Significant coronary artery disease detected by amyl nitrite and systolic time intervals

The relation between changes in left ventricular systolic time intervals with amyl nitrite (AN) inhalation and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) was evaluated in 77 patients who underwent catheterization because of chest pain. In 25 subjects with normal coronary angiograms (control group), AN inhalation increased the ejection time (ET), shortened the prejection period (PEP) and increased the ET/PEP markedly. In the 52 patients with CAD (CAD group), the ET/PEP changed insignificantly after AN. The difference between the 2 groups was significant (p < 0.001). At cardiac catherization, the increase of left ventricular dP/dt after AN in the control group was significantly larger than that in the CAD group. Although a positive correlation between changes in ET/PEP with AN and ejection fraction at rest was noted in patients with 1-vessel CAD, no such correlation was noted in those with multivessel CAD. This suggests that factors in addition to pump function, such as the degree of CAD, influence the effect of AN inhalation on systolic time intervals. When an increase of less than 30% in ET/PEP occurs with AN Inhalation, the presence of significant CAD can be detected with a sensitivity of 92%, a specificity of 84% and the predictive value of 92%. The AN inhalation test is safe and simple, and thus could serve as a stress test for evaluating the presence and severity of significant CAD.     

Synthesis and release of gonadotropins and their subunits by long-term organ cultures of human fetal hypophyses

From weeks 13 to 26 of fetal life human hypophyses disclosed a constant content of radioimmunoassayable FSH. Although present already before this period, LH content increased considerably at week 17, along with the appearance of free beta-LH. In long-term organ culture experiments such early differentiating pituitaries proved to be endowed with autonomous synthesis and release of FSH and of free alpha-subunit, while LH, beta-LH and TSH declined to very low levels within a few weeks. Supplementation of the medium with LH-RH (12 ng/ml) significantly increased FSH synthesis and release but was not sufficient to sustain production of beta-LH and LH. It is suggested that other factors than LH-RH are required for differentiation of beta-LH biosynthesis and thus for production of LH.     

Comparative study of enzyme activities degrading sorbitol,ribitol, xylitol and gluconate in guinea pig tissues

Summary In guinea pig tissues the activities of the enzymes D-gluconokinase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, D-ribulo- and D-xylulokinase were measured. D-ribulose and D-xylulose were prepared by isomerisation of D-ribose and D-xylose in pyridine and separated by preparative paper chromatography. The activity patterns of the pentulokinases were identical in all tested organs. The highest activities of these two enzymes were found in adipose tissue, when referred to soluble cell protein, and was higher than the activity in liver and kidney. The high enzyme activities of the pentulokinases in adipose tissue may explain the antilipolytic effect of these pentitols and pentoses in diabetes. The activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase and gluconokinase showed a similar activity pattern in all tested organs of the guinea pig. The highest activities were found in liver and kidney and the lowest in the adipose tissue. The direct metabolism of gluconate in adipose tissue seems impossible. The activity of the pentulokinases are diminished in the tissues of the diabetic rat.     

Effect of actinomycin D and cycloheximide on the release and biosynthesis of gonadotropins by pituitary cell cultures

The effect of actinomycin D and cycloheximide on the release and biosynthesis of gonadotropins has been studied using pituitary cells in monolayer cultures. Both cycloheximide (1 mM) and actinomycin D (0.15 nM) inhibited partially but significantly, the GnRH-stimulated release of LH and FSH. However, these two antibiotics had no effect on the basal release of gonadotropins. The release of LH and FSH in the presence of high K⁺ (59 mM) concentration was not inhibited by actinomycin D or cycloheximide. It is probable that the release of gonadotropins in a high K⁺ medium, but not that induced by GnRH, results from the alteration of the ion permeability characteristics of the plasma membrane on which the two antibiotics have no effect. Cycloheximide profoundly inhibited incorporation of [¹⁴C]amino acids (AA) into LH and FSH by the cells and GnRH-induced release of AA-LH and AA-FSH. It only partially inhibited the incorporation of [³H]glucosamine (GLN) into LH and FSH at 2 h of incubation but had no effect or a small effect on the GnRH-induced release of GLN-LH and GLN-FSH. These results suggest, on the one hand, that cycloheximide inhibited the synthesis of polypeptide chains of LH and FSH and, on the other hand, that gonadotropic cells contain some non-glycosylated or nascent subunits of LH and FSH that can be glycosylated even in the presence of cycloheximide. Actinomycin D had no effect on the incorporation of either GLN or AA into LH and FSH, but did completely inhibit the GnRH-induced release of labeled gonadotropins and the GnRH-induced incorporation of labeled precursors. These results support the hypothesis that messenger RNA of the gonadotropic cells is stable enough to allow synthesis of the polypeptide chains of LH and FSH during 6 h of incubation. They also support the finding of many authors that the GnRH-induced release of LH and FSH proceeds first through an acute effect that is not affected by antibiotics and then through a priming effect, dependent on protein or RNA synthesis (or both), that is inhibited by antibiotics.     

