有机磷中毒家兔脑干损伤的病理机制探讨

目的　探讨有机磷 (OP)中毒家兔脑干损伤的病理机制。方法 :2 4只青紫蓝家兔分 4组 :敌百虫 (1 0LD ,1 1 1 2 0mg/Kg)组 ,久效磷 (1 0LD ,2 2 2 4mg/Kg)组 ,甲基对硫磷 (1 0LD ,74 1 0mg/kg)组和正常对照组 ,每组 6只。中毒 6、 2 4h各取脑干组织用于组织病理学观察及制备组织匀浆。用酶抑制法测脑干组织游离有机磷毒质 (FOP)含量 ,用放射免疫法测组织中肿瘤坏死因子 α (TNF -α)、白细胞介素 1 β (IL 1 β)及血栓素B2 (TXB2 )含量。结果　中毒后 6、 2 4h脑干组织出现严重的病理损伤 ,可见脑干组织水肿、出血 ,神经细胞变性坏死 ,形成鬼影细胞 ,并见神经纤维脱髓鞘改变。同时 3种OP在脑干组织中可检出不同浓度的FOP。中毒后 6h ,脑干TXB2 含量高于正常 (t =3 984 3,P <0 0 1 ) ,2 4h与 6h比较差异有显著性 (t =2 5 4 32 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;TNF α、IL 1 β在各时相与正常比较差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　重度有机磷中毒可致动物脑干组织出现严重的病理损伤 ,除中毒酶机制以外 ,FOP和TXA2 在脑干损伤中具有重要作用     

不同致死量久效磷中毒家兔体内游离毒质储存库的研究

目的探讨不同致死量久效磷中毒家兔体内是否存在游离毒质(FOP)的储存库。方法48只青紫蓝家兔分为2组:久效磷5LD50(11.12mg/kg)组24例,10LD50(22.24mg/kg)组24例。家兔中毒经皮下给药。于中毒后1、6、24、96h,取血、胆汁、肝、肾、脑、肺、肠、肌肉和脂肪组织,分离血细胞和血浆,制备组织匀浆。用DTNB酶动力学法测乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活力,酶抑制法测游离有机磷毒质(FOP)含量。结果5LD50中毒后1、6、24、96h时间点,血浆、血细胞、胆汁FOP含量比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。各组织间FOP含量比较1、6h,P<0.05;24、96h,P>0.05;中毒后96h,血、各组织中无FOP残留时,胆汁中仍有高浓度的FOP。10LD50组与5LD50组比较,FOP在血、胆汁、组织中的含量增加(P<0.05)。结论久效磷中毒FOP在血、胆汁及各组织中的动态分布差异有显著性,中毒早期,血和各组织是FOP的重要储存库,随中毒时相延长,胆囊中的胆汁成为OP中毒动物体内FOP最重要的贮存库。中毒剂量增加,FOP在体内的储存量增加。     

不同水溶性有机磷染毒家兔血及脂肪组织中游离毒质的动态分布

目的 探讨不同水溶性有机磷杀虫剂(OP)其游离毒剂(FOP)在染毒家兔血及脂肪组织中的分布过程和意义.方法 72只雄性青紫兰家兔分为3组:久效磷5 LD50组(11.12mg/kg),敌百虫5 LD50组(556.0mg/kg),甲基对硫磷5LD50组(37.05mg/kg).每组24只,每小组6只.家兔染毒经皮下给药.染毒后1,6,24,96 h取血和脂肪组织,分离血细胞和血浆,制备脂肪组织匀浆,用DTNB酶动力学法测乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活力,酶抑制法测游离有机磷毒质(FOP)含量.结果 染毒后1,6,24h,久效磷、敌百虫、甲基对硫磷染毒血浆间比较,血细胞间比较和脂肪组织间比较,FOP浓度差异具有统计学意义(血浆:P＜0.05;血细胞:P＜0.05;脂肪:P＜0.05);相同时相久效磷脂肪组织FOP浓度与血浆和血细胞比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),敌百虫脂肪组织FOP含量为血浆和血细胞的数倍(P＜0.05),而甲基对硫磷FOP浓度在1、6h与血细胞接近(P＞0.05)但低于血浆(P＜0.05),染毒后24h脂肪组织、血细胞、血浆FOP浓度接近平衡(P＞0.05).三种OP血浆、脂肪组织清除率不同,久效磷＞敌百虫＞甲基对硫磷.结论 有机磷杀虫剂随水溶性的降低,对脂肪组织的亲和性增强,FOP由血和脂肪组织被清除的时间相应延长.脂肪组织是水溶性差的有机磷杀虫剂的储存库.     

