糖尿病对老年急性心肌梗死患者住院病死率的影响

目的探讨糖尿病是否为影响老年急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者住院病死率的独立危险因素。方法回顾分析1414例老年AMI患者，根据是否合并糖尿病分为两组，比较两组患者的临床特征、住院治疗和并发症发生率，并对可能影响老年AMI患者住院病死率的因素进行多因素回归分析。结果糖尿病组患者女性较多，多伴有高血压和高脂血症，心功能≥KiuipⅢ级者较多，急性期再灌注治疗率较低。糖尿病组患者住院病死率显著高于非糖尿病组（16．5％VS8．6％，P〈0．001）。多因素回归分析显示高血压、糖尿病、心功能Killip分级、再灌注治疗均为影响AMI患者住院病死率的独立危险因素。结论糖尿病是影响AMI患者住院病死率的独立危险因素。     

高血压病人急性心肌梗死后心力衰竭与左室重建的特点

在溶栓时代，已经证明高血压对急性心肌梗死（AMI）后心力衰竭发展有不利影响（Hypertension，2006，47：706）。该文研究953名AMI病人，其中324例高血压，经皮冠脉干预治疗后5年随访结果。入院，AMI后1月、6月分别做超声心动图。研究发现6月时，尽管高血压病人与正常血压的人左室局部与整体功能改善，冠脉再通率相似，但正常血压组LVEDV增加[（122±36）增到（131±47）mL，P〈0．001]，高血压组LVEDV无变化[（127±41）到（128±31）mL，P=0．7683。6月时，两组左室重建发生率相似（22％VS28％，P=0．210）。5年后高血压组心力衰竭住院率（7％VS3％，P=0．014），NYHA心力衰竭≥2级者（53％VS40％，P〈0．001）比较高。高血压是心力衰竭的预警指标（危险比2．23，P=0．015）。结语：急性心肌梗死发病前有高血压的病人，即使冠脉再通成功，以后发生心衰的危险也较高。心衰发生率较高的原因与心肌梗死后心室重构无关。     

高血压合并急性心肌梗死早期血压变化及其原因探讨

目的探讨高血压患者发生急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)早期血压的动态变化及其相关原因。方法AMI病人分为高血压组、无高血压组各60例,比较两组患者AMI后1个月的血压的动态变化,与原血压水平、左心室肥厚、血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ、β内啡肽、降钙素基因相关肽、心肌酶峰值的关系及对心收缩功能影响。结果发生AMI后,收缩压下降,高血压组71．7％患者下降(37±16)mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0．133 kPa);无高血压组16．7％患者下降(4．3±4．1)mm Hg(P<0．01)。血压下降程度与AMI前血压呈正相关(P<0．05)。左心室肥厚患者AMI后血压下降显著,心功能Ⅲ-Ⅳ级患者较多。高血压组AMI后血压下降患者的血浆血管紧张素、β-内啡肽、降钙素基因相关肽及肌酸激酶、心肌型肌酸激酶活性高于血压未降者(P<0．01);而射血分数、E／A显著低于血压未降者(P<0．05),心功能衰竭发生率高于血压未降者(P<0．05)。结论高血压患者发生急性心肌梗死早期可出现血压下降,血压下降水平与AMI前的血压、是否有左心室肥厚、梗死面积、左心室功能恶化及某些神经内分泌因子相关。     

急性心肌梗塞病人的急性心肌梗塞家族史频率

应用阿根廷1992年-1994年间的病例对照研究资料分析急性心肌梗塞家族史与急性心肌梗塞（AMI）危险性的关系。1060个病人来自35个冠心监护单位（CCU）因AMI住院的病人；1071名对照为相同地区医院无已知或潜在AMI而因各种急性情况住院的病人。31．％的病例及15％的对照报告有一个或一个以上的第一级亲属有AMI病史。在消除了年龄、性别、胆固醇血症、吸烟、糖尿病、高血压、体重指数、教育、社会分级和体育活动的影响后，与无AMI家族史者比较，AMI的比值比（oddsratio.OR）为2．18（95％）可倍区间（CI）为1．74－2．74）。AMI的相…     

