„Fast-track“ bei laparoskopisch radikaler Prostatektomie

BACKGROUND: Fast-track surgery describes perioperative treatment concepts ensuring a faster postoperative convalescence phase. By using a multimodal fast-track concept in patients undergoing laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, we aimed to investigate the feasibility of this procedure after elective surgery and a possible discharge 3 days postoperatively. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients per group were randomized for conventional or fast-track treatment, respectively. Perioperative data, early complications, possible hospital discharge, and readmission rate were analyzed. Before hospital discharge, all patients were interviewed about their evaluation of the received regimen and their overall satisfaction perioperatively. RESULTS: The mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.6 days in the fast-track group vs. 6.7 days in the conventional group (p<0.01). Overall complications were low but were significant between the two groups, with the fast-track procedure being more favorable. Readmission rate was also low but was not significant. Overall satisfaction was significantly higher in the fast-track group, whereas the subjective evaluation did not differ between the two regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Fast-track concepts are well transferable in laparoscopic radical prostatectomy settings. Patients receiving this procedure, as well as clinics offering it, may benefit from a suitable fast-track concept.     

Readmission rates after a planned hospital stay of 2 versus 3 days in fast-track colonic surgery

BACKGROUND: Initial programmes of fast-track open colonic surgery with a planned 2-day postoperative hospital stay have had a high readmission rate (about 20 per cent). The aim of this large, consecutive series was to compare readmission rates after a fast-track open colonic surgery programme with a planned hospital stay of 2 versus 3 days. METHODS: The study included 541 consecutive colonic resections from one surgical department with a structured care programme, including well defined discharge criteria, between April 1997 and December 2005. The planned hospital stay was increased from 2 to 3 days from August 2004. All patients were examined 8 and 30 days after surgery. RESULTS: Readmission rates fell from 20.1 per cent in 408 patients with a planned 2-day hospital stay (period 1) to 11.3 per cent in 133 patients with a planned 3-day hospital stay (period 2) (P < 0.020). Median length of primary hospital stay was 2 and 3 days, median stay after readmission was 5 and 5.5 days, and median (mean) total stay was 3 (5.6) and 3 (5.7) days in periods 1 and 2 respectively. The readmission rate in period 2 was lower because there were fewer readmissions for short-term observation or social reasons. There was no difference in type and incidence of morbidity between the two periods. CONCLUSION: Readmission after fast-track open colonic resection was reduced by planning discharge 3 instead of 2 days after surgery, with the same discharge criteria.     

快速康复外科在腹腔镜直肠癌TME保肛术中的应用效果

目的评价快速康复外科在接受择期手术的腹腔镜直肠癌TME保肛术中应用的安全性和有效性。方法将入选的91例拟接受择期腹腔镜手术的直肠癌患者分为快速康复组（FTS组）和传统治疗组（对照组）,FTS组44例,对照组47例。FTS组围手术期接受快速康复方案处理,对照组接受传统的围手术期处理。观察术后首次排气时间、术后住院时间、住院总费用、术后并发症,以及术前、术后血清学指标。数据资料采用t检验和X2检验。结果两组患者均痊愈出院。FTS组患者与对照组相比,首次排气时间提前、术后的住院时间缩短、住院总费用减少,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。术后并发症发生率没有增加（P〉0．05）。两组患者的炎性因子指标在术后均升高,但两组升高水平无显著差异（P〉0．05）。FTS组术后空腹血糖水平升高较对照组低,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论快速康复外科模式在接受择期腹腔镜直肠癌TME保肛术中安全可行,加快了患者术后康复,缩短了术后住院时间,降低了医疗费用,并且有效地控制了术后高血糖。     

Impacto de un programa de rehabilitación multimodal en cirugía electiva colorrectal sobre los costes hospitalarios

Introduction

Multimodal rehabilitation (MMRH) programs in surgery have proven to be beneficial in functional recovery of patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of a MMRH program on hospital costs.