急性有机磷农药中毒致呼吸肌麻痹26例临床分析

急性有机磷农药中毒 (AOPP)所致外周性呼吸肌麻痹 (RMP)成为急性有机磷农药中毒的重要迟发死因 ,病死率较高 ,发生率逐渐增多 ,现无特效药物治疗。为探讨RMP的治疗 ,笔者对我院 1997年 6月～ 2 0 0 1年 9月 2 6例RMP患者临床治疗结果分析如下。1　临床资料1 1　一般资料　AOPP患者 2 6例 ,男 5例 ,女 2 1例 ,年龄 16～ 46岁 ,全部病例均为口服有机磷中毒 ,其中氧化乐果 10例 ,敌敌畏 8例 ,160 5 6例 ,甲胺磷 2例 ,服药量都在 10 0mL以上。按《职业性急性有机磷农药中毒的诊断及处理原则》[1] 分级 ,2 6例患者均为急性重度中毒。全血…     

有机磷农药中毒并发呼吸肌麻痹患者呼吸泵功能与血胆碱酯酶的关系

重度有机磷农药中毒患者常并发呼吸肌麻痹 (RMP) ,引起呼吸衰竭和 (或 )停止。治疗时一般需机械通气支持 ,随着呼吸机应用的普及 ,治愈率明显提高。现对我院 1997年 6月至 1999年6月因口服有机磷农药中毒并发 RMP的 6 4例患者 ,治疗过程中呼吸肌功能与全血胆碱酯酶 (Ch E)恢复的关系进行了观察 ,现将结果报道如下。1　临床资料1.1　一般资料　 2年来共收治口服有机磷农药中毒 2 0 8例 ,发生 RMP6 4例 ,发生率 30 .77% ,每例均应用呼吸机。对其中资料完整的 5 3例患者进行了分析。 5 3例既往均体健 ,无慢性疾病史。男 2 0例 ,女 33例 ,…     

胆碱酯酶复能剂用量与急性有机磷农药中毒呼吸肌麻痹发生的关系

急性有机磷农药中毒所致呼吸肌麻痹 (respiratory muscleparalysis,RMP)是在急性胆碱能危象之后 ,不同于反跳的又一种神经毒性表现 ,其确切的发生机制仍不十分清楚。本文从胆碱酯酶复能剂 (cholinesterase reactivator,CR)的使用这一角度探讨 RMP发生的原因。1　对象和方法1.1　对象　本组选择 1996 - 0 1～ 2 0 0 0 - 10所收治记录资料较完整的重度急性有机磷农药中毒 143例 (含院外治疗记录 ) ,均符合重度中毒诊断标准。毒物种类 :对硫磷 40例 ,DDV36例 ,久效磷 31例 ,乐果 2 4例 ,甲拌磷 6例 ,甲胺磷 4例 ,锌硫磷 2例 ,初治患者均在…     

农药中毒诊治中42例阿托品中毒致呼吸肌麻痹的分析

目的 研究不同农药中毒治疗中因阿托品中毒所致的呼吸肌麻痹(RMP)发生率，探讨阿托品治疗与RMP的关系，并对阿托品中毒的原因进行分析。方法 对42例不同组别农药中毒病人进行分类分析，比较不同组别中阿托品治疗导致RMP的发生率及阿托品用量间的关系。结果 阿托品在治疗有机磷酸酯类、氨基甲酸酯类、混配农药类、除虫菊酯类后导致的RMP的发生率依次为60％、16．5％、16.5％、7.1％。阿托品在治疗非有机磷中毒和有机磷中毒病人中用量分别为80～320mg和290～6250mg。结论 农药中毒治疗时，阿托品用量一定要根据毒物类别、中毒途径及中毒程度而定，短时内盲目大剂量滥用阿托品可导致R脚。     

