复杂寰枕部畸形伴右位心1例报告

正寰枕部畸形主要是指枕骨底部及第1、2颈椎先天发育异常并伴有神经系统和软组织发育异常的一种先天性畸形疾病,包括扁平颅底、颅底凹陷、寰椎融合、颈椎分节不全(Klippel-Feil综合征)、寰枢椎脱位(Arnold-Chiari畸形)等多种多样的畸形,如果同时存在两种以上的畸形则称为复杂寰枕部畸形[1]。据美国国家卫生研究院(NIH)统     

寰枢椎脱位的诊断与治疗

寰枢椎脱位是寰枢椎间的稳定性丧失导致寰枢关节对应关系发生错位的一种病理解剖状态, 是脊柱外科严重的致残性疾病, 甚至可能危及患者生命。寰枢椎脱位的病因包括创伤性、先天性、炎症性、退变性与肿瘤等因素, 临床上由于症状和体征不具有特异性, 因此影像学检查尤为重要。寰枢椎脱位主要根据病因学、寰枢椎相对位置关系、复位难易程度进行分类, 准确的分类对治疗方案的选择有重要意义。寰枢椎脱位的手术指征尚未形成普及度较高的指南或共识, 患者表现相关症状或脊髓神经功能损害是临床上公认度较高的手术指征。手术方式仍以后路术式为主, 随着寰枢椎置钉、复位及融合技术的不断改进和优化, 以及脊柱外科新兴设备的辅助, 手术相关风险及并发症发生率大幅降低, 寰枢椎脱位的手术治疗可获得良好的复位和融合效果。因此对寰枢椎脱位的病因、诊断、分类、治疗、并发症和预后进行归纳, 以期为寰枢椎脱位的临床诊治提供参考意见。     

先天性脊柱侧凸的病因诊断与治疗现状

先天性脊柱侧凸是由于胚胎时期体节发育异常导致的一种早发性脊柱侧凸,其畸形多严重且呈进展性,通常伴发其他系统的畸形(肾脏、心脏或椎管内畸形).先天性脊柱侧凸病因尚不明确,目前认为可能为遗传因素与环境因素的共同作用.遗传因素方面,研究已发现单核苷酸多态性、基因拷贝数变异以及TBX6基因突变为先天性脊柱侧凸的重要致病因素.环...     

寰枢椎脱位与不稳定388例住院病例分析

目的分析不同原因引起的寰枢椎脱位与不稳定的特点,为诊断、治疗的改进提供参考。方法对 1975年 1月～ 2000年 4月收治的寰枢椎脱位或不稳定患者 388例作回顾性分析。结果寰枢椎发育异常引起的寰枢椎脱位 262例,创伤性寰枢椎脱位 71例,其他原因 55例。发育异常中骨性畸形 238例,包括枢椎齿突发育异常、寰椎枕化、颅底凹陷等,以单纯枢椎齿突畸形最为多见,但出现脊髓损害的比例没有显著性差异。随着病史的延长出现脊髓损害的可能性增加,出现重症脊髓损害的可能性也明显增加。陈旧性骨折比新鲜骨折复位更困难。陈旧性骨折 (35例 )中有 19例伤后脊髓损害加重。伤后超过 1年的陈旧性骨折患者,症状加重的发生率明显高于病史不足 1年者。结论畸形等发育性异常导致寰枢椎脱位与不稳定比创伤性原因更常见,一旦出现临床症状应积极治疗。创伤性寰枢椎脱位患者应早期积极治疗,避免晚期脊髓损害加重。     

浅谈寰枢椎疾病的手术治疗

上颈椎特别是寰枢椎由于其部位深在,解剖结构及毗邻关系复杂，周围有诸多重要神经和血管组织,故该部位的病损，手术治疗难度高、风险大,疗效亦往往欠佳；另一方面,手术又是大多数寰枢椎疾病的主要治疗手段，这无疑向脊柱外科医生提出了挑战。因此，深入认识各类寰枢椎疾病的特点与发病机制,努力探索寰枢椎疾病的治疗策略，提高和改进手术技术成为脊柱外科医生义不容辞的责任。造成寰枢椎病损的原因较多,包括外伤(骨折或脱位)、先天或发育性畸形、肿瘤、炎症(感染或非感染性)及退变等。但无论何种病因,最终产生的病理结果不外乎：（1）创伤造…     