《国际医学寄生虫病杂志》2006至2009年论文分析

以中国科学技术信息研究所和万方数据股份有限公司的<中国期刊引证报告(扩刊版)>为依据,对<国际医学寄生虫病杂志>2006-2009年的载文、作者、引文、被引等方面进行统计分析,揭示该刊的出版现状.     

Challenges and opportunities in advancing models of care for older adults: an assessment of the National Institute on Aging research portfolio

OBJECTIVES: To identify existing projects supported by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) that may relate to the recommendations for models of care (MOCs) presented in the 2008 Institute of Medicine Report, Retooling for an Aging America: Building the Healthcare Workforce. DESIGN: Cross‐sectional analysis of NIA's grant portfolio. SETTING: NIA. PARTICIPANTS: NIA grantees. MEASUREMENTS: NIA's grant portfolio was queried for the period 1999 to 2008 using a variety of search terms related to MOCs. Inclusion criteria were adherence to guiding principles for MOCs (comprehensive care, efficient care, older person as an active partner) or focus on innovative feature(s) of MOCs (interdisciplinary care, care management, chronic disease self‐management, pharmaceutical management, preventive home visits, proactive rehabilitation, transitional care). Exclusion criteria were lack of focus on an intervention and focus on informal caregivers. Expert NIA staff reviewed and validated projects. RESULTS: One hundred thirty‐five grants were identified. These grants represent fewer than 1% of the approximate number of grants NIA has funded over this same period of time (～24,000 grants). Forty‐four percent focused on components of comprehensive care and 34% on active involvement of older adults. Approximately half specifically focused on innovative features of MOCs, ranging from chronic disease self‐management (32%) and proactive rehabilitation (26%) to preventive home visits (1%) and transitional care (1%). The majority of projects were investigator‐initiated grants (46%). CONCLUSION: NIA has supported the development of many interventions that include components of MOCs related to recommendations from the IOM report. The challenge for the future will be determining which of the many components of comprehensive care systems are most effective for which subsets of the elderly population and assessing opportunities for enhanced collaboration between public and private aging research stakeholders.     

Hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses: a review of viral genomes,viral induced host immune responses,genotypic distributions and worldwide epidemiology

Hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses (HCV) are frequently propagating blood borne pathogens in global community. Viral hepatitis is primarily associated with severe health complications, such as liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic fibrosis and steatosis. A literature review was conducted on hepatitis B virus (HBV), HBV genome, genotypic distribution and global epidemiology of HBV, HCV, HCV genome, HCV and host immune responses, HCV genotypic distribution and global epidemiology. The valued information was subjected for review. HBV has strict tissue tropism to liver. The virus infecting hepatocytes produces large amount of hepatitis B surface antigen particles which lack the DNA. It has capability to integrate into host genome. It has been found that genotype C is most emerging genotype associated with more severe liver diseases (cirrhosis). The approximate prevalence rate of genotype C is 27.7% which represents a major threat to future generations. Approximately 8% of population is chronic carrier of HBV in developing countries. The chronic carrier rate of HBV is 2%-7% in Middle East, Eastern and Southern Europe, South America and Japan. Among HCV infected individuals, 15% usually have natural tendency to overcome acute viral infection, where as 85% of individuals were unable to control HCV infection. The internal ribosomal entry site contains highly conserved structures important for binding and appropriate positioning of viral genome inside the host cell. HCV infects only in 1%-10% of hepatocytes, but production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (from CD8+ cells) and interferon-gamma cause destruction of both infected cells and non-infected surrounding cells. Almost 11 genotypes and above 100 subtypes of HCV exists worldwide with different geographical distribution. Many efforts are still needed to minimize global burden of these infections. For the complete eradication of HBV (just like small pox and polio) via vaccination strategies, sincere efforts would be required from government and nongovernmental organizations.     

