人体测量学指标对老年人群代谢综合征的预测价值

目的筛查预测任丘地区老年人群代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)的简易人体测量学指标。方法采用整群随机抽样的方法,对任丘市常住人群60～70岁共4 412例,进行面对面问卷调查、体格检查及实验室检测。将男女分组后,采用ROC曲线分析法判断颈围、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、腰身指数(waist height ratio,WHtR)对老年代谢综合征的筛查作用,并确定最佳切点、敏感度、特异度和曲线下面积。结果颈围、BMI、WHtR均对老年男女MS的预测有显著意义（P<0.01）。在老年男性中,颈围37.75 cm,BMI 24.95 kg/m2,WHtR 0.56为预测MS的最佳切点, 曲线下面积分别为0.779、0.797、0.817;而在老年女性中,颈围34.15 cm,BMI 24.55 kg/m2,WHtR 0.56为预测MS的最佳切点,曲线下面积分别为0.769、0.766、0.775。其中,在老年男女性中, 腰身指数的曲线下面积在所有参数中均最大。结论颈围、体质量指数、腰身指数此类简易人体测量学指标在MS的筛查以及预测均有重要意义,腰身指数为最佳的预测指标。     

Relationship between C-reactive protein and atherosclerotic risk factors and oxidative stress markers among young persons 10-18 years old

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to determine the association of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) with generalized and abdominal obesity, body fat composition, the metabolic syndrome, and oxidative stress markers among young people. METHODS: We conducted a population-based study of 512 young people, aged 10-18 years. We obtained anthropometric and blood pressure measurements. Fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, CRP, malondialdehyde (MDA), and conjugated diene (CDE) were quantified. LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated for samples with TG < or =4.52 mmol/L RESULTS: Mean triglycerides, waist and hip circumferences, percentage body fat, subcutaneous fat, and systolic blood pressure increased significantly with increasing body mass index (BMI). In contrast, the mean LDL and TC were higher in underweight than normal weight individuals, and then increased significantly from normal to higher BMI categories. Mean HDL cholesterol significantly decreased with increasing BMI. Overall, CRP, MDA, and CDE were significantly correlated with measures of abdominal obesity. Serum CRP, MDA, and CDE significantly increased in the upper quartiles of waist circumference. Study participants with higher CRP concentrations were more likely to have metabolic syndrome and high oxidative stress markers. CONCLUSION: We found a significant positive association between CRP and oxidative stress markers in healthy young people, as well as an increase in these markers in the upper quartiles of waist circumference, but not BMI. Oxidative stress and CRP may interact in the early inflammatory processes of atherosclerosis.     

Association between Waist-to-Height Ratio and Metabolic Risk Factors in Korean Adults with Normal Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference

There is little consensus on the best obesity index associated with metabolic risk factors among the population with normal both body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). We therefore evaluated the association between anthropometric indices and metabolic risk factors in a Korean population with normal BMI and WC. This cross-sectional study involved 2,952 participants aged 20-79 years who had normal BMI and WC, based on the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted in 2008. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to identify the optimal measurement of obesity for the prediction of metabolic risk factors in this population. The area under the ROC curve value for waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in prediction of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components was higher than that for BMI and WC. Among individuals with normal BMI and WC, prevalence of all metabolic risk factors and MetS significantly increased across the quartiles of WHtR in both men and women. After adjustment for potential confounders, the Odds Ratios (95% confidence intervals) for MetS in the second, third, and fourth quartiles of WHtR compared to the first quartile of WHtR were 3.53 (2.12-5.89), 6.06 (3.52-10.43), and 7.11 (4.08-12.38) in men, and 1.66 (1.01-2.72), 2.79 (1.81-4.30), and 2.82 (1.76-4.52) in women, respectively. In conclusion, WHtR has the best predictive value for evaluating the metabolic risk factors compared to BMI or WC alone among subjects with normal BMI and WC.     

健康体检人群体脂肪含量与血压水平的关系

目的 探讨体脂肪含量(BF%)与血压水平之间的关系.方法 采用横断面研究的方法对健康体检者904例测量身高、体重、血压,检测血糖、血脂及血尿酸,利用生物电阻抗(BIA)原理进行BF%测定.结果 高血压组BF%高于正常组.按BF%四分位分组,结果显示男女两性的收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压及高血压检出率均随BF%水平升高而增高的趋势.多因素Logistic回归分析显示性别、甘油三酯、血糖、BF%、年龄和尿酸是高血压的危险因素.男性BF%、BMI和WHR判定高血压的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.696(95% CI:0.651~0.740)、0.707(95% CI:0.664~0.751)和0.762(95% CI:0.722~0.802).女性分别为0.780(95% CI:0.720~0.840)、0.797(95% CI:0.735~0.859)和0.844(95% CI:0.796~0.893).结论 BF%是高血压的危险因素,BF%对高血压诊断价值与BMI相近,略低于WHR.     

