31例单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎临床分析

探讨单纯疱疹毒性脑炎的临床表现及治疗现状。方法经ＡＢＣ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测血和脑脊液单纯疱疹病毒抗体确定的ＨＳＶＥ３１例，男１８例，女１３例，平均年龄３２±１１岁。结果ＨＳＶＥ临床症状变异很大，有全息感染症状，脑膜刺激症状，脑症状，精神症状等。     

蛛网膜下腔出血的CT,MRI,DSA与临床分析

观察和探讨ＳＡＨ的临床表现与病因，病理影像学特点的相关性，和影像学的应用原则。方法：对３８例ＳＡＨ患者从临床表现，病理影像学特点及诊断价值进行对比分析，而ＭＲＩ在亚急性期和慢性有优越性，但不及ＭＲＡ、ＤＳＡ显示血供清晰，结论：ＳＡＨ的临床表现及ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ、ＭＲＡ、ＤＳＡ对其病因，病理诊断各具有重要的侧重性，应协调应用，优势互补。     

单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎脑脊液三项检查的临床评价

为评价目前常用的单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎（ＨＳＥ）脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）３项检查方法的临床应用价值，作者按照平行试验的原则，对４３例ＨＳＥ患者同时进行了ＣＳＦ单纯疱疹病毒抗原（ＨＳＶ－Ａｇ）、抗体（ＨＳＶ－Ａｂ）和ＤＮＡ（ＨＳＶ－ＤＮＡ）检测。结果显示：ＨＳＶ－Ａｂ与ＨＳＶ－ＤＮＡ检测的阳性率高于ＨＳＶ－Ａｇ，分别为８６．０％、７６．７％和４８．８％；４３例患者中２项以上阳性者为３６例，占８３．７％。作者认为：对临床疑诊的所谓“散发性脑炎”患者均应同时进行ＣＳＦＨＳＶ３项检测，如２项或３项阳性者可确诊为ＨＳＥ，１项阳性者应高度怀疑为ＨＳＥ，并应早期使用无环鸟苷等有效药物治疗。     

聚合酶链反应及抗体检测对单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎早期诊断的意义

通过特异性抗体（ＥＬＩＳＡ）及聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）检测，３８例散发性脑炎中１８例诊断为单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎（ＨＳＥ），２０例为非ＨＳＥ的散发性脑炎（ＮＨＳＳＥ）。并与３０例其它神经系统疾病患者作三组对比性临床及实验室研究，发现ＨＳＥ在临床表现、脑脊液、头颅ＣＴ等方面有其特征性。１８例ＨＳＥ的２４份脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）标本中，ＰＣＲ阳性１８份，ＩｇＧ阳性１９份，其中１３份ＰＣＲ和ＩｇＧ皆阳性；其余两组ＰＣＲ和ＩｇＧ均阴性。ＰＣＲ和ＩｇＧ检测有可能成为ＨＳＥ常规诊断方法，ＰＣＲ于发病当天即可获得诊断。     

遗传性共济失调临床与诱发电位

本文对５８例遗传性共济失调（ＨＡ）患者进行了视觉诱发电位（ＶＥＰ）、脑干诱发电位（ＢＡＥＰ）、正中神经体感诱发电位（ＭＮＳＥＰ）、胫神经体感诱发电位（ＴＮＳＥＰ）检查分析。结果表明：ＴＮＳＥＰ异常率最高（７７．５８％），其次为ＢＡＥＰ（５８．６２％），ＭＮＳＥＰ（４８．２８％），ＶＥＰ（２２．４１％）。而ＯＣＡ，ＯＰＣＡ两组诱发电位异常率高于ＨＳＡ和ＨＳＰ两组。反映出ＨＡ神经系统的多系统损害，有助ＨＡ的诊断。     

