高频电切除术在微小食管平滑肌瘤诊断和治疗中的作用

目的：探讨经胃镜高频电切除术对食管微小平滑肌瘤诊断和治疗的意义。方法：2001年3月～2003年5月，我院共收治临床诊断微小食管平滑肌瘤患者54例，对其临床诊治资料进行分析。结果：54例食管微小平滑肌瘤患者，其中49例行高频电切除治疗，2例行外科手术治疗，3例随访观察。术后常规送切除组织行病理检查，其中50例获得病理诊断，确诊食管平滑肌瘤47例。临床诊断食管微小平滑肌瘤的符合率为94．O％(47／50)，高频电切除成功率为90．7％(49／54)。高频电切除治疗术后无食管穿孔等严重并发症发生，创面渗血2例(2／49，4．1％)；术后1月～2年复查胃镜未见病变再发。结论：胃镜下高频电切除微小食管平滑肌瘤，安全、有效，不仅有助于明确诊断，而且可使其获得治疗。     

食管固有肌层平滑肌瘤黏膜下隧道法内镜剥离切除治疗探讨

目的 探讨黏膜下隧道法内镜切除治疗食管固有肌层平滑肌瘤的临床效果.方法 2011年1月至11月间胃镜及超声内镜榆查确诊食管固有肌层肿物的患者,按照知情同意的原则选择性参加本组研究.16例患者入组并完成了研究计划.入组病例采用内镜经食管黏膜下隧道切除病变,并且术后行病理检查和跟踪随访观察.结果 食管固有肌层肿物完整切除率100％,术后均病理学检查证明为平滑肌瘤,病理免疫组化提示增生活跃9例.术中并发纵隔、皮下、腹膜后气肿1例,1周后自行恢复,无其他并发症及相应病例,无死亡病例.平均随访观察半年,无复发病例.结论 黏膜下隧道法内镜切除治疗食管固有肌层平滑肌瘤是微创、安全有效的治疗方法.     

超声内镜鉴别胃内间质瘤和平滑肌瘤的价值

目的探讨超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)对胃内间质瘤和平滑肌瘤的鉴别诊断价值。方法 2013年3月至2015年12月,在武汉大学中南医院内镜中心行普通胃镜及EUS检查,经病理和免疫组化确诊为胃肠道间质瘤或平滑肌瘤,且资料记录完整的79例患者纳入回顾性研究,分析其胃镜及EUS下影像学特点。结果胃内间质瘤和平滑肌瘤在病变部位、表面形态、起源层次上相比,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);间质瘤直径较平滑肌瘤大(P0.05);间质瘤回声较平滑肌瘤不均匀(P0.05)。结论 EUS对胃内间质瘤和平滑肌瘤具有重要的鉴别诊断价值。     

食管平滑肌瘤内镜下切除:临床病例回顾分析

目的探讨内镜切除治疗食管平滑肌瘤的临床效果。方法 2014年8月-2015年5月对30例食管平滑肌瘤患者采用内镜下切除病变,并且术后行病理检查和跟踪随访观察。结果食管黏膜肌层和固有肌层肿物完整切除率100%,术后经病理学检查证实为平滑肌瘤,术中并发出血1例,经内镜下止血治疗成功,并发皮下气肿1例,1周后自行恢复,无其他并发症发生,无死亡病例。平均随访半年,无复发病例。结论内镜下切除治疗食管平滑肌瘤是微创、安全有效的治疗方法。     