不同血糖水平的2型糖尿病患者的人体测量指标和血脂比较研究

目的对不同血糖控制水平的2型糖尿病患者的人体测量及血脂生化指标进行比较分析。方法选择2型糖尿病患者179例,取空腹血测定血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、糖化血清蛋白、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C、LDL-C)等指标,并进行身高、体质量、腰围、臀围、瘦体质量、体脂肪含量等人体测量,计算体质量指数(BMI)、腰臀比、腰围身高比、体脂肪百分比,按HbA1c<6.5%和HbA1c≥6.5%将研究对象分为HbA1c控制组和HbA1c控制不良组,比较两组人群上述人体测量及血脂生化指标的差异。结果HbA1c控制不良组人群的BMI、臀围、腰围身高比、体脂肪含量及百分比显著大于HbA1c控制组(P<0.05),TC、LDL-C亦显著高于HbA1c控制组(P<0.05)。结论2型糖尿病患者的血糖控制水平与BMI、体脂及血脂密切相关,在代谢控制中应兼顾。     

芬兰糖尿病风险评分和社区人群代谢综合征发病风险的相关性分析

目的分析芬兰糖尿病风险评分（FINDRISC）和代谢综合征的相关性。方法以来自江苏徐州地区的1780名社区人群为研究对象,检测受试者甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、空腹血糖（FBG）和餐后2 h血糖（PBG）等相关生化指标。FINDRISC问卷由专业营养师询问评估,包括年龄、体重指数、腰围、体力活动、饮食习惯、有否高血压或服降压药史、有否血糖升高史和家族糖尿病史。结果用FINDRISC来评估代谢综合征的受试者工作曲线下面积为0.78（95%CI 0.76∽0.80）,其中男性为0.76（95%CI 0.74∽0.79）,女性为0.80（95%CI 0.75∽0.85）。而在最佳诊断截点（FINDRISC=12.5分）,诊断代谢综合征的敏感度为70.7%,特异度为74.7%。FINDRISC与代谢综合发生的风险相关,校正相关参数（年龄、腰围、体重指数、空腹血糖）后,这种相关性依然存在。结论 FINDRISC和代谢综合征密切相关,是一种较为实用的评估代谢综合征的指标。     

Do measures of body fat distribution provide information on the risk of type 2 diabetes in addition to measures of general obesity? Comparison of anthropometric predictors of type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians

OBJECTIVE: To investigate which anthropometric measurements of obesity best predict type 2 diabetes in a population of Pima Indians and whether additional information on diabetes risk could be obtained by combining measures of general obesity with measures of body fat distribution. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of 624 men and 990 nonpregnant women >18 years of age without diabetes. Subjects were followed a mean of 5.25 years for the development of type 2 diabetes (using 1997 American Diabetes Association criteria). RESULTS: A total of 322 new cases of type 2 diabetes (107 men and 215 women) were diagnosed during follow-up. Baseline obesity measurements were highly correlated and predicted diabetes in proportional hazards models adjusted for age. BMI had the highest hazard ratio in men and women, with age-adjusted hazard ratios per SD of 1.73 (95% CI 1.44-2.07) and 1.67 (1.45-1.91), respectively. According to receiver-operating characteristic analysis, BMI and waist-to-height ratio were the best predictors of diabetes in men, while in women BMI, waist-to-height ratio, waist circumference, and waist-to-thigh ratio were the best predictors. The predictive abilities of models containing BMI were not significantly improved by including other measures of general obesity or measures of the body fat distribution. CONCLUSIONS: Throughout its range, BMI was an excellent predictor of type 2 diabetes risk in Pima Indians and was not significantly improved by combining it with other measures of general adiposity or body fat distribution.     