自发性硬脊膜外血肿5例报告

自发性硬脊膜外血肿（ｓｐｏｎｔａｎｅｏｕｓ ｓｐｉｎａｌ　ｅｐｉｄｕｒａｌ　ｈｅｍａｔｏｍａ，ＳＳＥＨ）发病率低，多为急性起病，少数为慢性起病，是临床少见的 神经外科急症之一。ＳＳＥＨ的病因不十分清楚，有时因误诊而延误治疗。现将我们１９９０年至２０００年遇到的５例ＳＳＥＨ报告如下。 １ 资料1．１ 一般资料：本组男４例，女１例，年龄１５－６３岁。首发症状４例为突发颈背部放射性疼痛，同时发生不同范围不同程度的驰缓性瘫痪与二便功能障碍，其中１例伴呼吸困难，行呼吸机辅助呼吸；１例３日后症状部分恢复。１例首发…     

聚合酶链反应及抗体检测对单纯疱疹病毒性脑…

通过特异性抗体及聚合酶链反应检测，３８例散发性脑炎中１８例诊断为单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎，２０例为非ＨＳＥ的散发性脑炎。并与３０例其它神经系统疾病患者作三组对比性临床及实验室研究，发现ＨＳＥ在临床表现，脑脊液，头颅ＣＴ等方面有其特征性。１８例ＨＳＥ的２４份脑脊液标本中，ＰＣＲ阳性１８份，ＨｇＧ阳性１９份，其中１３份ＰＣＲ和ＩｇＧ皆阳性。其余两组ＰＣＲ和ＩｇＧ均阴性。ＰＣＲ和ＩｇＧ检测有可能成为ＨＳＥ常规     

Ⅰ型单纯疱疹病毒脑炎和癫痫

目的；探讨单纯疱疹病毒脑炎伴发癫痫的临床诊治特点。方法；对５６例伴发癫痫的ＨＳＶＥ患者的临床，脑电图和ＭＲＩ进行回顾分析。结果；伴发癫痫者临床，ＥＥＧ和ＭＲＩ有其独特的表面。结论：ＨＳＶＥ常以癫痫起病。其ＥＥＧ异常并有局灶，ＭＲＩ显示多发病灶。     

内皮素一氧化氮在蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛中的动态变化

目的：探讨内皮素（ＥＴ－１）和一氧化氮（ＮＯ）代谢产物在蛛网膜下腔出血（ＳＡＨ）后症状性脑血管痉挛（ＳＣＶＳ）发生机制中的作用。方法：建立兔的症状性脑血管痉挛模型,观察ＳＡＨ后不同时间血浆和脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）中ＥＴ－１和ＮＯ代谢产物含量变化。结果：ＳＡＨ后第４天和第７天血浆和ＣＳＦ中ＥＴ－１含量均显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）。且以ＳＡＨ后第４天为著。ＳＡＨ后第４天和第７天血浆和ＣＳＦ中ＮＯ代谢产物含量也明显升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）,但二者之间无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论：ＳＡＨ后血浆和ＣＳＦ中ＥＴ－１和ＮＯ代谢产物含量增加在ＳＣＶＳ发生机制中起重要作用。     

成年人单纯疱疹脑炎的临床特点

目的 提高对在成年人单纯疱疹脑炎的认识，以利早期治疗，改善预后。方法 收集１９８７年－１９９５年间ＨＳＥ３５例，比较两组的临床特点。结果 成年组７７．８％亚急性起病，３７％以精神障碍为首发症状，意识障碍重，持续时间长，并发症多、死亡率高。青少年组１００％急性起病，７５％以癫痫为首发症状。结论 掌握成年人ＨＳＥ的临床特点，早期抗病毒治疗，减少并发症是改善ＨＳＥ预后的关键。     

Mimikry of herpes encephalitis by glioblastoma multiforme

Herpes encephalitis (HSE) is an acute illness. Imaging is an important part of the diagnostic work-up of HSE. In early stages one can see a manifestation in the insular cortex as well as in the fornix. These MRI findings are rather typical for HSE. We present three cases treated in our hospital over the past ten years. In these cases the clinical symptoms and signs as well as the morphological findings were compatible with the HSE diagnostic criteria. Later on, a glioblastoma multiforme was found in all three cases.     