食管平滑肌瘤超声内镜精准评估提高内镜黏膜下剥离术临床疗效及预后价值分析

目的 探讨超声内镜(EUS)精准评估是否可提高内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗食管平滑肌瘤的临床疗效,并分析对食管平滑肌瘤患者预后的影响。方法 选取2020年8月至2022年6月期间在我院消化科接受EUS检查并行ESD的37例食管平滑肌瘤患者,统计患者的肿瘤完全切除率、整块切除率及并发症发生率。收集分析所有患者的临床资料、病理及免疫组化学结果,并对患者进行一年的内镜随访,记录患者的预后情况。结果 37例患者术前EUS显示,30例平滑肌瘤起源于黏膜肌层,7例起源于黏膜层,瘤体平均直径17.80±10.00mm。37例食管平滑肌瘤患者中,肿瘤完全切除率为97.30%(36/37)、整块切除率为100%(37/37),平均手术时间29.46±6.61 min,平均住院时间为5.41±1.24天。免疫组化结果显示,Desmin、SMA具有较高的阳性表达率。1例患者出现术后出血、2例在ESD术中发现有小穿孔,并发症发生率为8.11%(3/37),均经治疗后好转。术后对37例患者随访1年,创面基本愈合,且无病变残留及复发。结论 EUS能够对食管平滑肌瘤进行起源和定性诊断,可指导食管平滑肌瘤的治疗,术...     

超声内镜联合EMR或ESD在食管表浅隆起性病变诊断和治疗中的作用

目的：探讨超声内镜（EUS）联合内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR）或内镜下黏膜剥离术（ESD）在食管表浅隆起性病变诊断和治疗中的价值。方法对35例经EUS检查拟诊为食管表浅隆起性病变患者进行EMR或ESD治疗的病例资料进行回顾性研究,分析病变部位的EUS图像、病理诊断结果及随访治疗效果。结果35例中21例经EMR治疗,14例经ESD治疗。经病理组织学检查确诊为早期食管癌9例,重度不典型增生5例,良性间质瘤3例,腺瘤性息肉4例,非腺瘤性息肉6例,平滑肌瘤8例。经EUS及病理证实病变均起源于黏膜层、黏膜肌层和黏膜下层。34例分别于术后1、3、6月复查EUS随访,术后1个月后伤口均完全愈合,无出血、食管狭窄及局部复发现象发生。结论联合应用EUS和EMR或ESD技术,不仅可以提高食管表浅隆起性病变早期的确诊率,而且是一种微创、有效、安全、快速的治疗措施。     

136例食管平滑肌瘤的临床及病理特征分析

目的回顾性分析食管平滑肌瘤的临床特征及病理特点,以提高临床医师对该疾病的诊断水平。方法选取新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院消化科2009年3月至2014年3月的136例住院患者,均接受内镜下治疗或手术治疗并经病理证实具有完整临床病理资料的食管平滑肌瘤。回顾性分析其临床特征、内镜学表现、超声内镜、病理及免疫组化学、治疗方式及随访结果。结果食管平滑肌瘤大多无明显临床症状,年龄(51.7±11.4)岁,在食管上、中、下段均好发,胃镜下均表现为黏膜下隆起。食管平滑肌瘤超声内镜多显示为低回声病变,超声内镜与病理符合率为93.4%。病理直接诊断平滑肌瘤最多为121例。134例行免疫组化分析,神经源性标记物(SMA)和D33结蛋白(Desmin)在平滑肌瘤中有较高的表达率。确定起源于黏膜肌层或黏膜层的肿物126例行内镜下黏膜切除术(ESD),均一次性完整剥离,无术后出血、穿孔等并发症发生。起源于固有肌层的10例行手术治疗。136例中有78例完成术后1~24个月随访,均未见穿孔、出血、疼痛等并发症,也无复发迹象。结论食管平滑肌瘤的诊断需依靠超声内镜结合病理证实。ESD术治疗大多数食管平滑肌瘤安全、有效,并为某些具有早期恶性潜能的食管平滑肌瘤的发现提供了良好的条件,从而避免了开胸手术的风险。     

