内的所有核甘酸序列--基因组,则是决定该生物体的全部生物学性状的基础.     

与癌症发病相关因素的预防

癌症，比较学术性的说法是遗传因素与环境因素相结合产生的疾病。这里所指的环境因素实指与遗传等内因相对的外界因素，包括饮食、烟酒等类。不过狭义的环境因素应指人类所生存的环境，如大气、水、地质等等。[第一段]     

疾病发生中遗传与环境因素的交互作用

疾病发生中遗传与环境因素的交互作用上海医科大学（２０００３２）安平，沈福民一般认为遗传因素与环境因素是两个完全不同的概念，但是随着人类认识的深入，二者的分界线却越来越趋向于模糊。比如说，一些病毒的基因组可以整合到宿主的遗传结构中从而导致或促进肿瘤的发...     

环境因素是慢性病发生最主要的可预防性病因

目的 探讨环境因素在疾病发生发展中的作用.方法 综述了国内近年环境-遗传相互作用与疾病的文献资料.结果 疾病发生与环境因素密切相关,环境因素影响基因和疾病易感性.结论 环境因素是大多数疾病发生的重要成因.多数疾病是环境因素中危险因素与基因网络相互作用的结果.     

非综合征性唇腭裂部分基因SNPs研究进展

非综合征性唇裂伴或不伴腭裂是人类最常见的先天性畸形之一,是一种遗传、环境因素及两者相互作用所致的多基因多因素遗传疾病.单核苷酸多态性是新一代遗传标记,可被用来寻找各种致病基因,目前认为单核苷酸多态性及其特定组合可能是造成以多基因多因素遗传病为代表的复杂性状疾病易感性的重要原因.     

糖尿病的孕期保健与监测

<正>糖尿病（DM）是常见的内分泌疾患，病因是由遗传因素及环境因素共同参与或相互作用引起的复杂疾病[1]。其基本病理生理为绝对或相对胰岛素（INS）分泌不足，胰高血糖素过多所引起的糖代谢紊乱，同时伴有蛋白质和脂质代谢紊乱，严重者可发生酮症酸中毒。     

环境致畸影响因素的流行病学研究

先天畸形是出生缺陷的主要表现形式,指人类出生时存在的解剖结构方面的异常.先天畸形的发生不仅是家庭和社会的负担,而且会影响整个人口素质.先天畸形的发生是遗传因素和环境因素两者作用的结果,只是不同类型两种作用的主次地位不同而已.据估计,在人类的各种先天畸形中大约有10%是由环境因素所引起,即接触环境致畸原、药物、微生物感染或由于营养缺乏等;另有20%是因遗传因素所致,包括单基因遗传病、多基因遗传病和染色体畸变等;其余大约70%病因未明,推测可能是环境与遗传因素相互作用的结果[1].目前,随着工业化的加速、工作环境以及生活方式的变化,环境致畸因素日益引起社会的重视,并应成为在重点人群中开展有效干预措施的重要切入点.笔者着重综述环境致畸因素的流行病学的研究进展情况.     

原发性高血压候选基因多态性的分子流行病学研究进展

原发性高血压（EH）是遗传物质与环境因素共同作用的多基因遗传性疾病,发病机制尚不明确。遗传流行病学研究表明：人群中个体血压水平的差异30％～70％归因于遗传因素,遗传背景是EH发病的重要原因。随着人类基因组单核苷酸多态性检测和分型技术的不断完善,近年来人们广泛开展EH候选基因多态性研究,以阐明EH的关键基因,从分子水平来认识其发病机制。本文主要针对近几年来研究的一些热点基因及多态性成果予以综述。     

多基因遗传病与染色体遗传病

<正>1多基因遗传病人类许多疾病不是由一对基因控制的,而是受多对基因控制,同时也受环境因素的影响,这类遗传病称为多基因遗传病。多基因遗传病是遗传因素和环境因素共同作用的结果,即遗传因素由每一对基因的累加形成一个明显的作用,决定了一个个体是否易于患病,而环境因素对发病也起到一定的作用。1.1临床和遗传特点1.1.1多基因遗传病具有家族聚集倾向,其系谱分析遗传特点不同于任何一种单基因遗传病。患者一级     

Lung damage due to mechanical ventilation

Mechanical ventilation in both children and adults is still associated with development of lung injury, both short term and long term. In particular, ventilation with high tidal volumes and low positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP) contributes significantly to development of lung injury. Suggested preventive measures consist of limiting peak inflation pressures, preventing high tidal volumes, and applying high PEEP to prevent alveolar collapse. Recent studies have demonstrated that mechanical ventilation, via stretch of lung tissue, results in an inflammatory reaction in the lungs. This is known as biotrauma. The degree of inflammation depends on the ventilator settings and mode of ventilation. This inflammatory reaction may not be limited to the lungs but, via inflammatory mediators, may cause multiple organ dysfunction as well. Future research needs to be concentrated on how to modify this ventilator induced inflammatory reaction in order to prevent lung injury as well as systemic injury.     