静脉溶栓治疗急性右室心肌梗塞的疗效观察

目的探讨静脉溶栓治疗急性右室心肌梗塞之临床疗效及安全性。方法连续选择4年内649例AMI患者中，67例右室AMI（均合并下、后壁心肌梗塞）患者诊治资料，进行各亚组疗效比较。结果（1）67例右室AMI患者中，42例接受溶栓治疗，高于平均接受率（62．7％比46．1％，P＜0．01）。（2）未接受溶栓治疗之患者中，右室AMI在住院期病死率（28．0％比13．6％）、右心衰合并左心功能不全≥KillipⅢ级（60％比32．6％）及恶性心律失常发生率（44％比21．8％）均比非右室AMI患者明显为高（P＜0．05～0．01）。（3）右室AMI患者比非右室组，在溶栓后的病死率（-20．9％比-7．4％）、心功能≥Ⅲ级（-31．4％比-19．0％）及严重心律失常发生率（-25．0％比-11．7％）的净减少率均更为显著（P＜0．05～0．01）。结论右室AMI患者接受静脉溶栓治疗安全、有效，并比非右室AMI患者得益更大。     

老年急性心肌梗死再灌注治疗的研究现状

老年人中急性心肌梗死（AMI）的发生率较高。据统计，在全部AMI患者中，年龄≥75岁者几乎占1／3.老年人心肌梗死常与高血压、糖尿病、心力衰竭等并存，加之老年人冠状动脉顺应性差，冠状动脉病变广泛，狭窄更严重等，使高龄成为AMI预后不良的独立预测因素。正因如此，多数用以评价ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）再灌注治疗疗效的大型随机临床试验，均系统地将老年人作为除外标准之一。即使是纳入老年人的临床试验，老年人所占比例也很小。因此，人们对老年人STEMI患者的再灌注策略知之甚少。由于缺乏有关老年人STEMI时再灌注疗法风险／效益比资料，老年人AMI症状不典型，并存病多，就诊迟等原因，使老年人AMI接受再灌注疗法的比例随年龄增长而下降：65～69岁者64．8％，70～74岁者60．1％，75～79岁者50．4％，80～84岁者35．4％，≥85岁者20．4％。近年来。老年人STEMI行再灌注治疗者的比例有所上升。日本学者Yagi等报道一组1855例AMI，其中年龄75～85岁的高龄者483例，采用再灌注治疗者264例（55％），再灌注成功率92％。此外，静脉溶栓与经皮冠状动脉干预（PCI）比较，究竟哪种再灌注疗法更优？至今仍不明确。本文搜索MEDLINE数据库中近年来有关老年人STEMI患者再灌注疗法的文献资料，综述老年人AMI后溶栓疗法与PCI的疗效及安全性。     

不稳定型心绞痛与急性心肌梗死危险因素及冠状动脉造影病变特点的比较

根据临床和冠状动脉造影结果将122例冠心病患者分为不稳定型心绞痛（UA）组60例和急性心肌梗死（AMI）组62例，对UA与AMI危险因素及病变特点进行比较分析。结果：冠心病的危险因素年龄、高血压、高血脂、糖尿病和吸烟等在UA组及AMI组经统计学处理均无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。冠状动脉造影：单支病变在UA组明显多于AMI组，多支病变在UA组明显少于AMI组，两组间数据经统计学处理均有显著性差异（P＜0．05）；回旋支、右冠状动脉病变在AMI组明显高于UA组，两组间数据经统计学处理有显著性差异（P＜0．05）；完全阻塞和狭窄≥95％在AMI组明显高于UA组，两组间数据经统计学处理有显著性差异（P＜0．001和P＜0．005）。结论：冠心病的危险因素年龄、高血压、高血脂、糖尿病、吸烟及其病程与冠心病的病变程度无相关性；冠状动脉造影显示UA和AMI病变特点有显著性差异。     

血栓前体蛋白和糖原磷酸化酶同工酶BB对急性心肌梗死早期诊断的价值

目的 评价血栓前体蛋白(TpP)和糖原磷酸化酶同工酶BB(GPBB)对急性心肌梗死(AMI)早期诊断的潜在价值。方法 选择168例确诊或疑似AMI的患者，以酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定干预前其血浆TpP和GPBB浓度，同期常规检测肌酸激酶同工酶：MB(CK-MB)、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)牙和心脏肌钙蛋白I(CTnI)，比较这些生化指标对AMI的诊断价值。结果 这五种生化标志物中，TpP和GPBB诊断AMI优势明显，两者灵敏度分别为100％和96．5％：特异度分别为85．5％和90．9％；真实度分别为95．2％和94．1％；阳性预测值分别为93．4％和95．6％；阴性预测值分别为100％和192．6％。结论 血浆TpP和GPBB是有价值的早期诊断AMI的生化指标。     