超声内镜诊断老年食管黏膜下肿瘤的准确性

目的探讨超声内镜诊断老年食管黏膜下肿瘤（SMTs）的准确性及价值。方法选择胃镜检查中存在食管黏膜下肿物的老年患者116例进行内镜超声检查（EUS），其中29例通过超声内镜引导细针穿刺（EUS—FNA）对肿瘤实施针吸活检，获得穿刺物临床病理珍断；14例通过手术获得术后临床病理诊断；将EUS诊断与病理诊断进行同一样本对照。结果在43例具有明确病理诊断的老年食管黏膜下肿物中，EUS诊断平滑肌瘤27例，平滑肌肉瘤4例，脂肪瘤3例，纵隔肿瘤6例，转移性淋巴结2例，淋巴结结核1例；病理诊断平滑肌瘤25例，平滑肌肉瘤6例，脂肪瘤3例，肺癌4例，淋巴瘤1例；转移性淋巴结3例，淋巴结结核1例。二者总符合率74．42％，其中食管壁内肿瘤诊断符合率94．12％，纵隔病变诊断符合率33．33％。结论通过EUS超声影像能够准确诊断老年食管壁内肿物的性质，纵隔肿瘤需根据EUS—FNA进行诊断。     

超声内镜用于食管黏膜下肿瘤定性诊断及指导手术治疗的临床意义

目的探究超声内镜(EUS)用于食管黏膜下肿瘤定性诊断及指导手术治疗的临床价值。方法选取胃镜检查中发现的食管黏膜下肿瘤患者50例,对其行超声内镜检查,以食管黏膜下肿瘤的病变大小、起源层次及性质为依据,决定内镜下手术治疗方式,包括内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)、内镜下黏膜分片切除术(EPMR)、内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD),将病变完整切除,并对瘤体标本进行病理活检。结果术前EUS诊断起源于黏膜肌层的食管平滑肌瘤、淋巴管瘤分别有45例、2例,起源于黏膜下层的脂肪瘤、食管囊肿分别有2例、1例,以病理诊断为金标准,EUS诊断的准确率为98.0%。食管SMT患者病灶直径为0.4~2.3(1.38±0.21)cm,行EMR、EPMR、ESD切除者分别有37例、6例、7例,均完全切除,手术成功率为100.0%。EMR术中无并发症,ESD术中1例患者创面出血,并成功止血。术后6个月EUS复查结果显示创面无病变残留及复发,愈合良好。结论 EUS能对食管SMT进行定性和起源诊断,在食管SMT治疗中具有很好的指导意义,EUS辅助下行内镜微创手术是安全、有效的SMT治疗手段,既能完整切除病变,又可提供病理诊断。     

胃镜、超声内镜辅助腹腔镜治疗在胃间质瘤中的应用

目的：探讨胃镜、超声内镜（ EUS）辅助腹腔镜治疗在胃间质瘤中的应用价值。方法采用腹腔镜治疗胃间质瘤患者145例,术前均接受胃镜检查,80例接受EUS检查。然后在胃镜和术中EUS引导下行腹腔镜胃间质瘤切除术。术后随访2～20个月。结果腹腔镜手术时间50～120 min、平均69．5 min,出血量50～150 mL、平均74．3 mL,8例中转开腹,无术中死亡病例。平均排气时间24．5 h,住院时间4～9 d、平均6．7 d。133例为良性单发肿瘤,12例为交界性肿瘤。129例胃间质瘤,16例为平滑肌瘤。病理切缘肿瘤检查均为阴性,瘤体直径（2．9±4．6） cm。术后随访2～20个月,未见肿瘤复发或远处转移。结论术前胃镜、超声内镜联合应用能够早期发现病变,初步判定胃间质瘤的性质、危险程度和周围组织的关系。术中腹腔镜、胃镜和EUS的联合可充分发挥微创治疗胃间质瘤的优势,减少并发症和术后复发,手术效果良好。     

Diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasonography for gastrointestinal leiomyoma