吸入甲醛对大鼠肺的损伤作用

大鼠连续１０天吸入不同剂量的甲醛，结果肺泡灌洗液中的碱性磷酸酶（ＡＫＰ）、酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰ）、乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）、唾液酸（ＮＡ）增加，肺组织中的脂质过氧化物及其与谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶比值也增高，并存在剂量－反应关系．此结果提示细胞损伤和脂质过氧化作用在甲醛所致肺损伤中起重要作用。     

Willingness to Pay for Lung Cancer Treatment

ObjectivesThe increasing health-care cost of lung cancer treatment has caused debates regarding the reimbursement of new medications. The purpose of this study was to estimate patients' willingness to pay (WTP) for a hypothetical new drug.MethodsPatients with lung cancer were recruited through referrals by senior specialists from two medical centers in Taiwan. Double-bounded dichotomous choice questions and follow-up open-ended questions were employed to elicit patients' WTP. The contingent valuation question assumed that a novel medication was available, which provided a cure for lung cancer; however, patients would have to pay for this new cure out of their own pocket. In addition, the question was asked as to how much patients would be willing to pay for supplementary hospitalization insurance? Interval regression and linear regression were used to estimate the maximum WTP.ResultsA total of 294 patients were recruited; their mean age was 67 years; 74% were male and 26% were female. The results show that patients were prepared to pay New Taiwan dollar (NTD) 7416 or NTD 7032 per month to purchase this new medication. Sex, religion, income, the Karnofsky Performance Scale score, and having family that takes care of you are significant factors influencing a patient's WTP.ConclusionsPatients would like to pay less than the actual price of the new medication for their lung cancer. Thus government and health policymakers should consider the ability to pay when making their decision regarding the coverage of new drugs.     

Reaction of Monkey Lung to Siliceous Dusts

ABSTRACT

High-altitude populations using biofuels for household energy may be at health risk due to a combination of altitudinal stress and indoor exposures to biomass smoke. In this article, the authors measure indoor and outdoor breathing level concentrations of PM_2.5 and CO during periods of meal preparation in a convenience sample of homes above 3000 m in Cusco, Peru. From July 10 to 21, 2005, 237 measurements were taken during a pilot study at 41 residences. Results show the highest levels of PM_2.5 and CO occurred during the early morning in the kitchen when dung and wood were used. Additionally, findings suggest that residential biomass fuel combustion in Cusco results in elevated indoor PM_2.5 and CO exposure levels that are of potential human health concern, an issue that may be exacerbated by the physiological impact of living in a high-altitude environment.     

Lung function after exposure to barley dust

Six men handling barley were followed up over two working days and their flow volume curves were measured every two hours. All experienced falls in ventilatory capacity of up to 800 ml with changes in the shape of the flow volume curve in five men. Five volunteers not previously exposed to barley dust sat in a silo for two hours. Decreases in ventilatory capacity ranging from 200 ml to 800 ml were found, with recovery taking up to 72 hours. All subjects had decreases in flow at 50% vital capacity but little or no change in flow at 75% vital capacity. In three subjects there was a drop in specific conductance that lasted for less than 24 hours. Two subjects were similarly exposed on a second occasion when transfer factor for carbon monoxide was measured in addition to flow volume curves. There was a decrease in transfer factor but no change in transfer factor per unit volume (Kco).     

染矽尘大鼠肺脏器系数和肺胶原含量的变化

目的 探讨染尘大鼠肺脏器系数和肺胶原含量变化。以寻找评价不同时期矽肺纤维化更合适指标。方法 采用气管注射染矽尘（40mg/鼠）方法建立动物模型;测定肺脏器系数、胶原含量;采用EXCEL作图,采用SPSS8.0数据分析。结果 染矽尘实验动物肺胶原含量在实验第21天前降低。实验第21天后升高;肺脏器系数在实验第7天就出现升高,而且一直持续;实验组肺胶原含量和脏器系数在实验第21天呈现分离趋势;第21天后出现平行增加趋势。结论 评价肺纤维化肺脏器系数和肺胶原含量各有优缺点。矽肺形成第7天就有肺脏器系数升高,并且一直持续;肺胶原含量第21天前先降低。第21天后升高。     

Lung function after exposure to barley dust.

Six men handling barley were followed up over two working days and their flow volume curves were measured every two hours. All experienced falls in ventilatory capacity of up to 800 ml with changes in the shape of the flow volume curve in five men. Five volunteers not previously exposed to barley dust sat in a silo for two hours. Decreases in ventilatory capacity ranging from 200 ml to 800 ml were found, with recovery taking up to 72 hours. All subjects had decreases in flow at 50% vital capacity but little or no change in flow at 75% vital capacity. In three subjects there was a drop in specific conductance that lasted for less than 24 hours. Two subjects were similarly exposed on a second occasion when transfer factor for carbon monoxide was measured in addition to flow volume curves. There was a decrease in transfer factor but no change in transfer factor per unit volume (Kco).     

Lung counting: summing techniques to reduce the MDA

The new dose limits recently adopted in Canada (and elsewhere in the world) have made it more difficult to detect some radionuclides by in vivo counting at the average dose limit of 20 mSv. This is particularly true for natural uranium. Two techniques have been developed by the Human Monitoring Laboratory to reduce the Minimum Detectable Activity (MDA) for the lung counting of this nuclide. The first technique, developed in collaboration with Cameco, is to either sum sequential counts of an individual or to sum spectra of a group of workers similarly occupationally exposed. This technique offers a reduction in the MDA of up to a factor of three. The second technique, developed in collaboration with CNEN, involves the summing of photopeaks within an individual spectrum and offers a reduction in the MDA of up to a factor of two.