男性人体测量指标与体脂含量相关性分析

[目的]探讨男性人体测量指标与体脂含量的相关性.[方法]选取 20～50岁男性 89例为研究对象,根据体重指数分为 3组.应用双能X线进行体脂含量测定.[结果]超重组和肥胖组体脂含量,总体脂肪质量和躯干脂肪质量均高于对照组（P〈0.05）.体脂含量与体重指数（r =0.765）,腰围（r =0.798）,腰围身高比（r =0.809）和腰臀比（r =0.665）均呈正相关（P〈0.01）.以体脂含量为因变量,行多元线性回归显示,腰围身高比（β=93.983,P=0.000,R2=0.654）被引入方程.[结论]男性人体测量指标与体脂含量密切相关,利用简单的人体测量指标推算体脂含量是可行的,但有待流行病学研究进一步证实.     

Adiposity assessed by anthropometric measures has a similar or greater predictive ability than dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measures for abdominal aortic calcification in community-dwelling older adults

To determine whether adiposity assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) compared to simple anthropometric assessments, are more predictive of abdominal aortic calcification (AAC), a risk factor for atherosclerosis. A cross-sectional study of 312 participants (60.3?% female) aged 70.6?±?5.6 years was conducted in 2010–2011. AAC was assessed by radiography. Adiposity was estimated for whole body, trunk, android, gynoid and visceral regions using DXA in addition to body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist to hip ratio (WHR). WHR [tertile 1 as reference, OR (95?% CI) for tertile 3: 3.62 (1.35–9.72)] and android to gynoid fat ratio [tertile 3: 2.87 (1.03–8.01)] were independent predictors of AAC severity among men. Positive associations with AAC severity were observed for WC [tertile 1 as reference, OR for tertile 3: 2.46 (1.12–5.41)], % trunk fat mass [tertile 2: 3.26 (1.52–7.03)], % android fat mass [tertile 2: 2.42 (1.13–5.18), tertile 3: 2.20 (1.02–4.73)] and visceral fat area [tertile 2: 2.28 (1.06–4.87), tertile 3: 2.32 (1.01–5.34)] among women. Indices of total body composition, BMI and % body fat mass were not associated with AAC severity in either men or women. Simple anthropometric measures, WHR and WC were the best predictors of AAC severity in men and women respectively, although higher android to gynoid fat ratio and central fat, assessed by DXA, were also predictive of higher risks of AAC severity in men and women respectively. Our findings add to existing evidence that relatively inexpensive and easily obtained anthropometric measures can be clinically useful indicators of atherosclerosis risk.     

Effects of resistance or aerobic exercises on metabolic parameters in obese women who are not on a diet

This longitudinal, controlled clinical study was conducted to compare the effects of resistance exercise (RE) and aerobic exercise (AE) on body mass index (BMI), weight, fat mass (FM), serum lipid profile, and insulin resistance in obese women who cannot adhere to energy-restricted diets. A total of 60 obese women with severe eating disorders were evaluated. Patients were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group with no exercise (n=20), group 1 with AE (n=20), and group 2 with RE (n=20). Demographic and anthropometric measurements were taken. Serum lipid fractions and fasting (FGlc) and postprandial glucose insulin (PGlc) levels were measured. Insulin resistance was calculated with use of homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Total body FM was measured by bioelectric impedance analysis. After 12 wk of exercise, significant decreases in BMI, waist and weight measurements, and FGlc, PGlc, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels were noted in each of the study groups. Reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and FM and HOMA-IR measurements were observed only in group 1 (with AE). This study indicated that AE and RE training induces improvement in body fat composition and has a favorable metabolic effect in obese women with severe eating disorders.     

粤北山区瑶族代谢综合征人群与遗传和环境因素的关联研究

目的探讨遗传和环境因素对患代谢综合征的瑶族人群的影响程度。方法采用分层抽样方法从瑶、汉两族人群选取5174例进行载脂蛋白A5（apoA5）-1131,apoA5-12238,载脂蛋白E（apoE）基因多态性分析,比较两民族不同基因型与个体血脂水平和代谢综合征患病的风险关系。结果瑶族代谢综合征患病者与体重指数（BMI）、腰围、脂肪摄入、甘油三酯水平、apoE、apoA5-12238T〉C、apoA5-1131T〉C有密切相关。携带apoA5 C等位基因的瑶族人具有易患代谢综合征的风险（OR值1.61;95%CI：1.23~2.10,P〈0.001）,尤其是在CC纯合子的高甘油三酯血症和肥胖个体具有易患代谢综合征的高风险（OR值2.15;95%CI：1.42~3.50,P〈0.001）。结论瑶族代谢综合征人群受到遗传基因和环境因素的相互作用,瑶族高甘油三酯血症和肥胖个体具有易患代谢综合征的高风险。     