Method

A comparative study of 2 consecutive cohorts of patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery has been designed. In the first cohort, we analyzed 134 patients that received conventional perioperative care (control group). The second cohort included 231 patients treated with a multimodal rehabilitation protocol (fast-track group). Compliance with the protocol and functional recovery after fast-track surgery were analyzed. We compared postoperative complications, length of stay and readmission rates in both groups. The cost analysis was performed according to the system «full-costing».

Results

There were no differences in clinical features, type of surgical excision and surgical approach. No differences in overall morbidity and mortality rates were found. The mean length of hospital stay was 3 days shorter in the fast-track group. There were no differences in the 30-day readmission rates. The total cost per patient was significantly lower in the fast-track group (fast-track: 8.107 ± 4.117 euros vs. control: 9.019 ± 4.667 Euros; P=.02). The main factor contributing to the cost reduction was a decrease in hospitalization unit costs.

Conclusion

The application of a multimodal rehabilitation protocol after elective colorectal surgery decreases not only the length of hospital stay but also the hospitalization costs without increasing postoperative morbidity or the percentage of readmissions.     

快速康复外科模式在腹腔镜胃癌根治术中的应用

目的：评价快速康复外科（FTS）在接受择期手术的腹腔镜胃癌根治术（D2根治）患者中的安全性和有效性。方法：将68例拟接受择期腹腔镜手术的胃癌患者分为快速康复组和传统治疗组,每组34例。快速康复组围手术期接受快速康复方案处理,传统治疗组接受传统的围手术期处理。观察术后首次排气时间、术后住院时间、住院总费用及术后并发症等。结果：两组病人均痊愈出院。快速康复组患者与传统手术相比,首次排气时间提前、术后的住院时间缩短、住院总费用减少（P〈0．05）。术后并发症发生率没有增加（P〉0．05）。结论：快速康复外科模式在接受择期腹腔镜手术的胃癌患者中安全可行,加快了患者术后康复,缩短了术后住院时间,降低了医疗费用。     

加速康复外科在腰椎融合手术中的应用研究

目的 研究加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)在脊柱外科腰椎融合手术中的应用效果.方法 对2015年1~8月于我科行腰椎融合手术且融合节段≤3个的236例病人进行前瞻性研究,根据病人意愿分为对照组(117例)及加速康复组(ERAS组,119例),分别对两组病人围手术期采取常规干预和ERAS干预.对比分析两组病人手术前后不同时间点的疼痛视觉模拟量表(visual ana-logue scale,VAS)评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disfunction index,ODI)评分,以及阿片类药物使用情况、术后并发症、术后住院时间、术后1个月内再次住院率、病人治疗满意度等情况.结果 ERAS组在术后3 d内、出院时及术后1个月VAS评分均优于对照组(P<0.05),术后恶心呕吐的发生率显著小于对照组(P<0.05),阿片类药物在术后第1天和第2天使用量小于对照组(P<0.05),术后平均住院时间(4.9 d)与对照组(6.2 d)比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).两组病例在术后1个月内再次住院率比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.339).病人平均随访时间为(13.4±0.9)个月.两组末次随访的VAS评分(P=0.368)和ODI评分(P=0.251)比较,差异均无统计学意义.结论 实施ERAS可以在不影响腰椎融合手术病人再次住院率的情况下,缩短了病人术后住院时间、改善了病人术后疼痛、降低了术后并发症发生率及减少了阿片类药物的使用,值得在脊柱外科临床推广.     

„Fast-track-Kolonchirurgie“

OBJECT: The aim of multimodal perioperative treatment concepts is to lower the extent of general complications after elective colonic resection and "traditional" perioperative therapy and to allow hospital discharge only a few days following the operation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective study, we examined a new perioperative treatment plan for accelerating postoperative recovery and evaluated the results. This so-called "fast-track" program employs combined thoracal peridural analgesia, forced mobilization, and rapid renourishment within the clinic. RESULTS: Sixty-four consecutive patients with benign or malignant disease of the large intestine aged an average of 66 years (range 54-71) were operated on. Thirty received conventional resection and 34 were operated on laparoscopically and treated perioperatively using the fast-track program. The hospital diet was given in all cases on the 1st postoperative day, and the first bowel movement occurred on the 2nd day (range 2-3). The patients could be released on the 4th postresection day (range 4-5). General and local postoperative complications were observed in five patients each (8%), including two cases of anastomotic insufficiency. CONCLUSION: In colonic surgery, the "fast-track" method accelerated convalescence, lowered the number of general complications, and reduced the duration of hospital stay. Therefore, evaluation of "fast-track" concepts is warranted in other types of elective abdominal surgery.     