HI-6和阿托品并呼吸机治疗氧化乐果中毒呼吸肌麻痹的实验研究

目的：探讨不同剂量HI－6和阿托品联合呼吸机治疗氧化乐果中毒所致呼吸肌麻痹的疗效。方法：实验大鼠给予2LD50的氧化乐果染毒，以10mg/kg阿托品对抗胆碱能症状。当大鼠出现呼吸频率减慢、呼吸困难时即行气管插管并辅助机械通气。A组阿托品继续原剂量治疗，B、C、D组HI－6依次按50mg/kg、80mg/kg、10mg/kg于呼吸机治疗即刻及治疗后1、2、3h肌肉注射，阿托品减至首剂量的1／3－2／3，以维持阿托品化为度。经联合治疗1、2、3h后试行脱机，以任何一次脱机超过60min视为联合治疗成功。一次脱机后大鼠存活超过60min或第3次脱机后迅速死亡，均需取游离膈神经膈肌标本经MS－302生理药理分析仪作膈肌功能测定。结果：A组膈肌功能恢复不佳，无一只大鼠脱机成功；B、C两组膈肌功能恢复良好，3h脱机成功率分别为80％和60％，明显高于A组（P＜0．01）。D组膈肌功能测定虽较好，但脱机成功率很低，外加乙酰胆碱（ACh）后，B、C、D组膈肌功能均随时间延长而逐渐变小。结论：只有适量HI－6联合阿托品并辅助呼吸机治疗氧化乐果中毒所致的呼吸肌麻痹，才能加速中毒大鼠膈肌功能恢复，降低中毒大鼠病死率。     

氨茶碱微量泵输注治疗急性有机磷农药中毒并发呼吸肌麻痹的临床研究

目的　探讨氨茶碱微量泵输注治疗急性有机磷农药中毒(AOPP)并发呼吸肌麻痹(RMP)的临床疗效。方法　选择AOPP并发RMP 12 4例,随机分为治疗组6 4例,对照组6 0例,均给予反复洗胃、应用解毒药物及机械通气治疗,治疗组加用氨茶碱0 2 5g微量泵静脉内输注,Q 6～8h ,连用3～7d ,2 4h内<1 .0g。结果　治疗组氨茶碱应用时间为6±3. 5d ,总量为6±2 . 5g ,自主呼吸恢复时间、脱机时间、病死率及住院时间与对照组比较,有显著性差异(P <0 .0 1)。结论　氨茶碱微量泵输注对AOPP并发RMP治疗作用疗效肯定,能明显缩短机械通气时间和住院时间,加快自主呼吸的恢复,降低病死率。对AOPP并发RMP提供一种新的治疗措施。     

急性有机磷农药中毒中间综合征34例临床分析

目的探讨急性有机磷农药中毒中间综合征 ( IMS)的发生因素、诊断和治疗。方法对 34例 IMS进行临床分析 ,另设 30例非 IMS的重度急性有机磷农药中毒为对照组 ,比较两组早期使用解毒药剂量及胆碱酯酶活力。结果 IMS和对照组在中毒后第 1天阿托品和复能剂用量比较均有显著性差异 [分别是 ( 2 5 9.8± 82 .4) mg和 ( 196.1± 5 6.9) mg( P<0 .0 5 ) ,( 4.2± 1.4) g和 ( 6.8± 1.7) g( P<0 .0 1)。] IMS发生前 2 4小时内胆碱酯酶均低下 ,并比对照组中毒后 2 4～ 72小时低 ( P<0 .0 5 )。 IMS首发症状多为饮水发呛、声音嘶哑 ,屈颈肌力弱 ,出现呼吸肌麻痹者 ,需及时机械通气和使用复能剂。结论 IMS发生率增加与大剂量阿托品、复能剂用量不足和胆碱酯酶活力低下有关 ,及时机械通气和足量复能剂是治疗 IMS呼吸肌麻痹的关键。     

Injury to the head and face in patients with cervical spine injury

The charts of 81 patients with acute cervical spine fracture and/or subluxation were reviewed to determine the incidence of injury to the soft tissue and bone of the head or face in these patients. Motor vehicle accidents accounted for over 69% of these injuries. Only 33 patients had concomitant soft tissue injury to the head or face, and only five had facial and/or skull fractures. Injuries of the skull and face do not usually accompany cervical fractures, and our findings do not support the restriction of post-traumatic cervical spine radiography in the emergency department to patients with obvious head or facial trauma.     