AIM: To investigate the clinical pathologic features of gastrointestinal leiomyoma and the diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) on gastrointestinal leiomyoma. METHODS: A total of 106 patients with gastrointestinal leiomyoma diagnosed with EUS were studied. The location, size and layer origin of gastric and esophageal leiomyomas were analyzed and compared. The histological diagnosis of the resected specimens by endoscopy or surgery in some patients was compared with their results of EUS. RESULTS: The majority of esophageal leiomyomas were located in the middle and lower part of the esophagus and their size was smaller than 1.0 cm, and 62.1 % of esophageal leiomyomas originated from the muscularis mucosae. Most of the gastric leiomyomas were located in the body and fundus of the stomach with a size of 1-2 cm. Almost all gastric leiomyomas (94.2 %) originated from the muscularis propria. The postoperative histological results of 54 patients treated by endoscopic resection or surgical excision were completely consistent with the preoperative diagnosis of EUS, and the diagnostic specificity of EUS to gastrointestinal leiomyoma was 94.7 %. CONCLUSION: The size and layer origin of esophageal leiomyomas are different from that of gastric leiomyomas. Being safe and accurate, EUS is the best method not only for gastrointestinal leiomyoma diagnosis but also for the follow-up of patients.     

Endoscopic ultrasonography for the diagnosis and selecting treatment of esophageal leiomyoma

Background and Aim: To investigate the clinical value of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) with miniature ultrasonic probes (MUP) for the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal leiomyoma. Methods: A total of 229 patients with esophageal leiomyoma, diagnosed using EUS, with 12‐MHz MUP and a double‐cavity electronic endoscope, were enrolled. The clinical characteristics of the patients were analyzed, and those who had therapeutic indications received endoscopic resection or surgical excision. Postoperative histological diagnostic results were compared with the preoperative diagnosis of EUS. All patients, including those with or without endoscopic resection or surgical excision were periodically followed up with EUS. Results: Of the 229 patients, 118 received endoscopic resection, and seven received surgical excision. Postoperative histology showed that 110 patients were completely consistent with the preoperative diagnosis of EUS, and the diagnostic accuracy of EUS was 88.6%. No treatment‐related complications occurred among the patients who received endoscopic resection or surgical excision, and no recurrence was observed during the follow‐up examinations. Conclusions: Esophageal leiomyoma is a benign tumor of the esophagus. EUS is a useful technique for the diagnosis of esophageal leiomyoma and for making treatment‐related decisions.     

Esophageal leiomyomas

Opinion statement Esophageal leiomyomas are often discovered incidentally when a barium swallow or endoscopic examination performed for unrelated reasons reveals a smooth, submucosal mass in the esophagus. Although surgical removal and histologic examination are required to prove the diagnosis, a diagnosis of esophageal leiomyoma can be established with reasonable certainty by a careful clinical evaluation that includes endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), and CT scan. If these tests reveal any feature that suggests malignancy, or if the tumor is causing symptoms, the lesion should be removed surgically, provided there is no severe co-morbidity or evidence of metastatic disease. If the imaging studies are typical of benign leiomyoma and the patient has no symptoms, therapy should be individualized. The limited data available on the natural history of esophageal leiomyomas suggests that the tumors grow slowly and that malignant transformation is extremely uncommon.     

超声内镜联合染色内镜在早期食管癌诊断中的应用价值

目的:分析超声内镜联合染色内镜技术诊断早期食管癌的准确性,评价其临床应用价值.方法:2009-08/2011-09行普通白光内镜(WLE)检查发现食管黏膜可疑病变67例,患者72处病灶纳入研究,可疑病变包括食管黏膜粗糙、糜烂、颜色异常、微隆起等.所有病变行活组织病理检查,分析超声内镜联合染色内镜诊断早期食管癌的准确性.结果:72处局灶性病变中,病理组织学证实癌性病变16处(9处病变行内镜下黏膜切除术或内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗,7处病变行手术治疗).非癌性病变56处,为慢性炎症、轻-中度不典型增生.WLE诊断早期食管癌的敏感度、特异度和准确性分别为:81.3%、66%、62.5%;超声内镜联合染色内镜对应值分别为:87.5%、98.2%、95.8%.结论:超声内镜联合染色内镜对食管病变有较高的诊断价值,尤其是对诊断早期食管癌及癌前病变有重要意义.     