北京市青少年肥胖与代谢综合征的关系

目的 通过调查北京市青少年肥胖与代谢综合征(MS)的流行特点,探讨肥胖与MS及其组分的关系以及肥胖4种评价指标[体重指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)、腰围身高比(WHtR)、脂肪百分比(FAT%)]与MS及其组分的关系,从而为青少年MS的防治提供依据。 方法 对来自北京市儿童青少年MS随访队列(BCAMS队列)的214名14~26岁青少年进行人体测量,同时测定肝、肾功能、血脂及糖化血红蛋白等指标。根据BMI分为体重正常组(99例)、超重组(53例)、肥胖组(62例)。根据国际糖尿病联盟的成人、儿童和青少年MS定义诊断MS,用趋势2检验进行MS及MS组分检出率的比较。用ROC曲线分析四种肥胖评价指标对MS的诊断价值。 结果 共检出MS患者21例,其中男性14例,女性7例,总检出率为9.8%,男、女性检出率分别为14.9%、5.8%;肥胖组的白蛋白、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯(TG)、超敏C反应蛋白、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、尿酸、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)检测值均高于体重正常组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);TG、WC、SBP、DBP与肥胖4种评价指标呈正相关性,而HDL与之呈负相关性,空腹血糖仅与BMI、WC呈正相关性;4种评价指标ROC曲线下面积最大者为BMI,次之为WC,最小为FAT%。 结论 北京市青少年随着体重指数的增加,MS及MS组分、相关危险代谢因素显著增加。4种肥胖评价指标中,BMI、WC与MS及其组分关系更为密切。提示应对青少年的肥胖进行早期干预以降低MS及其组分、相关危险因素的发病率。     

Obesity in School Children with Intellectual Disabilities in France

Background The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of obesity in school children with intellectual disabilities and to determine the most appropriate indicators of obesity measurement. Materials and Methods The weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist‐to‐height ratio and body fat percentage as measured by bio‐impedance were evaluated in 192 children with intellectual disabilities. Results According to the BMI, 26% of the children were overweight or obese. An excess of body fat was measured in 44.9% of the boys and 47% of the girls. Excess visceral adipose tissue (a high waist‐to‐height ratio) was identified in 26.4% of the boys and 36.5% of the girls. Conclusions The results indicate the high prevalence of obesity in these children and the heightened risk of developing comorbidities due to visceral adipose tissue. Professional staff should be warned of these potential health problems: early identification and management of excess body fat is the best strategy for preventing obesity and comorbidities in adulthood.     

Effect of yoga on anthropometry,quality of life,and lipid profile in patients with obesity and central obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveThis systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the effectiveness of yoga on anthropometry, quality of life, and lipid profiles in patients with obesity and central obesity.MethodologyThe Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and PubMed (1985-January 2022) and trial registries for relevant randomised clinical trials were used. Relevant and published randomised clinical trials were reviewed and evaluated. The primary outcomes were anthropometry measurements, which were weight, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), and body fat percentages. The secondary outcomes were changes in quality of life, psychological impact, lipid profile measurement, presence of adverse events, and changes in blood pressure and blood glucose. We assessed the data for risk of bias, heterogeneity, sensitivity, reporting bias, and quality of evidence.Results15 studies are included, involving 1161 participants. The analysis performed is based on three comparisons. For the first comparison between yoga and control, yoga reduces the waist circumference (MD −0.84, 95% CI [−5.12 to 3.44]), while there is no difference in body weight, BMI, or body fat percentages. In the second comparison between yoga and calorie restriction, yoga reduces body weight (MD −3.47, 95% CI [−6.20 to −0.74]), while there is no difference in waist circumference, BMI, or body fat percentage. In the third comparison between yoga and exercise, yoga reduces the body weight (MD −7.58, 95% CI [−11.51 to −3.65]), while there is no difference in waist circumference or BMI. For the secondary outcomes, yoga intervention reduces total cholesterol (MD −17.12, 95% CI [−32.24 to −2.00]) and triglycerides (MD −21.75, 95% CI [−38.77 to −4.73]) compared to the control group, but there is no difference compared to the calorie restriction and exercise group. There is no difference in the rest of the outcomes, which are LDL, HDL, quality of life, psychological impact, adverse events, blood pressure, and blood glucose. However, findings are not robust due to a high risk of bias and low-quality evidence.ConclusionFrom our review, there were methodological drawbacks and very low to moderate quality of evidence across all comparisons, and hence, it is inconclusive to say that yoga can significantly improve anthropometric parameters. More well-designed trials are needed to confirm and support the beneficial effects of yoga.     