Reappraisal of early CT signs to predict the arterial occlusion site in acute embolic stroke

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the value of early computed tomographic (CT) signs of stroke in predicting the occlusion site in the cerebral arteries. PATIENTS: 105 consecutive patients with acute embolic stroke affecting the anterior circulation. METHODS: Four early signs were evaluated on cranial CT within six hours of stroke onset: loss of the insular ribbon (LIR); attenuation of the lentiform nucleus (ALN); hemispherical sulcus effacement (HSE); and the hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign (HMCAS). The arterial occlusion site was definitively identified on cerebral angiography within two hours of the CT examination. RESULTS: LIR was present in 55% of patients with internal carotid artery occlusion. ALN was present in 65% of patients with occlusion of the sphenoidal portion (M1) of the middle cerebral artery. HSE was present in 47% of patients with middle cerebral artery branch occlusion. LIR was related independently to internal carotid artery occlusion (odds ratio (OR) 2.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 6.8)), ALN to M1 occlusion (OR 2.9 (1.2 to 7.4)), and isolated HSE without ALN or LIR to branch occlusion (OR 12.8 (3.2 to 51.5)). The combined presence of the three signs was indicative of internal carotid artery occlusion (p < 0.05), and the presence of ALN and LIR without HSE was indicative of M1 occlusion (p < 0.05) by univariate analysis. HMCAS bore no relation to either arterial occlusion site. CONCLUSIONS: LIR, ALS, HSE, and combinations of these were useful predictors of the arterial occlusion site.     

单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎的临床和EEG研究

目的 :研究单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎 (HSE)的临床特点及脑电图 (EEG)的表现。方法 :对 2 5例HSE患者通过汇总分析发现临床与EEG的变化。结果 :HSE患者病前多有上感样症状 ,急性或亚急性起病 ,精神症状和癫痫发作为其主要表现。结论 :EEG在病程中有明显的变化特点     

Incidence and pathogenesis of clinical relapse after herpes simplex encephalitis in adults

OBJECTIVES: To study the occurrence of relapse of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) and to find out whether soluble activity markers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indicate direct viral or immune- mediated events. METHODS: A consecutive series of 32 adult survivors of HSE were followed to determine the incidence of clinical relapse of HSE. Four patients had neurological deterioration interpreted as relapsing HSE. Four non-relapsing HSE cases were selected as matched controls. Fifty nine batched, paired CSF and serum samples from the eight HSE patients were analysed for soluble activity markers, predominantly cytokines and mediators (interferon-gamma, soluble CD8, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-10), amount of HSV-DNA and markers of glial and neuronal destruction (neurofilament protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100-beta, and neuron specific enolase). RESULTS: Relapse of HSE was diagnosed in 3 of 26 (12 %) acyclovir-treated patients (5 episodes during 6.1 years of followup) and in 1 of 6 vidarabine-recipients. All relapses occurred from 1 to 4 months after acute HSE, except for a second relapse after 3.3 years in one patient. Computer tomography at relapses revealed few abnormalities apart from those found during the primary disease. Intravenous acyclovir and corticosteroids were given for 7-21 days in all the relapse patients. All relapse patients seemed to recover to the pre-relapse condition. HSV-DNA was demonstrated in CSF in all patients during the acute stage but not in any of 13 CSF samples taken during relapse phases. The HSV viral load during the acute stage of HSE was not higher or of longer duration in the relapsing patients than in the non-relapsing HSE controls. The levels of sCD8 were increased in nearly all CSF samples tested with peaks of sCD8 at one month of acute HSE. In all episodes of relapse, sCD8 peaks were detected during the first week at high levels. CSF levels of neuron-specific enolase, S-100 and glial fibrillary acidic protein were markedly lower at relapse than at the acute stage of HSV-1 encephalitis. CONCLUSION: The lack of demonstrable HSV DNA in CSF, the lack of acute CSF signs and the lack of signs of neural and glia cells destruction indicate that a direct viral cytotoxicity is not the major pathogenic mechanism in relapse. Instead, the pronounced CSF proinflammatory immunological response and the relative lack of CSF anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 response suggest immunologically-mediated pathogenicity.     

