免疫荧光染色法检测结核分支杆菌的建立与临床应用

目的建立免疫荧光染色法特异性检测结核分支杆菌,提高痰涂片阴性肺结核患者的诊断率。方法随机选取浸润型肺结核患者57例作为实验组,其中痰涂片抗酸染色阳性患者28例,痰涂片阴性患者29例;对照组13例,为呼吸道其它细菌感染者。受检者晨起留取痰液,高温高压后与标本等量的5%次氯酸钠溶液混合,离心后分别行直接涂片抗酸染色检查或免疫荧光染色法检查。结果 57例浸润型肺结核患者中,28例痰涂片抗酸染色检查阳性,免疫荧光染色法检测仍阳性;在29例痰涂片阴性肺结核患者中,免疫荧光染色法检测15例阳性。13例呼吸道其他细菌感染者者经免疫荧光染色法检测与抗酸染色均为阴性。结论免疫荧光染色法检测结核分枝杆菌具有特异性,显著提高痰菌阴性肺结核的诊断率。     

肺组织胞浆菌病CT表现及骨髓病理特征

目的 观察肺组织胞浆菌病（HP）影像学及临床病理学表现。方法 分析14例经病理确诊肺HP并接受抗真菌治疗患者的临床、胸部CT和病理学资料。14例均接受经支气管肺活组织检查（TBLB）、骨髓穿刺苏木精-伊红（HE）染色、过碘酸希夫（PAS）染色、六胺银（GMS）染色及免疫组织化学检测,其中11例接受支气管肺泡灌洗（BAL）检查及支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）细菌培养。记录患者腹部及体表淋巴结超声检查结果。结果 14例中,12例有流感样症状,2例无症状。胸部CT显示1例结节型、13例混合型,表现为肺内多发结节、渗出及实变,部分结节伴空洞,增强后结节轻度强化;3例伴淋巴结肿大。TBLB检查示支气管及肺泡炎症,BALF细菌培养均阴性。骨髓HE染色均见组织细胞增生,肉芽肿形成;PAS染色均见菌丝和孢子呈品红色;GMS染色均见菌丝和孢子呈黑褐色;免疫组织化学CD68表达（+）示吞噬病菌的细胞为巨噬细胞。经抗真菌治疗后肺内病灶均明显吸收。结论 肺HP的CT表现具有一定特征性,结合临床及流行病史有助于诊断。     

肺结核误诊为支原体肺炎六例报告

目的探讨肺结核误诊为支原体肺炎的原因及防范措施。方法回顾性分析曾误诊为支原体肺炎的肺结核6例的临床资料。结果6例均曾误诊为支原体肺炎,误诊时间9 d~2个月。临床表现为发热4例(咳黄白色黏痰2例,伴畏寒、咳嗽、痰中带血1例,干咳、咽痛1例),干咳、气短1例,咳嗽、咳痰伴头痛、头晕、胸闷1例。胸部CT检查示病变位于右肺下叶3例,左肺下叶1例,双肺弥漫病变1例,右肺多发病变1例;表现为小斑片渗出和小叶中心结节影3例(合并实变1例),实变合并磨玻璃影2例(合并小叶中心结节及支气管气相各1例),实变、呈“树芽征”和小叶间隔增厚1例。经气管镜下肺泡灌洗液抗酸染色及痰涂片抗酸染色阳性确诊各3例,确诊后予抗结核治疗,电话随访6个月,4例已完全治愈,2例治疗中,胸部CT检查提示病灶已明显吸收。结论肺结核临床及影像学表现多样,迷惑性极强,当遇到胸部CT多种表现同时存在及抗支原体治疗效果不佳的支原体肺炎患者时,应考虑到肺结核可能,若患者无痰或痰涂片抗酸染色多次阴性可行气管镜检查,以减少误漏诊。     

痰培养在肺结核可疑痰涂阴患者中的应用探讨

目的：了解结核病门诊初诊肺结核可疑患者痰涂片抗酸染色阴性标本的痰培养阳性情况,为临床防治提供依据。方法收集本中心2013年1月至2014年8月结核病门诊初诊肺结核可疑痰涂阴患者99例,对痰涂片抗酸染色镜检阴性的标本进行痰培养,并对结果进行分析。结果初诊肺结核可疑痰涂阴患者痰培养阳性23例,阳性率23.2%。结论痰培养可以提高肺结核患者的发现率,各级结核病防治机构应积极开展痰培养检查,弥补痰涂片发现率的不足,以减少漏诊、误诊率,同时为以后开展结核杆菌药敏试验和肺结核耐多药治疗提供依据。     

纤维支气管镜检查在抗酸杆菌阴性肺结核诊断中的应用价值

目的:评价纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)检查在痰涂片抗酸杆菌阴性(菌阴)肺结核诊断中的作用.方法:对应用纤支镜检查确诊的92例菌阴且临床表现不典型肺结核病例资料进行回顾性分析.结果:本组39例纤支镜下见支气管黏膜有异常改变,其中29例(74.4%)刷检涂片找抗酸杆菌阳性,活检有结核病理改变23例(59.0%);另外53例病灶位于外周部位,纤支镜下未见明显异常,经支气管肺活检(TBLB)抗酸杆菌阳性42例(79.2%),刷检涂片抗酸杆菌阳性24例(45.3%),支气管肺泡灌洗液涂片检查抗酸杆菌阳性15例(28.3%).结论:对痰涂片抗酸杆菌阴性肺结核,尤其是临床表现不典型者,纤支镜检查有助于明确诊断.     