老年和青年急性心肌梗塞患者临床及冠状动脉造影特点对比分析

回顾性分析了38例老年及21例青年急性心肌梗塞（AMI）患者的临床及冠状动脉造影特点。结果表明：青年组吸烟者占66.7％，饮酒占52．4％，明显高于老年组（P＜0．025）。青年组AMI有典型胸痛者占85．7％，有明显诱因者占66．7％，以AMI为首发症状者占61．7％，均高于老年组（P＜0．01）。老年组和青年组AMI并发症分别为73．7％和33．3％（P＜0．01），病死率分别为31．6％和143％（P＜0．05）。冠状动脉造影表明，老年组多支冠状动脉病变占56．5％，青年组则以单支血管病变为主，占667％。两组室壁瘤形成率无显著差别。影响室壁瘤形成的主要因素为高血压病、梗塞面积和侧支循环状态。     

脉压对中老年人急性心肌梗死预测价值的分析研究

选自山东省高血压调查人群，于1991年8至10月进行基线调查，到1999年底共随访8年，剔除资料不完整者及失访者后，选择年龄≥40岁者，共11008例，其中中年(40～59岁)7692例，老年(≥60岁)3316例。11008例中老年人8年间共发生急性心肌梗死(AMI)117例。通过对中老年脉压(PP)与AMI发病的Cox回归，老年人PP与AMI发病独立相关，PP每增加10mm Hg，AMI危险增加25．7％，但不独立于收缩压。     

乌鲁木齐市头屯河区高血压病与急性心肌梗塞关系的探讨

本文总结了头屯河区４７６例高血压病患者，治疗随访１２年，其中３５７例单纯高血压病患者发生急性心肌梗塞４３例，发病率为１２．０％，４９例高血压病合并高胆固醇血症患者发生急性心肌梗塞２３例，发病率为４７．２％，显著高于单纯高血压病组（Ｐ＜０．００５）。本文结果支持高血压病与急性心肌梗塞之间存在有因果关系，高血压病是急性心肌梗塞的重要易患因素：当合并高胆固醇血症时，则急性心肌梗塞的发病率显著升高，提示高胆固醇血症可加速高血压病患者冠状动脉粥样硬化的发生与发展。     

同型半胱氨酸与老年急性心肌梗死及其危险因素的相关性分析

目的:研究老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平变化及其与AMI传统危险因素的相互作用与关系。方法:随机选择60岁以上的冠心病(CHD)患者143例,其中AMI组73例、不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)组37例、稳定型心绞痛(SAP)组33例,选择同期入院与CHD患者具有性别及年龄可比性且排除CHD诊断的患者55例作为对照组,收集临床资料并检测各组Hcy水平,综合分析。结果:血清Hcy水平AMI组较UAP、SAP及对照组,UAP较对照组均显著升高(P0.05),其他各组间比较均无显著差异;高Hcy血症发生率AMI组显著高于对照组(P0.05),但与UAP组及SAP组比较无显著差异;AMI组与对照组比较,性别、年龄、吸烟率、体质指数均无显著差异(均P0.05),高血压、糖尿病、高血脂及高Hcy血症患病率则老年AMI组显著高于对照组(均P0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示性别、高血压、糖尿病、高血脂及血清Hcy水平均是老年AMI的独立危险因子(P0.05);高血压、糖尿病、高血脂及AMI的发生率高Hcy组显著高于Hcy水平正常组(均P0.05),但吸烟率、BMI、年龄、性别则无显著差异(均P0.05)。结论:血清Hcy是老年AMI的一项独立危险因素,Hcy水平升高与高血压、糖尿病、高血脂可能存在交互作用,促进多种危险因素的相互聚集并发生AMI。     

Mitochondrial 5178A/C genotype is associated with acute myocardial infarction.