Effects of berberine and barberry on anthropometric measures: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

ObjectiveDespite controversies, no study has systematically summarized findings from earlier studies on the effect of berberine and barberry on anthropometric measures. Therefore, the current systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on the effect of berberine and barberry on body mass index (BMI), body weight (BW), waist circumference (WC) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) in adults.MethodsRelevant studies, published up to August 2019, were searched through PubMed/Medline, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, Embase and Google Scholar. All randomized clinical trials investigating the effect of berberine and barberry on the anthropometric measures including BMI, BW, WC or/and WHR were included.ResultsOut of 252 citations, 12 trials that enrolled 849 subjects were included. Berberine and barberry resulted in no significant change in BMI (Weighted mean differences (WMD): -0.16 kg/m²; 95 % CI: -0.43 to 0.11, P = 0.247), BW (WMD: −0.11 kg; 95 % CI: −0.13 to 0.91, P = 0.830), and berberine resulted in not significant in WC (WMD: −0.58 cm; 95 % CI: −1.89 to 0.72, P = 0.379) and significant reduction in WHR (WMD: -0.03; 95 % CI: −0.04 to -0.01, P < 0.0001).ConclusionWe found a significant reduction in WHR following berberine consumption in adults. Further clinical trials with high quality according to challenges mentioned seem to be helpful to use berberine and barberry as a supplement for certain health conditions, efficiently.     

Effects of walnut intake on anthropometric characteristics: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background & objectiveEffects of walnut intake on anthropometric measurements have been inconsistent among clinical studies. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) to evaluate and quantify the effects of walnut intake on anthropometric characteristics.MethodsWe carried out a systematic search of all available RCTs up to June 2019 in the following electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Pooled weight mean difference (WMD) of the included studies was estimated using random-effects model.ResultsA total of 27 articles were included in this meta-analysis, with walnuts dosage ranging from 15 to 108 g/d for 2 wk to 2 y. Overall, interventions with walnut intake did not alter waist circumference (WC) (WMD: -0.193 cm, 95 % CI: -1.03, 0.64, p = 0.651), body weight (BW) (0.083 kg, 95 % CI: -0.032, 0.198, p = 0.159), body mass index (BMI) (WMD: -0.40 kg/m,²95 % CI: -0.244, 0.164, p = 0.703), and fat mass (FM) (WMD: 0.28 %, 95 % CI: -0.49, 1.06, p = 0.476). Following dose-response evaluation, reduced BW (Coef.= -1.62, p = 0.001), BMI (Coef.= -1.24, p = 0.041) and WC (Coef.= -5.39, p = 0.038) were significantly observed through walnut intake up to 35 g/day. However, the number of studies can be limited as to the individual analysis of the measures through the dose-response fashion.ConclusionsOverall, results from this meta-analysis suggest that interventions with walnut intake does not alter BW, BMI, FM, and WC. To date, there is no discernible evidence to support walnut intake for improving anthropometric indicators of weight loss.     

Two-hour insulin determination improves the ability of abdominal fat measurement to identify risk for the metabolic syndrome

OBJECTIVE: Visceral obesity is shown to be a predictor of morbidity and mortality. We evaluated the association of measurements of generalized adiposity and visceral fat area (VFA), with abnormalities of metabolic syndrome (MS). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Seventy-six women (47.9 +/- 9.2 years) with BMI of 38.7 +/- 5.4 kg/m(2) underwent anthropometric measurements, laboratory procedures, bioeletrical impedance, and abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan. Diagnosis of MS was based on the presence of abdominal obesity and at least two of the following components: hypertension, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance and/or hyperinsulinemia. RESULTS: BMI was correlated with both components of adipose tissue--subcutaneous (r = 0.66, P < 0.01) and VFA (r = 0.33, P < 0.02)--and leptin levels (r = 0.38, P < 0.01). In contrast, VFA was correlated with 2-h glucose and insulin levels (r = 0.32 and 0.35, P < 0.05, respectively), triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, and uric acid (r = 0.33, -0.34 and 0.24, P < 0.05, respectively). Subjects with high VFA, matched for BMI, showed greater plasma glucose area under the curve (621 +/- 127 vs. 558 +/- 129 mg x h(-1) x dl(-1), P < 0.05), 2-h insulin (804 +/- 599 vs. 579 +/- 347 pmol/l, P < 0.05), and uric acid levels (0.33 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.26 +/- 0.06 mmol/l, P < 0.05) than subjects with low VFA. In logistic regression analysis, waist circumference, VFA, and 2-h insulin were identified as independent predictors of MS. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis pointed out the values of 104 cm for waist circumference (58.1% specificity, 84.1% sensitivity), 158.5 cm(2) for VFA (78.1% specificity, 52.3% sensitivity), and 559.8 pmol/l for 2-h insulin (71.9% specificity, 69.8% sensitivity); the presence of at least two of the three variables resulted in a degree of concordance of 76%. CONCLUSIONS: While BMI was unable to differentiate between obese people and those at higher risk for MS, abdominal fat was shown to be associated with its metabolic abnormalities. The usefulness of abdominal fat in the identification of high-risk subjects may be improved when combined with 2-h insulin determination.     