加速康复外科理念指导116例结直肠癌手术

目的 探讨加速康复外科作为常规应用于结直肠手术的安全性与有效性.方法 回顾性总结分析南京军区南京总医院自2006年6月至2008年5月收治的116例在加速康复外科围手术期处理原则（包括术前不长时间禁食、不行机械性肠道准备、术前口服碳水化合物行代谢准备、不放置鼻胃管、不常规腹腔引流、术后早期进食和早期下床活动）指导下进行的结直肠手术患者的临床资料.结果 全组患者术后住院1～54（5.6±5.4）d,14例患者（12.1%）出现并发症,其中吻合口瘘与切口感染的发生率分别为1.7%和2.6%,30 d再住院率1.7%.30 d死亡1例（0.9%）.结论 加速康复外科作为常规应用于结直肠手术既有利于患者的康复,又可以减少住院时间,安全有效.     

Influence of fast-track anesthetic technique on cardiovascular infusions and weight gain.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether cardiac surgical patients receiving conventional versus fast-track anesthetic management are statistically significantly different with regard to cardiovascular drug infusions, weight gain, cardiac and pulmonary morbidity, length of intubation, and length of stay. DESIGN: Retrospective, (partially) sequential, cohort design. SETTING: Surgical suite and intensive care unit (ICU) at a community hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred seven patients who presented for coronary artery bypass graft and/or cardiac valve replacement. INTERVENTIONS: None MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Group comparisons of the seven individual cardiovascular drug infusions showed less frequent use in the fast-track patients for lidocaine (9% v 28%; p = 0.00046) only. However, the fast-track group received fewer combinations of cardiovascular drug infusions overall for the first 24-hour postoperative period (p < 0.0005). Hourly comparisons of inotropes showed significantly fewer combinations of dobutamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine for the first postoperative hour and for postoperative hours 7 through 12 (p < 0.01 for each hour). Fast-track patients had less postoperative weight gain for days 1 through 4 (p < 0.01 for each day), shorter length of ICU stay (p < 0.00005), and shorter total length of postoperative hospital stay (p = 0.0004). No differences were found with respect to myocardial infarction, death, pulmonary complications, rate of reintubation, or length of hospital stay once discharged from the ICU. CONCLUSIONS: Fast-track anesthetic management may be associated with decreased need for inotropic and antiarrhythmic drug infusions and decreased weight gain.     

“快通道”外科理念指导下腹腔镜手术治疗老年结直肠癌的临床研究

目的:比较"快通道"外科指导下腹腔镜手术与单纯应用腹腔镜手术及应用"快通道"外科理念的常规开腹手术治疗65岁以上老年结直肠癌患者的有效性、安全性,评估"快通道"外科理念联合腹腔镜手术促进老年结直肠癌患者术后恢复的协同作用。方法:将94例65岁以上老年结直肠癌患者随机分为开腹(open surgery,OP)组、开腹+快通道(open surgery plus fast-track surgery,OPFT)组、腹腔镜(laparoscopy surgery,LAP)组及腹腔镜+快通道(laparoscopy surgery plus fast-track surgery,LAPFT)组。比较患者基线特征、手术效果、术后安全性指标。结果:LAP组与LAPFT组在术中出血量、术后排气时间、术后排便时间、术后阿片类镇痛药物使用时间方面均优于OP组、OPFT组(P0.05),而手术时间明显延长(P0.01)。OPFT组术后首次排便时间、术后阿片类镇痛药物使用时间、住院时间短于OP组(P0.05)。LAP组、LAPFT组术后切口感染率明显低于OP组、OPFT组(P0.01),其他并发症发生率及术后30 d内死亡率各组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:对于老年结直肠癌患者,腹腔镜术中应用"快通道"外科指导的围手术期处理可加快术后康复且不增加术后短期并发症发生率,是安全、有效的治疗措施。     