脑死亡供体肺病理改变及临床移植应用的可行性

背景：有学者认为在脑死亡过程中很多因素可导致肺组织的改变。目的：观察脑死亡供体肺病理改变,探讨其临床移植应用的可行性。方法：对23例脑死亡供体肺进行了病理活检,苏木精-伊红染色、银染及PAS染色观察肺脏组织变化,电镜观察肺脏超微结构变化。结果与结论：苏木精-伊红、银染及PAS染色光镜下见支气管及肺泡结构尚完整,局部病灶见肺泡内皮细胞水肿、坏死、脱落,肺泡间隔未见明显增宽,但充血易见,血管周围有少量出血,有散在淋巴细胞;电镜下脑死亡的肺泡细胞轻微水肿,部分细胞胞核染色质沿皱缩的核膜下凝聚,有的细胞核出现变型,细胞线粒体肿胀,但未见明显坏死。说明脑死亡供肺可以实施临床移植。     

肺结核空洞伴曲霉菌感染并咯血的外科治疗*

目的探讨外科手术治疗肺结核空洞伴曲霉菌感染并咯血的原则、方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析该院2013年1月-2016年12月收治的施行外科手术治疗肺结核空洞伴曲霉菌感染并咯血的25例患者临床资料。行胸腔镜辅助小切口治疗23例,标准后外侧切口2例。其中,右肺上叶切除13例,右肺下叶切除2例,左肺上叶切除6例,左肺下叶切除1例,左全肺切除1例,右肺上叶合并右肺下叶背段切除1例,右肺上中叶合并右肺下叶背段切除1例,全组未作胸廓成形术。结果围手术期死亡1例,为健肺肺部感染导致呼吸衰竭。局限性肺不张8例,心律失常7例,胸腔渗血1例,反复少量咯血1例,均采用相应治疗痊愈,复查胸部CT肺复张良好。术后失访2例,其余22例随访3~36个月,咯血、痰血消失,痰抗酸杆菌涂片均转阴,咳嗽、咳痰、胸闷和胸痛等症状明显缓解,生活质量提高,效果满意。结论外科手术治疗肺结核空洞伴曲霉菌感染并咯血的效果确切,安全可行,对于符合指征的患者应不失时机地进行手术治疗。     

肺坏死性结节病样肉芽肿病临床病理分析

目的探讨肺坏死性结节病样肉芽肿病的临床病理学特征及其鉴别诊断。方法对2例发生在肺内的坏死性结节病样肉芽肿病进行光镜观察、PAS特殊染色和免疫组化标记。结果2例患者均为无明显诱因下胸痛,胸部X线平片及CT显示肺部多个结节状阴影,胸膜增厚。镜检肺组织内形成上皮样肉芽肿,肉芽肿中央有非干酪样凝固性坏死,多核巨细胞、淋巴浆细胞浸润,小血管炎,周围纤维组织增生。抗酸杆菌染色、PAS染色(-),肺肉芽肿区域组织内CD8( ),T淋巴细胞增多。经类固醇药物治疗后2例患者临床症状均好转。结论坏死性结节病样肉芽肿病是一种较少见的多发于肺内的良性肉芽肿性疾病,病理诊断应侧重于与结节病、Wegener肉芽肿以及结核、霉菌感染等引起的肉芽肿性疾病相鉴别。     

T-SPOT.TB与肺结核及合并细菌性肺炎患者病情和痰涂片相关性分析

目的:探讨T-SPOT.TB能否反映肺结核合并细菌性肺炎病情及与痰涂片结果的相关性。方法:分析肺结核患者(单一结核组)128例,肺结核合并细菌性肺炎患者(结核合并肺炎组)99例。收集患者一般资料、临床特征;对患者抗凝血做T-SPOT.TB试验;收集痰液做齐尼抗酸染色。按T-SPOT.TB结果分组,分析患者病情及痰涂阳性率。结果:与单一结核组相比,结核合并肺炎组患者咳嗽、发热、胸闷、乏力发生率及痰涂阳性率明显升高。结核合并肺炎组T-SPOT.TB结果与痰涂片结果呈正相关。结论:T-SPOT.TB结果不能反映患者病情严重程度;结核合并细菌性肺炎患者T-SPOT.TB结果与痰涂片结果呈正相关。     

不同染色方法对肺孢子菌的诊断作用比较

目的比较革兰染色、苏木素-伊红染色（hematoxylin and eosin stain,HE）、吉姆萨染色（Giemsa stain）和六胺银染色（Gomoris Methenamine silver nitrate stain,GMS）在诊断肺孢子菌肺炎中的作用。方法收集1例典型肺孢子菌感染患者的痰液,经消化处理,离心,涂片,分别进行革兰染色、HE染色、吉姆萨和六胺银染色,油镜观察。结果革兰染色未见可疑结构;HE染色肺孢子菌包囊壁不着色,呈透明的晕圈状,囊内小体4～8个呈蓝紫色;吉姆萨染色包囊壁不着色,可见清楚的轮廓,囊内小体核蓝色,囊内容物紫红色;六胺银染色肺孢子菌包囊壁棕到黑色,结构清楚,囊内可见圆形的核状物和特征性的括弧状结构。结论常规使用的革兰染色无法诊断肺孢子菌,其他3种方法均可选择,合理的方案是用吉姆萨染色筛选,用六胺银染色确证。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.