Cross-sectional study of complement C3 as a coronary risk factor among men and women

In the present study, we examined (i) whether C3 (complement C3) was an independent marker of prevalent CHD (coronary heart disease), and (ii) which preferential associations existed between C3 and some cardiovascular risk factors when jointly analysed with CRP (C-reactive protein) and fibrinogen. In a cohort of 756 unselected adults, 39% of whom had the metabolic syndrome, C3 and other risk variables were evaluated in a cross-sectional manner. In a logistic regression model for the likelihood of CHD, a significant OR (odds ratio) of 3.5 [95% CI (confidence intervals), 1.27 and 9.62)] for C3 was obtained after adjustment for smoking status, TC (total cholesterol) and usage of statins. A similar model, also comprising systolic blood pressure, with a cut-off point of >or=1.6 g/l C3 exhibited a 1.9-fold risk (95% CI, 1.01 and 3.58) compared with individuals below the cut-off point. Both analyses displayed an adjusted OR of 1.37 for each S.D. increment in C3. The significant relationship of C3 with a likelihood of CHD also proved to be independent of CRP. In multiple linear regression models, associations were tested for each acute-phase protein with measures of obesity, fasting insulin, triacylglycerols (triglycerides), TC, HDL (high-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol, physical activity, smoking status, diagnosis of metabolic syndrome and family income. When both genders were combined, C3 was independently associated with serum triacylglycerols, waist circumference, BMI (body mass index) and TC. CRP was independently associated with waist circumference, TC, family income (inversely) and physical activity, and fibrinogen with BMI, TC, smoking status and metabolic syndrome. In summary, elevated levels of complement C3 are associated with an increased likelihood of CHD independent of standard risk factors and regardless of the presence of acute coronary events, suggesting that C3 might be actively involved in coronary atherothrombosis. Unlike CRP and fibrinogen, C3 was preferentially associated with waist girth and serum triacylglycerols.     

The effect of green coffee extract supplementation on anthropometric measures in adults: A comprehensive systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Background and aimTwo meta-analyses summarized data on the effects of green coffee extract (GCE) supplementation on anthropometric measures. However, the accuracy of those meta-analyses is uncertain due to several methodological limitations. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a comprehensive systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis to summarize all available evidence on the effects of GCE supplementation on anthropometric measures by considering the main limitations in the previous meta-analyses.MethodsWe searched available online databases for relevant publications up to January 2020, using relevant keywords. All randomized clinical trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of GCE supplementation, compared with a control group, on anthropometric measures [including body weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)] were included.ResultsAfter identifying 1871 studies from our initial search, 15 RCTs with a total sample size of 897 participants were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. We found a significant reducing effect of GCE supplementation on body weight (weighted mean difference (WMD): −1.23, 95 % CI: −1.64, −0.82 kg,P < 0.001), BMI (WMD: −0.48, 95 % CI: −0.78, −0.18 kg/m², P = 0.001), and WC (WMD: −1.00, 95 % CI: −1.70, −0.29 cm, P = 0.006). No significant effect of GCE supplementation on body fat percentage and WHR was seen. In the dose-response analyses, there was no significant association between chlorogenic acid (CGA) dosage, as the main polyphenol in green coffee, and changes in anthropometric measures.ConclusionWe found that GCE supplementation had a beneficial effect on body weight, BMI and WC. It provides a cost-effective and safe alternative for the treatment of obesity. Additional well-designed studies are required to further confirm our findings.