快速康复外科联合精准肝切除对非选择性肝切除患者的应用价值

目的探讨快速康复外科技术及精准肝切除的引入在非选择性肝切除患者中的应用价值。 方法选取2009年1月至2014年1月武汉黄陂区人民医院收治的345例肝切除的手术患者,随机分为传统组及快速康复组,传统组155例,按照常规开腹手术方法以及通气后进饮食等传统围手术期治疗方案进行治疗;快速康复组190例,应用快速康复外科技术联合精准肝切除技术。对比分析两组患者术后C反应蛋白(CRP)、血皮质醇、血糖等变化以及术后离床时间、进食时间、肛门排气时间、住院天数、住院费用等指标,并观察记录不良反应及并发症。 结果快速康复组手术前后皮质醇、血糖水平变化小于传统组(P<0.05),离床时间、进食时间、肛门排气时间明显提前(P<0.05),住院天数、住院费用少于传统组,且并未增加并发症及再入院率。 结论快速康复外科技术联合精细肝切除的引入对于非选择性肝切除患者是成功且较安全的。     

结直肠外科快速康复模式加速直肠癌术后康复的临床研究

目的评价结直肠外科快速康复模式（FT）对加速直肠癌手术患者术后康复的作用。方法将83例直肠癌择期手术病例随机分为2组，围手术期管理分别接受快速康复模式（即简化肠道准备、手术前夜允许进普通饮食、术后不待肛门排气即拔除胃管并恢复饮食、术后强制早期活动、不常规放置引流管及早期拔除尿管等；FT组，44例）和传统模式（对照组，39例），记录两组患者的术后住院时间、30d内手术并发症和再入院率并作统计学分析。结果两组患者性别、术式、合并症、肿瘤TNM分期等变量的构成比及年龄、手术时间、失血量等计量资料比较，差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。FT组术后平均住院时间（4．7±2．6）d，较对照组的（8．9±2．8）d显著缩短（P〈0．01）；其术后30d内并发症发生率也明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）；再入院率两组比较P=0．326．FT组未见升高。结论结直肠外科快速康复模式用于择期直肠癌围手术期临床管理，可加速患者的康复。     

Fast track open aortic surgery: reduced post operative stay with a goal directed pathway.

OBJECTIVE: Open aortic aneurysm repair is traditionally associated with an extended hospital stay. The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of reducing post-operative stay through the implementation of a fast-track, goal directed, clinical pathway for elective open aortic surgery. METHODS: A fast-track clinical pathway for aortic surgery was introduced in a regional vascular unit in September 2005. The pathway has daily goals and targets discharge for all patients on the 3rd post operative day. This study compares thirty consecutive discharges of unselected patients undergoing elective infra-renal aortic surgery following introduction of the pathway to the thirty consecutive cases preceding its introduction. Reasons for prolonged hospital stay were recorded. RESULTS: Six of thirty patients achieved discharge by Day 3. The median hospital stay reduced from 9 (range 4 to 17 days) to 5 days (range 2 to 12 days) following introduction of the pathway. There was one readmission within 30 days and no complications attributable to the pathway implementation. Cardiac complications and home planning were the most common causes of delayed discharge. CONCLUSION: Post-operative stay in patients undergoing standard elective open infra-renal aortic surgery can be safely reduced with the introduction of a goal directed pathway.     

Fast-track Surgery Improves Postoperative Recovery in Patients with Gastric Cancer: A Randomized Comparison with Conventional Postoperative Care

Background

Fast-track surgery is a new, promising comprehensive program for surgical patients and is beneficial to recovery. Prospective randomized, controlled clinical trials involving fast-track surgery for gastric cancer are lacking.

Patient and methods

Ninety-two patients with gastric cancer were randomly divided into a fast-track surgery group (n?=?45) and conventional surgery group (n?=?47). We compared outcomes (duration of postoperative stay in hospital, fever, and flatus, complications, and medical costs); postoperative serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein; and resting energy expenditure between two groups.