Characteristic early electroencephalographic changes in herpes simplex encephalitis.

We review electroencephalograms taken from 17 patients with severe meningoencephalitis within seven days of onset of CNS symptoms and prior to cortical brain biopsies. All patients had CNS disease clinically compatible with the diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). The diagnosis was demonstrated by the isolation of virus from the brain in five patients (group 1) but considered highly unlikely in the other 12 patients (group 2) by negative immunofluorescent studies and failure of viral isolation from the brain tissue. Abnormal but nonspecific EEGs with diffuse or focal slowing were found in all patients. Distinctive high-voltage, 1-cycle-per-2-to-3 seconds periodic sharp waves from unilateral temporal lobes were seen only in three of the five patients with virologically proved HSE but in none of the 12 patients without viral isolation. This EEG pattern is strikingly similar in all three patients, regardless of their age, and may be specific for the early diagnosis of HSE prior to brain biopsy. The EEGs of the other two patients with proved HSE did not contain such abnormalities. Athough periodic EEGs with some resemblance to those previously described may occur in other CNS disorders, their presence strongly suggests the diagnosis of HSE when recorded from patients with viral meningoencephalitis. Moreover, EEGs may help locate the best site for cerebral biopsy since maximal yield of the virus in this study was from unilateral temperoal lobes corresponding with the site of local EEG changes.     

Depressive symptoms following herpes simplex encephalitis--an underestimated phenomenon?

OBJECTIVE: In view of the herpes simplex virus' neurotropism for the limbic system and the temporal lobe, little is known about potential negative effects of this necrotizing encephalitis on affective functioning and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after recovery. We therefore set out to explore an association between herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) and both depressive symptoms and HRQoL. METHODS: A structured telephone interview was conducted in 26 subjects (F/M=10/16; age at follow-up, 49.3+/-15.0 years; range, 29-80) at a mean time interval of 5.2+/-3.1 years (range, 1-11) after their initial diagnosis of HSE. WHO-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5) was used as screening instrument for depression, and Short Form-12 was used as HRQoL instrument. We also determined the spatial extent of morphologic abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS: Ten of the interviewees (38.5%) had a WHO-5 score below 13, which is considered indicative of a depressive disorder. Accordingly, concerning their HRQoL, patients felt more impaired by affective than by physical symptoms. MRI ratings and WHO-5 score were not correlated. CONCLUSIONS: While this pilot study does not allow to establish a causal relationship with focal brain damage, findings suggest both a high frequency of depressive symptoms and a low quality of life with respect to mental health following HSE. These results should be confirmed by a prospective trial.     

Changes in the pattern of substance abuse after the onset of psychosis

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine early signs of psychosis in patients suffering from both drug dependence and schizophrenia, compared to a control group of drug-addicted patients without a comorbid psychotic disorder, and to assess whether the presence of these signs was related to changes in the pattern of substance abuse. METHOD: In a rehabilitation hospital for young addicts, 32 patients with a comorbid diagnosis of schizophrenia and 30 patients without the diagnosis of a psychotic disorder, were assessed using the Interview for the Retrospective Assessment of the Onset of Schizophrenia. Information relating to 64 signs of early psychosis was collected from every patient. From the 64 signs, five groups of symptoms were defined: non-specific and precursor symptoms; non-specific and depressive symptoms; negative symptoms; positive symptoms; and impaired social adjustment. The semiquantitative pattern of substance abuse for each 1-year interval over the previous 10 years was investigated using the categories of chapter F1 of ICD-10 and including an additional category "biological drugs". The relationship between the pattern of substance abuse and the presence of early signs was assessed using anova and non-parametric statistical methods. RESULTS: The results indicate that the defined pathological symptomatology greatly influences the pattern of consumption of psychoactive substances in both the psychosis group and the control group. The group factor exerted the greatest influence within the categories "biological drugs" and "other stimulants", where the "psychosis and addiction group" consumed significantly more than the control group. CONCLUSIONS: There is a subgroup of non-psychotic addicted patients whose pattern of psychoactive substance abuse is similar to that found in addicted patients suffering from schizophrenia. It may be helpful to systematically identify this subgroup with regard to possible therapeutic implications, particularly with regard to possible pharmacological treatment options.     

