多潘立酮口腔崩解片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的观察多潘立酮口腔崩解片(胃动力药)在健康人体的生物等效性。方法22名健康受试者随机交叉单剂口服多潘立酮口腔崩解片剂及多潘立酮片剂后,用HPLC法测定多潘立酮血药浓度。结果2种制剂的Cmax分别为(40.43±12.89),(42.31±20.32)μg·mL-1;tmax分别为(0.84±0.29),(0.91±0.48)h;t1/2(ke)分别为(11.23±5.06),(10.13±4.02)h;AUC0-tn分别为(187.61±81.20),(189.07±97.69)μg·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(220.18±106.93)和(215.57±102.13)μg·h·mL-1;F0-tn、F0-∞分别为(102.61±16.41)%和(101.96±16.06)%。结论试验制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

马来酸依那普利口腔崩解片健康人体生物等效性研究

目的研究马来酸依那普利口腔崩解片与普通片在健康人体的生物等效性.方法20例健康志愿者采用双周期交叉实验,分别给予马来酸依那普利口腔崩解片(受试制剂)和片剂(参比制剂)各20mg, LC-MS/MS法测定健康受试者血清中依那普利及其代谢产物依那普利拉浓度,DAS2.0统计软件计算主要药动学参数.结果受试制剂和参比制剂中依那普利的主要药动学参数分别为t1/2(0.731±0.124)和(0.706±0.159)h,Cmax(170.3±44.7)和(180.0±37.2)μg·L-1,Tmax(0.863±0.309)和(0.850±0.297)h,AUC0～48h(269.5±67.2)和(268.7±67.6)μg·h·L-1.受试制剂和参比制剂中依那普利拉的主要药动学参数为t1/2(8.247±2.349)和(8.225±3.377)h,Cmax(73.8±20.8)和(79.1±21.5)μg·L-1,Tmax(3.450±0.686)和(3.400±0.754)h,AUC0～48h(605.6±124.7)和(640.6±146.0)μg·h·L-1.以依那普利和依那普利拉计算的人体相对生物利用度分别为(103.8±32.0)%和(96.5±17.9)%.结论2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

尼索地平口腔崩解片和普通片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的研究尼索地平口腔崩解片和普通片在健康志愿者体内的生物等效性。方法 20例男性健康志愿者,随机交叉口服尼索地平口腔崩解片10 mg和普通片10 mg,间隔7 d。用高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定血浆中尼索地平的血药浓度,计算主要药动学参数。结果尼索地平口腔崩解片和普通片中尼索地平的tmax分别为(1.50±0.40)h和(1.43±0.49)h,ρmax分别为(1 252.5±918.6)ng·L-1和(1 240.6±757.7)ng·L-1,t1/2分别为(8.07±2.00)h和(8.77±2.46)h,AUC0-t分别为(5 505.3±3 398.3)ng·h·L-1和(4 781.1±2 102.8)ng·h·L-1,AUC0-∞分别为(6 053.0±3 603.8)ng·h·L-1和(5 413.6±2 388.3)ng·h·L-1。以AUC0-t计算,尼索地平口腔崩解片的相对生物利用度为(113.1±31.3)%。两种片剂的药动学参数均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论尼索地平口腔崩解片和普通片在健康人体内具有生物等效性。     

盐酸吡格列酮口腔崩解片在人体内的生物等效性

目的 评价盐酸吡格列酮口腔崩解片的生物等效性.方法 18名受试者随机交叉单剂量口服盐酸吡格列酮口腔崩解片与市售盐酸吡格列酮片,用HPLC测定其血浆中的浓度.结果 受试者服用试验制剂与参比制剂后的Tmax分别为2.08±0.88、2.31±1.02 h,Cmax分别为1.173.4±0.384、1.262±0.437 μg·ml-1,AUC0-24分别为9.816±3.040、10.513±3.288 μg·hml-1,AUC0-∞分别为11.032±3.745、11.509±3.486μg·h·ml-1.结论 试验制剂与参比制剂生物等效.     

格列美脲口腔崩解片正常人体生物等效性研究

目的研究格列美脲口腔崩解片在正常人体的药代动力学及相对生物利用度。方法20名健康志愿受试者分别单剂量口服格列美脲口腔崩解片（受试制剂）和普通片（参比制剂），用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度，以3P97计算药动学参数和生物等效性。结果受试制剂或参比制剂体内药时曲线均符合二室模型，峰浓度（Cmax）分别为（406.894-230.57）ng／mL和（409．62±231．58）ng／mL，达峰时间（Tmax）分别为（3.704-1．53）h和（3．58±1．04）h，0～t药时曲线下面积（AUC-t）分别为（3311．60±2038，99）ng·h／mL和（3127，85±1625．64）ng·h／mL．两者药代动力学参数无显著性差异（P〉0．05），受试制荆相对生物利用度为（105．87±12．92）％。结论受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

厄贝沙坦片的人体生物等效性研究

目的：研究厄贝沙坦片在健康人体的药动学和相对生物利用度,并与市售厄贝沙坦片比较,进行生物等效性评价。方法：24例男性健康受试者双周期、随机、交叉、单剂量口服厄贝沙坦受试制剂和参比制剂各0.15g,清洗期为7d,采用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中厄贝沙坦的浓度。结果：受试制剂与参比制剂主要药动学参数如下：cmax为（1.89±0.54）和（1.99±0.46）μg/ml,tmax为（1.63±0.92）和（1.52±0.83）h,t1/2为（10.9±6.1）和（11.4±7.7）h,AUC0～t为（9.58±2.56）和（8.90±2.87）μg.h.ml-1,AUC0～∞为（10.23±2.98）和（9.56±2.93）μg.h.ml-1。两种制剂主要药动学参数差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为（110.5±21.6）%。结论：厄贝沙坦片受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