Results

Compared with the conventional surgery group, the fast-track surgery group had no more complications (P?>?0.05) with a significantly shorter duration of fever, flatus, and hospital stay, and less medical costs as well as a higher quality of life score on hospital discharge (all P?<?0.05). With a significantly lower resting energy expenditure (days?1 and 3) postoperatively (P?<?0.05), the fast-track surgery group showed a lower serum level of tumor necrosis factor-α (days?1 and 3), interleukin-6 (days?1 and 3), and C-reactive protein (days?1, 3, and 7) than the conventional surgery group (all P?<?0.05).

Conclusions

Fast-track surgery can lessen postoperative stress reactions and accelerate rehabilitation for patients with gastric cancer.     

A clinical pathway to accelerate recovery after colonic resection

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of a 48-hour postoperative stay program after colonic resection. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Postoperative hospital stay after colonic resection is usually 6 to 12 days, with a complication rate of 10% to 20%. Limiting factors for early recovery include stress-induced organ dysfunction, paralytic ileus, pain, and fatigue. It has been hypothesized that an accelerated multimodal rehabilitation program with optimal pain relief, stress reduction with regional anesthesia, early enteral nutrition, and early mobilization may enhance recovery and reduce the complication rate. METHODS: Sixty consecutive patients undergoing elective colonic resection were prospectively studied using a well-defined postoperative care program including continuous thoracic epidural analgesia and enforced early mobilization and enteral nutrition, and a planned 48-hour postoperative hospital stay. Postoperative follow-up was scheduled at 8 and 30 days. RESULTS: Median age was 74 years, with 20 patients in ASA group III-IV. Normal gastrointestinal function (defecation) occurred within 48 hours in 57 patients, and the median hospital stay was 2 days, with 32 patients staying 2 days after surgery. There were no cardiopulmonary complications. The readmission rate was 15%, including two patients with anastomotic dehiscence (one treated conservatively, one with colostomy); other readmissions required only short-term observation. CONCLUSION: A multimodal rehabilitation program may significantly reduce the postoperative hospital stay in high-risk patients undergoing colonic resection. Such a program may also reduce postoperative ileus and cardiopulmonary complications. These results may have important implications for the care of patients after colonic surgery and in the future assessment of open versus laparoscopic colonic resection.     

Fast-track surgery decreases the incidence of postoperative delirium and other complications in elderly patients with colorectal carcinoma

Objective

This study aims to investigate the role of fast-track surgery in preventing the development of postoperative delirium and other complications in elderly patients with colorectal carcinoma.

Methods

A total of 240 elderly patients with colorectal carcinoma (aged ≥70 years) undergoing open colorectal surgery was randomly assigned into two groups, in which the patients were managed perioperatively either with traditional or fast-track approaches. The length of hospital stay (LOS) and time to pass flatus were compared. The incidence of postoperative delirium and other complications were evaluated. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were determined before and after surgery.

Results

The LOS was significantly shorter in the fast-track surgery (FTS) group than that in the traditional group. The recovery of bowel movement (as indicated by the time to pass flatus) was faster in the FTS group. The postoperative complications including pulmonary infection, urinary infection and heart failure were significantly less frequent in the FTS group. Notably, the incidence of postoperative delirium was significantly lower in patients with the fast track therapy (4/117, 3.4 %) than with the traditional therapy (15/116, 12.9 %; p?=?0.008). The serum IL-6 levels on postoperative days 1, 2, and 3 in patients with the fast-track therapy were significantly lower than those with the traditional therapy (p?<?0.001).

Conclusions

Compared to traditional perioperative management, fast-track surgery decreases the LOS, facilitates the recovery of bowel movement, and reduces occurrence of postoperative delirium and other complications in elderly patients with colorectal carcinoma. The lower incidence of delirium is at least partly attributable to the reduced systemic inflammatory response mediated by IL-6.     

Perioperative Care with Fast-Track Management in Patients Undergoing Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Background

It has been considered that allowing patients to return to daily life earlier after surgery helps recovery of physiological function and reduces postoperative complications and hospital stay. We investigated the usefulness of fast-track management in perioperative care of patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD).