Clinical Evaluation of Endoscopic Ultrasonogrphy in Diagnosis of Submucosal Tumor of the Upper Alimentray Tract

Abstract: The usefulness and the problems of endoscopic ultrasonograpy (EUS) in the diagnosis of submucosal tumors (SMT) of the upper alimentary tract were evaluated in this study. EUS was carried out in 86 cases with SMT of the stomach. Tumors of 13 cases was confirmed histologically (leiomyoma in 7 cases, leiomyosarcoma in one, lipoma in 2, gastric cyst in one, aberrant pancreas in one and Schwannoma in one case). In only one out of 22 cases with SMT of the esophagus, the tumor was surgically resected and a pathological examination revealed leiomyoma EUS was useful in estimating the histological origin of SMT by observation of the relationship between the location of the tumor and each layer in the gastric or esophageal wall. However, it was imposible to differentiate leiomyoma from leiomyosarcoma in myogenic tumors through the echoic pattern of the tumor by EUS alone at the present time. EUS was also useful in distinguishing the cause of extragastric compression showing similar findings with SMT, which could not be clarified by X-ray or endoscopic examination. In fact, organs compressing the stomach were easily clarified by EUS. It was decided that EUS should be performed in all cases whenever there is any doubt of SMT existing after an X-ray or endoscopic examination.     

内镜下圈套结扎在治疗上消化道小平滑肌瘤中的应用

目的 探讨应用内镜下皮圈结扎的方法来治疗上消化道的小平滑肌瘤，并评价这种方法的安全性和疗效。方法 通过内镜、内镜超声及内镜超声下穿刺细胞学检查确定了59例上消化道小平滑肌瘤患者，共发现64处平滑肌瘤。在这64处平滑肌瘤中，50处为食管平滑肌瘤，12处为胃平滑肌瘤，2处为十二指肠平滑肌瘤。对所有平滑肌瘤进行皮圈套扎治疗，术后2周开始，每周做胃镜检查观察结扎处的变化，直至创面完全愈合。结果 64处病变中50处食管平滑肌瘤被完全去除，创面的平均愈合时间为3．1周。12处胃平滑肌瘤中9处被完全去除，其余3例由于结扎不彻底，仍有残余瘤组织，平均愈合时间为4.5周。2例十二指病变被完全去除，平均愈合时间4．5周。全部患者无一例发生出血、穿孔。结论 内镜下圈套结扎术是治疗上消化道小平滑肌瘤安全、有效的方法。     

Postoperative screening for anastomotic recurrence of esophageal carcinoma by endoscopic ultrasonography

Background: The usefulness of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in the preoperative staging of esophageal carcinoma is well established. Alternatively, the role of EUS in the early diagnosis of anastomotic recurrence is less well accepted.Methods: EUS was used to evaluate 30 asymptomatic and 10 symptomatic patients (i.e., with dysphagia) who had previously undergone resection of esophageal carcinoma.Results: There were 3 (10%) unsuspected anastomotic recurrences in the asymptomatic group. EUS correctly identified locally recurrent cancer in all cases, whereas endoscopy confirmed the presence of only one anastomotic recurrence. Computed tomography was not diagnostic in any of the three recurrences. Sensitivity of EUS for recurrence of esophageal carcinoma was 100% compared with 33% for endoscopic diagnosis while the specificity was 96% for EUS compared with 100% for endoscopic biopsy. There was one false positive diagnosis of recurrence by EUS because of postoperative fibrosis resulting in concentric hypertrophy of the esophageal wall near the surgical anastomosis. Of the 10 symptomatic patients, 4 were diagnosed with tumor recurrence. EUS correctly predicted recurrences in all symptomatic patients (100% sensitivity and specificity), as did upper endoscopy with biopsy.Conclusions: EUS is more sensitive than upper endoscopy and CT scan for the evaluation of anastomotic recurrence of esophageal carcinoma and should be considered as an adjunctive modality to conventional endoscopy for the postoperative surveillance of these patients. (Gastrointest Endosc 1995;42:540-4.)     

