克霉唑乳膏微生物限度检测方法的验证

目的考察微生物限度检查法中克霉唑乳膏的抑菌作用,并建立克霉唑乳膏的微生物限度检查方法。方法使用常规法、稀释法、薄膜过滤法对样品进行验证,采用人工加入5种阳性对照菌,观察药物对不同阳性菌的抑制作用并观察其回收率来确定适宜的检验方法。结果克霉唑乳膏对细菌有不同抑制作用,对霉菌及酵母菌抑菌作用强,必须采用离心集菌薄膜过滤法才能彻底消除其抑菌作用。结论该法可用于克霉唑乳膏的微生物限度检查。     

硝酸咪康唑栓微生物限度检查方法的验证

目的建立硝酸咪康唑栓微生物限度检查的方法。方法按《中国药典》2010版的微生物限度检查法进行试验和验证。结果采用薄膜过滤法,五种菌株的回收率均高于70%。结论薄膜过滤法作为硝酸咪康唑栓微生物限度检查结果准确,方法简单可行。     

雌三醇栓微生物限度检查方法的验证

目的确认雌三醇栓的检验条件和方法,保证微生物限度检查方法的科学性和检验结果准确性。方法采用中国药典2005年版二部附录微生物限度检查法项下方法的验证。结果确定了雌三醇栓微生物限度检查的操作方法。结论为雌三醇栓的微生物限度检查提供了依据,对药品的生产及检验部门有实用的价值。     

薄膜过滤法在局部给药制剂微生物限度检查中的应用

应用薄膜过滤法检查局部给药制剂的微生物限度。以克霉唑阴道片、聚维酮碘栓、双唑泰栓和硝酸咪康唑乳膏为例，采用薄膜过滤法对细菌数，霉菌及酵母菌数，控制菌进行方法学验证。3次独立的平行试验，试验组的菌回收率均不低于70％；控制菌检查，阳性菌检出，阴性菌未检出；可采用薄膜过滤法测定。对同类局部给药制剂的微生物限度有借鉴作用。     

甲庆栓微生物限度检查的方法学验证

目的：确认甲庆栓的检验条件和方法,保证微生物限度检查方法的科学性和检验结果准确性。方法：采用中国药典2005年版二部附录微生物限度检查法项下方法的验证。结果：确定了甲庆栓微生物限度检查的操作方法。结论：为甲庆栓的微生物限度检查提供了依据,对药品的生产及检验部门有实用的价值。     

国产克霉唑乳膏微生物限度检查方法研究及卫生状况评价

目的:建立有普遍适用性的克霉唑乳膏微生物限度检查方法,并采用该方法对国产克霉唑乳膏进行微生物限度检查,评价其卫生状况。方法:采用培养基稀释法、薄膜过滤法、常规法对样品进行大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉的回收率检测以筛选各菌的检查方法,并应用于19个厂家276批样品的检查。结果:细菌计数测定采用培养基稀释法(每皿0.5mL),霉菌和酵母菌计数测定采用薄膜过滤法(冲洗量每膜300mL),金黄色葡萄球菌检查采用培养基稀释法(培养基用量为300mL),铜绿假单胞菌检查采用常规法;5株菌中白色念珠菌对克霉唑最为敏感,可作为质控菌株;276批样品的合格率为99.3%。结论:所建立方法适用性好;国产克霉唑乳膏卫生状况良好。     

聚甲酚磺醛阴道栓微生物限度检查的方法学验证研究

目的:建立聚甲酚磺醛阴道栓的微生物限度检查方法。方法:按《中国药典》2010年版规定进行方法学验证试验。结果:金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉菌的回收率均大于70%。结论:采用平皿法进行微生物限度检查,可有效检测聚甲酚磺醛阴道栓中可能存在的微生物。     

克霉唑两种剂型治疗念珠菌性阴道炎的效果分析

目的比较克霉唑阴道片与克霉唑栓治疗念珠菌感染性阴道炎在临床疗效、不良反应、用药依从性、复发率等方面的差异。方法 215例经确诊为念珠菌感染性阴道炎患者,随机分为克霉唑阴道片组(112例)和克霉唑栓组(103例),两组患者分别接受克霉唑阴道片和克霉唑栓治疗后,综合对比其治疗情况,作出评价。结果克霉唑阴道片组和克霉唑栓组的总有效率分别为95.5%和94.2%,两组的疗效差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但克霉唑阴道片组患者的用药依从性为100%高于克霉唑栓组的84.5%,复发率为27.0%低于克霉唑栓组21.4%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),证明克霉唑阴道片具有用药依从性高、不良反应较少、用药疗程短等优点。结论克霉唑阴道片治疗念珠菌性阴道炎的临床综合效果优于克霉唑栓,值得临床上推广应用。     

聚维酮碘栓微生物限度检查法验证试验

建立聚维酮碘栓微生物限度检查方法,并对该法的有效性进行评价。通过试验确定了聚维酮碘栓的微生物限度检查方法。     

雌呋栓微生物限度检查方法的建立

目的建立雌呋栓的微生物限度检查方法。方法按照《中国药典》2010年版附录的要求进行方法学验证,细菌、霉菌及酵母菌计数采用培养基稀释法,控制菌检查采用常规法。结果细菌、霉菌及酵母菌的菌回收率均大于70%,控制菌检查中,各阳性试验菌均检出,阴性对照无菌生长。结论该法可消除雌呋栓的抑菌作用,适用于该制剂的微生物限度检查。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.