Identification of Intra-abdominal Injuries in Children Hospitalized Following Blunt Torso Trauma

OBJECTIVE: To determine the utility of the ED physical examination and laboratory analysis in screening hospitalized pediatric blunt trauma patients for intra-abdominal injuries (IAIs). METHODS: The authors reviewed the records of all patients aged <15 years who sustained blunt traumatic injury and were admitted to a Level 1 trauma center over a four-year period. Patients were considered high-risk for IAI if they had any of the following at ED presentation: decreased level of consciousness (GCS < 15), abdominal pain, tenderness on abdominal examination, or gross hematuria. Patients without any of these findings were considered moderate risk for LAI. The authors compared moderate-risk patients with and without IAIs with regard to physical examination and laboratory findings obtained in the ED. RESULTS: Of 1,040 children with blunt trauma, 559 (54%) were high-risk and 481 (46%) were moderate-risk for IAI. 126 (23%) of the high-risk and 22 (4.6%) of the moderate-risk patients had IAIs. Among moderate-risk patients with and without IAIs, those with IAIs were more likely to have abdominal abrasions (5/22 vs 34/459, p = 0.008), an abnormal chest examination (11/22 vs 86/457, p = 0.01), higher mean serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (604 U/L vs 77 U/L, p < 0.001) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (276 U/L vs 39 U/L, p = 0.002), higher mean white blood cell (WBC) counts (16.3 K/mm3 vs 12.8 K/mm3, p < 0.001), and a higher prevalence of >5 RBCs/hpf on urinalysis (7/22 vs 54/427, p = 0.02). There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between moderate-risk patients with and without IAIs in initial serum concentrations of amylase, initial hematocrit, drop in hematocrit >5 percentage points in the ED, or initial serum bicarbonate concentrations. CONCLUSION: In children hospitalized for blunt torso trauma who are at moderate risk for IAI, ED findings of abdominal abrasions, an abnormal chest examination, and microscopic hematuria as well as elevated levels of AST and ALT, and elevated WBC count are associated with IAI.     

Myocardial contusion in blunt chest trauma: A ten-year review

A retrospective review was undertaken of 169 patients admitted to an Intensive Therapy Unit with a major chest injury to determine the incidence, clinical features and outcome of patients with myocardial contusion. This injury occurred in 29 (17%) patients, of whom 24 (83%) had significant cardiovascular complications and five died as a direct result of the injury. The interval between injury and diagnosis was 3.2±2.3 days (mean±SD) from injury and in six patients the diagnosis was made only at necropsy. Increased awarenness of myocardial contusion is required for earlier diagnosis and prevention of complications.     

Chronic post-traumatic neck and head pain

OBJECTIVE: This is a review of current concepts of chronic post-traumatic neck and head pain. In this article, I will emphasize the physiological and sociological aspects of these disorders. BACKGROUND: The pathophysiology of chronic post-traumatic neck and head pain has not been well understood. Some have emphasized the organic factors and others the psychogenic aspects of these conditions. Only in recent years have this dichotomy been integrated with sociocultural concepts. METHODS: The history of chronic post-traumatic head and neck pain is reviewed. Paradoxes are discussed, ie, the great differences in prevalence around the world, the inconsistent relationship of symptoms to degree of trauma, the curious phenomena of structural disease without symptoms, and symptoms without structural disease. The organic and pathophysiologic factors are reviewed, then those factors that modulate pain in these conditions are discussed. CONCLUSION: Chronic post-traumatic neck and head pain is rarely either organic or psychogenic. Rather physiological, social, and cultural factors play major roles in modulating pain and either perpetuate or ameliorate these chronic pain conditions.     