经内镜切除消化道黏膜下肿瘤

目的 探讨内镜切除消化道黏膜下肿瘤(SMT)的疗效、安全性以及切除前内镜超声检查(EUS)的价值。方法 SMT71例中食管36例，胃29例，十二指肠和直肠各3例，64例(90．1％)治疗前行EUS检查。SMT大小6～20mm，平均14．2mm。55例用双活检管道内镜行黏膜切除术(EMR)，把持钳剥离SMT后，将其切除；6例先用圈套器在SMT基底部勒紧，再注入生理盐水，切除SMT；10例≤10mm的用透明帽吸引法切除。结果 71例SMT中68例(95．8％)内镜下完全切除；2例(1例异位胰腺、1例胃平滑肌瘤)病变残留(4周时胃镜发现)；l例直肠平滑肌瘤，未能切除改行外科手术。67例平均随访18．7个月未见复发。组织学诊断平滑肌瘤51例(71．8％)，颗粒细胞瘤、纤维瘤、异位胰腺、脂肪瘤、间质瘤和类癌共15例(21．1％)，5例(7．0％)间叶肿瘤未做免疫染色，不能确定组织来源。并发症：9例局部少量出血，1例胃间质瘤切除后胃穿孔。结论 内镜切除SMT是一种较安全、有效的方法，并可获得组织学诊断，EUS对内镜治疔SMT选择适应证有重要的价值。     

环扫超声内镜术前评估对食管上皮下肿物内镜治疗的意义

目的探讨环扫超声内镜(EUS)术前评估对食管上皮下肿物内镜治疗的意义。方法选取内镜发现食管上皮下肿物并行内镜下或外科手术治疗的患者30例,麻醉状态下行环扫EUS术前评估。食管上皮下肿物内镜下治疗可选择不同内镜下手术方式,黏膜肌层病变非气管插管麻醉行内镜下黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR);黏膜下层、固有肌层病变气管插管麻醉行内镜黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术(submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection,STER)或外科手术。结果20例术后诊断为黏膜肌层病变中,19例术前环扫EUS明确诊断,1例术前诊断为固有肌层病变;8例术后诊断为固有肌层病变及2例黏膜下层病变中,术前环扫EUS均明确诊断。Weighted Kappa评价显示,点估计0.92268,95%CI估计0.77431~1.00000,提示环扫EUS诊断与术后内镜下诊断一致性优秀。结论环扫EUS对食管上皮下肿物层次定位有较高的可靠性,对手术方式及麻醉方式的选择有指导意义。检查可在患者麻醉状态下完成,检查过程较舒适。     

Endoscopic Aspiration Lumpectomy of Esophageal Leiomyomas Derived from the Muscularis Mucosae

Objectives : There is still much debute about the indications and best technique for endoscopy for the treatment of esophageal leiomyomas. We developed a novel technique for endoscopic aspiration lumpectomy and used it in patients with esophageal leiomyomas derived from the muscular is mucosae. Methods : Nine patients with esophageal leiomyomas were treated with informed consent. The indication for intervention was based on the endosonographic confirmation of a tumor originating from the 2nd layer of the esophagus. We attached a transparent cylinder to the tip of an endoscope and a snare-guide tube to the outer axis of the scope. After endoscopic suction of the tumor into the cylinder, the snare was pushed open. The tumor was grabbed at its base with the entire surrounding mucosa, and removed. Results : The overall procedure time averaged 18 minutes, and there were no complications in any of the subjects. The resected specimens were elliptical with a mean long diameter of 22 ± 4 mm and a mean short diameter of 17 ± 4 mm. Complete resection was possible in eight of the nine tumors that were under 2 cm in diameter. After a follow-up period of 4 to 27 months (mean 11 months), no recurrence was found in any of the completely resected cases. Conclusions : Endoscopic aspiration lumpectomy has been proven to be a safe, effective, and less invasive procedure for small esophageal leiomyomas derived from the muscularis mucosae.