Evaluation of Auditory Brainstem Potentials in Children with Acute Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

Objective: In this study, auditory brainstem potentials (ABPs) were studied in children with Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) to determine the ABP abnormalities in HSE during childhood. We also wished to determine whether or not to use ABP in early diagnosis of HSE. Method: The study includes 28 children; eight children with acute HSE, nine with nonspecific encephalitis, and 11 healthy age-matched control subjects. The diagnosis of HSE was confirmed by the demonstration of Herpes simplex virus type 1 in CSF by polymerase chain reaction. Recordings of ABPs were performed by using Nihon Kohden Neuropack 2 device. Results: The study includes eight children (four females and four males) with acute HSE, nine children (five males and four females) with nonspecific encephalitis, and 11 healthy age-matched control subjects (six males and five females). Age ranges of the patients and controls were between six months and 12 years. There was not statistically significant difference between the groups for age and gender (p > .05). There were significant differences in the mean latencies of the wave IV on the right ear and in the mean interpeak latencies (IPLs) of the waves III–V on the right and left ears between the nonspecific encephalitis group and the control group (p < .05). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the HSV and control groups (p > .05). In addition, there was no significant difference between HSV and nonspecific groups (p > .05). Conclusions: Our findings revealed that there were mild ABP abnormalities in children with nonspecific encephalitis, but no ABP abnormality in patients with HSV encephalitis. However, we think that more extensive and detailed studies should be performed to determine whether or not there were ABP abnormalities in childhood HSV encephalitis.     

Imaging and laboratory investigation in herpes simplex encephalitis

A 14 day old baby presented with signs of an acute encephalitis. Clinically, herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) was suspected. Early MRI and EEG were normal and there was rapid clinical improvement. A negative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result on the initial CSF sample seemed to make HSE most unlikely. This diagnosis was subsequently proved after demonstration of specific antibody production using immunoelectrophoresis of the CSF. The child had extensive damage to brain tissue. The need for sequential analysis of CSF in making or refuting this diagnosis is illustrated.     

Clinical correlates of Parkinsonian signs in community- dwelling Chinese older persons: a population based study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: This study examined the clinical correlates of parkinsonian signs including neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment and medical illness burden in the community-dwelling non-demented Chinese elderly. METHODS: A random sample of 765 Chinese elderly subjects from a thematic household survey was recruited. There were 389 normal elderly controls (Clinical Dementia Rating [CDR] 0) (NC) and 376 subjects with questionable dementia (CDR 0.5). The subjects with questionable dementia (CDR 0.5) were categorized into two groups: a MCI group (n = 291) and a very mild dementia (VMD) group (n = 85). Parkinsonian signs were measured by Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale- motor scale (UPDRS). The clinical correlates were investigated in each group. RESULTS: UPDRS motor score was associated with age, cumulative medical illness burden and cerebrovascular accidents in the normal control and MCI groups. It correlated negatively with MMSE scores in the NC group. It was associated with presence of soft signs in the NC and MCI groups; and apathy in the VMD group. CONCLUSION: Neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment and vascular risk factors had different patterns of associations with parkinsonian signs in the older persons with different degree of cognitive impairment.