A single nucleotide polymorphism of mitochondrial 5178A/C, causing a Met to Leu replacement within the NADH dehydrogenase subunit, is reported to be associated with longevity. The purpose of the present study was to assess the contribution of mitochondrial polymorphisms, particularly the 5178A/C genotype, to the susceptibility to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in a Japanese study population. There were 4 groups: 150 patients with AMI, 150 with essential hypertension, 100 with diabetes mellitus, and 150 subjects matched for age and sex who served as the control group. Mitochondrial 5178A/C was detected by the polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The allelic frequency of 5178C was significantly higher in the AMI group than in the control group, and this difference was more marked in younger patients. There were differences in allelic frequencies among the essential hypertension group, diabetes mellitus group and control group, but a higher frequency of the C allele was seen in the AMI group compared with the essential hypertension and diabetes mellitus groups. This particular polymorphism was found to be associated with development of AMI, especially in younger patients and constitutes a new risk factor for AMI.     

急性心肌梗死患者早期血糖增高的临床特点及其预后

目的　探讨急性心肌梗死 (AMI)患者早期血糖增高特点及其预后。方法　回顾性分析住院AMI患者 2 0 6例 ,分为单纯AMI、合并高血压 (HT)、合并 2型糖尿病 (DM )以及DM合并HT组。观察其心功能 (Killip)、恶性心律失常及病死率差别。 结果　 ( 1)无DM的AMI患者早期血糖增高出现率为 4 8 2 % ,多见于女性病人 ,梗死部位多为前壁 ;( 2 )合并显著血糖应激反应的单纯AMI患者其预后较无应者差 (住院死亡率 :2 5 %vs 3 4 4 % ,P <0 0 5 ) ,而与AMI DM HT或AMI DM者相近 (住院死亡率 :2 5 %vs 30 77%vs 31 2 5 % ,P >0 0 5 ) ;( 3)AMI患者预后与早期血糖水平、心功能和恶性心律失常成正相关 (血糖r =0 19,心功能r =0 14 ,恶性心律失常r =0 4 0 ,P均 <0 0 1)。结论　AMI早期血糖增高 ,提示预后差 ,尤其对合并DM、HT及显著血糖增高者 ,应积极治疗     

中青年急性心肌梗死的临床特点及防治（附375例病历分析）

目的 提高中青年急性心肌梗死的诊断和治疗水平。方法 对１２５例年龄≤４９岁的中青年急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）患者进行临床分析，并与同期疏治的２５０例≥７０岁的病例相比较。结果 中青年组病人占同期疏治ＡＭＩ总数据的１５．１％；１２５例中，男１２２例，女３例，吸烟者占７４．６％；高血脂者占５６．０％；饮酒者占４０．８％；有高血压史及有家庭史者均为２７．２％；４周病死率为７．２％。其中男女比例、吸烟、高血脂     

75岁以上老年急性心肌梗死患者的临床分析

目的　了解现阶段我国老年急性心肌梗死 (AMI)患者的临床情况 ,住院期间的并发症及病死率。方法　回顾性分析我院过去 10年所有 75岁以上AMI患者住院期间的临床资料。结果　过去 10年 75岁以上急性心肌梗死老年患者占同期所有住院AMI患者的 8.9% ,其高血压、吸烟、糖尿病和高脂血症的发生率分别为 5 6 .1%、34 .4%、12 .3%和 7.9%。 6 3.1%的患者既往有心绞痛病史 ,2 4.3%有陈旧性心肌梗死病史。住院期间心力衰竭、心律失常和心源性休克的发生率分别为 38%、5 3.7%和 11.3% ,病死率为 13.3% ,明显高于同期所有AMI患者总的死亡率(5 .8% )。在透壁性AMI患者中只有 8%接受了再灌注治疗。结论　高血压和吸烟为老年AMI患者的主要危险因素 ,病死率仍居高不下 ,除与年龄因素有关外 ,还可能与这些老年患者中使用溶栓治疗较少有关。     

Chlamydophila pneumoniae specific antibodies in Thai patients with myocardial infarction