《国际医学寄生虫病杂志》2006至2009年论文分析

以中国科学技术信息研究所和万方数据股份有限公司的<中国期刊引证报告(扩刊版)>为依据,对<国际医学寄生虫病杂志>2006-2009年的载文、作者、引文、被引等方面进行统计分析,揭示该刊的出版现状.     

2014 Hypertension Recommendations From the Eighth Joint National Committee Panel Members Raise Concerns for Elderly Black and Female Populations

A report from panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee titled “2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults” has garnered much attention due to its major change in recommendations for hypertension treatment for patients ≥60 years of age and for their treatment goal. In response, certain groups have opposed the decision to initiate pharmacologic treatment to lower blood pressure (BP) at systolic BP ≥150 mm Hg and treat to a goal systolic BP of <150 mm Hg in the general population age ≥60 years. This paper contains 3 sections—an introduction followed by the opinions of 2 writing groups—outlining objections to or support of maintaining this proposed strategy in certain at-risk populations, namely African Americans, women, and the elderly. Several authors argue for maintaining current targets, as opposed to adopting the new recommendations, to allow for optimal treatment for older women and African Americans, helping to close sex and race/ethnicity gaps in cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality.     

我国传染病的研究与防治进展

传染病防治事关国家安全、人民健康,虽然我国在传染病防控领域的研究水平不断增强,但传染病防控形势仍然严峻。为全面了解当前我国传染病的防控情况,本文介绍了我国重要传染病的流行现状,系统梳理了我国传染病领域的研究与防治进展,总结我国传染病防控成果。同时分析了我国传染病防控存在的问题,并对未来我国传染病防控提出了建议。     

Pancreaticojejunal anastomosis, using a stent tube, in pancreaticoduodenectomy

We report our technique for pancreaticojejunostomy, using a stent tube, and examine the literature with regard to the use of a stent tube in pancreaticojejunostomy. The total number of stitches in the anastomosis of the pancreatic parenchyma and seromuscle layer of the jejunum should be more than 20, and there should be more than 8 stitches in the anastomosis of the pancreatic duct and parenchyma and all layers of the jejunal wall, even in a normal-sized main pancreatic duct. There is no dead space between the cut end of the pancreatic parenchyma and the jejunal wall. None of the 114 consecutive patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy in our series died. We use a stent because this makes it easier to perform anterior wall anastomosis of the pancreaticojejunostomy. It is easy to find the pancreaticojejunal anastomosis at the anterior wall anastomosis. We never stitch the posterior wall of the anastomosis with a stent tube in place at the anterior wall anastomosis. If the anastomosis leaks, the massive flow of pancreatic juice around the anastomosis is prevented because of the pancreatic juice flowing out of the pancreatic tube.     

中国大陆人体胃血吸虫病地区分布与危害

Objectives To summarize and analyze the distribution and harmfulness of gastric schistosomiasis in the mainland of China so as to make suitable measures of control and prevention. Methods Case data of schistosomiasis collected from varieties of medical books,monographs and journals on parasitology were analyzed in order to understand the risk factors and situation of gastric schistosomiasis cases in the mainland of China. Results In the southern part of schistosomiasis epidemic areas of China,10 provinces or municipalities had been reported to have these cases with an exception of Guangdong and Guangxi provinces. A majority of the cases were reported in Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Hubei and Anhui provinces,accounting for 85.40% (626/733) of total case numbers in the mainland of China,while the cases in Yunnan and Fujian provinces only accounted for 0.27% (2/733). The cases'occupations were predominantly farmers and had an age range of 12 to 76 years old.Among 315 cases with detailed data,the ratio of male and female was 4.08∶1. All of the cases had some obvious symptoms in gastric intestinal system. Conclusion In China,gastric schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma japonicum was at scattered distribution with only a few provinces showing concentrated phenomena.     

《血吸虫病防治知识与行为题库》预试验

目的检验《血吸虫病防治知识与行为题库》（《题库》）编写的科学性、严谨性、可行性、适用性和可理解性,并征求进一步修改和完善的意见与建议。方法随机选择江西和四川两省93名血防专业人员、血吸虫病疫区121名学生和107名成年村民为预试验对象。采用“专题小组讨论”法对《题库》进行预试验。结果认为《题库》具有科学性、严谨性、可行性、适用性和可理解性的预试验对象分别占72.04%、92.47%、68.82%、81.14%和70.13%,同时对某些题项提出修改完善意见。结论《题库》经修改完善后可用于疫区现场血吸虫病健康教育效果调查与评价。