寰枢椎脱位与不稳的外科治疗进展

寰枢椎脱位与不稳在临床上较为常见,危害性或潜在危害性大,外科治疗较为复杂和棘手。近些年来,随着对颅颈交界区生物力学认识的深入和一些新的内固定器材的出现与应用,治疗方法和手段不断改进和完善,疗效逐步提高。本文就寰枢椎脱位与不稳的外科治疗原则、治疗指征以及常用的治疗方法作一文献综述。1　病因、病理与分类寰枢椎脱位与不稳的病因可分为先天性、外伤性和病理性3大类。先天性寰枢椎脱位与不稳最常见的原因为齿突畸形,包括齿突缺如、齿突发育不全和齿突分离3种类型。在寰枕融合或ＫｌｉｐｐｅｒＦｅｉｌ综合征或颅底凹陷患者,寰枢…     

上颈椎内固定技术的研究近况

正上颈椎包括寰椎和枢椎,构成寰枢关节,作为颅颈部的过渡区,头端承载颅脑,尾端连接下颈椎,具有重要的生理活动功能,尤其是旋转运动,占整个颈椎旋转功能的50%左右。寰枢关节因创伤、肿瘤、先天性畸形和炎症等因素引起疾病,常伴随上颈髓、神经根及椎动脉受压所引起的症状和体征。治疗上往往以减压及重建其稳定性为主要目的,由于上颈椎解剖结构的复杂性和生理活动功能的重要性,一直是脊柱外科手术治疗的高难度、高风险领     

儿童颈枕融合

目的：研究儿童颈枕融合的适应证、融合方法及预后。方法：分析12例行颈枕融合的儿童患者，其中先天性颈椎畸形2例，寰枢椎半脱位6例，寰枢椎骨折脱位4例，采用“U”形金属棒固定结合自体髂骨植骨融合；评价其治疗效果并进行随访3-5年。结果：12例患者术后融合的时间为8-12个月，对生长发育无明显影响，无并发症，结论：应用“U”形金属棒固定结合植骨行颈枕融合治疗儿童先天性颈椎畸形，寰枢椎骨折脱位等疾病是一种安全、价廉、效果理想的方法。     

基于骨外科仿生治疗理念探讨寰枢椎脱位的临床分型及治疗策略

寰枢椎脱位是一种具有临床挑战性的脊柱外科疾病,可引起患者四肢麻木无力、大小便功能障碍,严重者可致循环紊乱和呼吸功能障碍。传统治疗主要是松解复位,解除压迫,局部坚强固定融合,术后常伴有颈椎活动受限。与传统治疗理念不同,骨外科仿生治疗理念主张尽可能保留脊柱活动功能,遵循结构稳定、功能最优的仿生学治疗理念,在实现寰枢椎脱位解剖复位的同时,最大限度保留上颈椎运动功能。本文旨在从仿生骨外科学的角度出发,对寰枢椎脱位的临床分型、治疗的选择和内固定技术的演变进行简明阐述,以期为寰枢椎脱位治疗策略的选择提供新的思路和见解。     

经口咽入路单节段固定治疗不稳定性寰椎骨折的研究进展

寰椎骨折是常见的颈椎骨折类型,由于上颈椎特殊的解剖结构,寰椎骨折通常为不稳定性骨折。以往的寰椎骨折治疗方法中,外固定往往带来低骨愈合率和远期颈痛,而颈枕融合与寰枢椎融合则牺牲了颈椎活动度。近年来,有学者经口咽入路到达寰椎前方,通过前路寰椎侧块螺钉及配套钢板同时完成骨折块的复位及固定,随访证明此术式保证骨性融合的同时最大程度地保留了颈椎活动度,还具有出血少、不剥离后路组织等优点,但存在术中脊髓与椎动脉的损伤及术后较高感染率等并发症,且对于其固定强度及手术的适应范围方面仍有待进一步研究证明。总之,经口咽入路单节段固定是治疗寰椎骨折的有效方法,给脊柱外科医师提供了新的思路。     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.