To investigate the correlation between Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), a total of 101 serum specimens collected from patients with AMI admitted to the coronary care unit, Bhumibol Adulyadej Hospital, and serum specimens collected from healthy blood donors (control group) were examined by using the micro-immunofluorescence test. C. pneumoniae antibody-positive cases were found in 52 (52%) patients, consisting of 30 males and 22 females, though no significant difference of prevalence rate was observed when compared with the rate in the control group. However, the level of IgG titers in patients was higher than that in the controls, and this finding may support an association between C. pneumoniae infection and AMI. Among patients with AMI, several cases were suspected to have current infections because of a fourfold or higher titer increase in IgG or titers in IgM antibody of 1:32 or 1:64. There is no significant correlation between serologic test results and diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyper cholesterol, a smoking habit, or the location of myocardial infarction among patients with AMI.     

Influence of risk factors on long-term survival following acute myocardial infarction: a follow-up study in central Japan

The long-term survival rate following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was studied in 358 patients in central Japan who were monitored for 8 to 20 years after discharge from hospital for AMI. Fifteen-year cardiac survival rates were 65% in males and 72% in females. In both sexes, the survival rate decreased with increasing age at the time of AMI. The survival rate was significantly lower in recurrent MI than in first MI patients. Those who had smoked cigarettes before AMI or had hyperlipidemia during hospitalization did not show any significant decrease in cardiac survival rate, which may be due to cessation of smoking or control of hyperlipidemia after AMI. The 15-year survival rate was significantly lower in patients with a past history of angina pectoris or hypertension. Patients with a large infarct had a lower survival rate, as did those with a large cardiothoracic ratio on chest x-ray, and those who received digitalis during hospitalization. On the other hand, patients who were administered anticoagulants during hospitalization had a higher survival rate. Multiple regression analysis gave similar results. In conclusion, factors that reduced long-term survival rate after AMI were older age at time of the first attack, reduced cardiac function, and a history of angina pectoris or hypertension. Anticoagulant therapy appeared to improve the long-term survival rate.     

Combination of site of infarct, unrecognized glucose intolerance, and reinfarction after acute myocardial infarction in normotensive subjects is determinant of the development of subsequent systemic hypertension: a pilot study

BACKGROUND: The natural history of hypertension in healthy normotensive subjects has been described in the Framingham population. We aim to study the rate of progression to hypertension in normotensive subjects after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: One hundred seventy-three consecutive normotensive subjects admitted to the Coronary Care Unit with AMI were studied retrospectively with prospective follow-up 4 years after AMI. All the patients who were not known to be diabetic on admission (n = 150) underwent glucose tolerance test (GTT) at 2 months after AMI. RESULTS: Among the 15 patients (8.7%) who developed hypertension, GTT was abnormal in 75% (diabetes = 3, impaired glucose tolerance = 9). There were significantly more Indo-Asians and fewer whites in the hypertensive than in the normotesive patients but they were similar in age and gender, creatinine kinase level, and rate of thrombolysis during admission for AMI. Multiple regression analysis showed that progression to hypertension was a function of the presence of anterior AMI on admission (P = .0297), abnormal GTT (P = .0156), and subsequent MI on follow-up (P = .0122), but was independent of age, gender, smoking habit, body weight, previous MI, thrombolysis, creatinine kinase level, subsequent development of heart failure, and intake of beta-adrenergic blockade or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Of the hypertensive patients, 47% (n = 7) died compared to 8% (n = 13) of the normotensive subjects (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Progression to hypertension in normotensive subjects after AMI is determined by a combination of the site of the infarct, GTT 2 months after AMI, and subsequent development of a second MI. Systemic hypertension after AMI is associated with a high mortality.     

70岁以上老年人急性心肌梗死临床特点

目的探讨年龄因素对急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）疾病过程及预后的影响。方法将１９～９６岁４８８例ＡＭＩ住院患者按年龄分组，从发病特点、诱发因素、临床过程及疾病转归等方面进行对比。结果随年龄增长，≥７０岁组女性患者的比率明显增高；≥７０岁组发病与慢性心肌缺血史、高血压、糖尿病明显有关，起病时多无典型胸痛，仅表现为呼吸困难、胃肠道反应、意识障碍等症状，出现心律失常、心力衰竭、心源性休克等并发症及病死率均明显高于１９～５９岁及６０～６９岁两组。结论年龄因素是决定老年ＡＭＩ患者预后的重要指标之一。