厄贝沙坦胃滞留渗透泵片的制备及其在犬体内的药动学研究

目的:制备厄贝沙坦胃滞留渗透泵片,研究其在犬体内的药动学。方法:采用湿法制粒包衣的方法制备厄贝沙坦胃滞留渗透泵片;6只犬自身交叉给药,分别单剂量灌胃厄贝沙坦片和厄贝沙坦胃滞留渗透泵片150mg。采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法考察给药前和给药后0.25、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、3、4、6、8、12、24、36、48、72h犬血浆中厄贝沙坦浓度,采用DAS统计软件计算药动学参数及相对生物利用度,评价其缓释特性。结果:制得单剂量为150mg的厄贝沙坦胃滞留渗透泵片。厄贝沙坦片和厄贝沙坦胃滞留渗透泵片在犬体内的主要药动学参数:tmax分别为(1.21±0.76)、(5.43±3.79)h,cmax分别为(2.93×104±0.71×104)、(1.87×104±0.45×104)μg/L,t1/2分别为(14.2±4.9)、(17.5±4.7)h,AUC0-72h分别为(6.57×105±1.19×105)、(6.07×105±8.61×104)μg·h/L,胃滞留渗透泵片的相对生物利用度为(92.1±18.5)%;其中tmax、cmax均有明显差异。结论:在犬体内,厄贝沙坦胃滞留渗透泵片具有明显缓释作用。     

两种厄贝沙坦氢氯噻嗪片在中国健康受试者体内的生物等效性

目的研究两种厄贝沙坦氢氯噻嗪片在中国健康受试者体内的生物等效性。方法空腹试验和餐后试验各入组32例健康受试者,随机、开放、2周期、双交叉单剂量口服厄贝沙坦氢氯噻嗪片(150 mg/12.5 mg)受试制剂和参比制剂,采用液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法测定给药后不同时间点厄贝沙坦及氢氯噻嗪的血药浓度。采用Phoenix Win Nonlin 7.0软件计算药动学参数,考察两制剂生物等效性。结果空腹试验中受试制剂和参比制剂厄贝沙坦的药动学参数c_(max)分别为2 618.1和2 756.4 ng·mL~(-1),AUC_(0-t)分别为10 643.2和10 552.4 ng·h·mL~(-1),AUC_(0-∞)分别为11 126.7和11 000.4 ng·h·mL~(-1);氢氯噻嗪的药动学参数c_(max)分别为108.1和108.8 ng·mL~(-1),AUC_(0-t)分别为626.4和633.5 ng·h·mL~(-1),AUC_(0-∞)分别为649.6和651.3 ng·h·mL~(-1)。餐后试验中受试制剂和参比制剂厄贝沙坦的药动学参数c_(max)分别为2 712.3和2 823.1 ng·mL~(-1),AUC_(0-t)分别为9 887.2和10 006.7 ng·h·mL~(-1),AUC_(0-∞)分别为10 473.4和10 454.7 ng·h·mL~(-1);氢氯噻嗪的药动学参数c_(max)分别为79.3和85.1 ng·mL~(-1),AUC_(0-t)分别为601.2和624.6 ng·h·mL~(-1),AUC_(0-∞)分别为620.4和643.8 ng·h·mL~(-1)。受试制剂与参比制剂c_(max)、AUC_(0-t)和AUC_(0-∞)几何均数比值的90%置信区间均在87.23%～109.31%之间。结论两种厄贝沙坦氢氯噻嗪片在中国健康受试者体内具有生物等效性。     

盐酸氨溴索口崩片与普通片人体生物等效性比较

目的:对国产盐酸氨溴索口腔崩解片和进口普通片进行生物等效性研究。方法:20名健康男性志愿者按2×2交叉试验方案设计,分别口服受试制剂和参比制剂各90mg,并采集服药后24h内动态血标本;采用HPLC-MS/MS法测定血浆中氨溴索质量浓度,计算药动学参数,并判定两种制剂是否生物等效。结果:受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(175.6±57.3)μg.L-1和(173.6±50.7)μg.L-1,tmax分别为(1.3±0.3)h和(1.3±0.4)h,AUC0-24分别为(772.1±275.3)μg.L-1.h和(760.3±205.7)μg.L-1.h,AUC0-∞分别为(862.5±300.8)μg.L-1.h和(839.9±241.5)μg.L-1.h,t1/2(ke)分别为(6.8±2.6)和(6.5±2.9)h,两制剂主要药动学参数经对数转换后进行方差分析及双单侧t检验,并计算90%置信区间,表明两种制剂生物等效,受试制剂的人体生物利用度为(100.3±16.5)%。结论:两种制剂生物等效。     

国产与进口富马酸奎的平片的药动学比较及相对生物利用度

目的:研究富马酸奎的平片的药动学及相对生物利用度.方法:受试者交叉口服单剂量(100mg)国产片与进口片,用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度.结果:两种片剂的主要药动学参数:Tmax分别为(1.7±0.8)h与(1.6±0.7)h,Cmax分别为(100.4±18 9)μg·L-1与(100.0±17.8)μg·L-1,AUC0-t分别为(246.8±29.4)μg·L-1·h与(244.7±28.8)μg·L-1·h,AUC0-∞分别为(250.7±30.2)μg·L-1·h与(248.9±29.6)μg·L-1·h,T1/2分别为(1.8±0.5)h与(1.8±0.4)h,国产片相对于进口片的生物利用度为(101.9±7.4)%.结论:两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.