预制破片致兔胸部爆炸伤的实验研究

目的：研究预制破片铝制雷管致兔胸部爆炸伤的伤情特点及规律，为制定胸部爆炸伤的救治原则提供实验依据。方法：用电启动方式引爆预制破片铝制雷管，将32只家兔置于距雷管5，8，10，12，15cm处，致伤前后常规观察生命体征及破片，冲击波对胸壁，肺脏和周围组织脏器的损伤情况，结果：伤后即刻死亡率为46．9％，各组死亡率有明显差异，冲击波主要靶器官为肺脏，破片伤发生率为62．5％，以盲管伤为主，常合并肋骨折及肋间血管损伤，心肌挫伤，肝脾，胃肠破裂。结论：胸部爆炸伤伤情复杂，死亡率高，伤后易致以肺功能衰竭（ARDS）为主的多脏器功能衰竭，破片伤致失血性休克和冲击伤致急性肺功能损伤是伤后早期死亡的主要原因。     

不同时相下颌面部破片+冲击波复合伤特点研究

目的　研究爆炸破片及冲击波在不同时相下作用于颌面部时的损伤特点并探讨其致伤机制。方法　利用颌面部高速破片 冲击波复合致伤模型模拟爆炸伤 ,由同步系统控制不同致伤时相。按不同时相将重庆当地成年犬 15只随机分为 3组 ,A组为破片先与冲击波到达目标 ,B组为二者同时到达 ,C组为冲击波先于破片到达。破片对犬咬肌区致伤 ,记录致伤参数 ,观察动物伤情特点。结果　在其它致伤条件相同时 ,B组致伤冲击波为双波峰形态。致伤后A组颌面部皮肤与肌肉分离明显 ,污染严重 ,创面最大 ,B组次之 ,C组最小。B组局部组织坏死及挫伤范围均较其它两组明显 ,并有心、肺、脑等脏器的损伤。结论　颌面部爆炸伤伤情严重 ,高速破片与冲击波具有协同致伤作用 ,不同组织对冲击波的反应不同是局部伤情不同的原因     

Effects of PaCO2 derangements on clinical outcomes after cerebral injury: A systematic review

ObjectivePartial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO₂) is a major regulator of cerebral blood flow (CBF). Derangements in PaCO₂ have been thought to worsen clinical outcomes after many forms of cerebral injury by altering CBF. Our aim was to systematically analyze the biomedical literature to determine the effects of PaCO₂ derangements on clinical outcomes after cerebral injury.MethodsWe performed a search of Cochrane Library, PUBMED, CINHAL, conference proceedings, and other sources using a comprehensive strategy. Study inclusion criteria were (1) human subjects; (2) cerebral injury; (3) mechanical ventilation post-injury; (4) measurement of PaCO₂; and (5) comparison of a clinical outcome measure (e.g. mortality) between different PaCO₂ exposures. We performed a qualitative analysis to collate and summarize effects of PaCO₂ derangements according to the recommended methodology from the Cochrane Handbook.ResultsSeventeen studies involving different etiologies of cerebral injury (six traumatic brain injury, six post-cardiac arrest syndrome, two cerebral vascular accident, three neonatal ischemic encephalopathy) met all inclusion and no exclusion criteria. Three randomized control trials were identified and only one was considered a high quality study as per the Cochrane criteria for assessing risk of bias. In 13/17 (76%) studies examining hypocapnia, and 7/10 (70%) studies examining hypercapnia, the exposed group (hypercapnia or hypocapnia) was associated with poor clinical outcome.ConclusionThe majority of studies in this report found exposure to hypocapnia and hypercapnia after cerebral injury to be associated with poor clinical outcome. However, the optimal PaCO₂ range associated with good clinical outcome remains unclear.     

交通工具伤的急诊处理与监护(附340例分析)

统计分析了340例交通工具伤的流行病学及临床资料。结果表明，年龄在20－50岁的男性是发生率构成比最高的，应列为高危人群。伤后2小时是抢救的黄金时间，也是死亡高峰期。主要死因依次为颅脑伤、合并有胸腹损伤的多发伤。加强院前急救，应尽早开始基础生命支持和抗休克处理。对致死致残率高的严重脊柱和肢体伤要做好应急救治和监护。对高危人群应有针对性地制定和实施某些公共卫生政策，采取必要的预防和监护措施。要强调预防和安全教育的重要意义。