Methods

Patients (n = 90) who received conventional perioperative management from 2005 to 2009 were included as the ‘conventional group’ (historical control group), and patients who received perioperative care with fast-track management (n = 100) from 2010 to March 2013 were included as the ‘fast-track group’. To evaluate the efficacy of perioperative care with fast-track management, the incidence of postoperative complications and the length of hospital stay were compared between the two groups (comparative study). For statistical analysis, univariate analysis was performed using the χ ² test or Fisher’s exact test.

Results

There was no significant difference between the two groups in sex, mean age, presence/absence of diabetes mellitus, preoperative drainage for jaundice, previous disease, operative procedure, mean duration of operation, or blood loss (p < 0.01). The incidence of surgical site infection in the conventional group and fast-track group was 28.9 and 14.0 %, respectively, with a significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.019). In addition, the incidence of pancreatic fistula (grade B, C) significantly differed between the two groups (27.8 % in the conventional group, 9.0 % in the fast-track group; p = 0.001). The mean postoperative hospital stay was 36.3 days in the conventional group and 21.9 days in the fast-track group (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Perioperative care with fast-track management may reduce postoperative complications and decrease the length of hospital stay in patients undergoing PD.     

Readmission to the intensive care unit after "fast-track" cardiac surgery: risk factors and outcomes

BACKGROUND: The introduction of "fast-track" management into cardiac surgery has significantly shortened the intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay. Readmission to the ICU, traditionally used as a quality index, has not been investigated in these patients. The aim of this study was to assess the causes, risk factors, and outcomes associated with readmission to the ICU. METHODS: All patients undergoing open-heart surgery in a tertiary care, university-affiliated center were included in this prospective observational study. Preoperative and intraoperative data as well as ICU outcome were noted in all patients. RESULTS: Over the 27-month study period,1,613 patients were targeted for fast track management (discharge from ICU on the first postoperative day). The readmission rate was 3.29% (53 patients). Forty-three percent of readmissions occurred within 24 hours of discharge usually because of pulmonary problems (43%) or arrhythmias (13%). Readmission was associated with a prolonged ICU stay (105 +/- 180.0 versus 19.2 +/- 2.4 hours of initial ICU stay) and worse outcome: the only patients who died (6 of 53, 11.3%) were in this group. On multivariate analysis, a Bernstein-Parsonnet risk estimate more than 20 strongly predicted readmission (odds ratio, 3.08; 95% confidence interval, 1.43 to 6.69). CONCLUSIONS: Among a homogeneous group of patients targeted for fast-track management after cardiac surgery, readmission although uncommon is associated with a longer second ICU stay and significant mortality. The recognition of specific risk factors may allow for appropriate modification of the postoperative course.     

Feasibility of the fast-track recovery program after cardiac surgery in Japan

Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine if a fast-track recovery protocol that is applied in other countries can be used in the present Japanese medical system. Second, we wanted to evaluate the differences if the protocol was adapted from the viewpoint of cost saving, postoperative hospital stay, and adverse complications. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 94 consecutive patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery with conventional techniques on cardiac arrest requiring cardiopulmonary bypass between July 1, 2004 and June 30, 2006. We started our fast-track recovery protocol from July 1, 2005. We compared the results of the conventional group (before July 1, 2005) and the fast-track recovery protocol group (after July 1, 2005). Moreover, we used a unique questionnaire and investigated how the patients in the fast-track group felt about the short hospital stay postoperatively. Results The mean postoperative hospital stay was 36.7 ± 6.0 days for the conventional group and 15.0 ± 12.4 days for the fast-track group, with a statistically significant difference (P = 0.01). The mean cost fell by almost half, from 712 545 yen to 383 268 yen (P = 0.038). The difference in complication rates was not statistically significant. Conclusion A fast-track recovery protocol can be safely adapted to patients in the Japanese system without increasing the mortality or morbidity rate. Based on our unique questionnaires, the most important factor was sufficient and repeated explanations preoperatively to the patients and their family members. Second, good pain control with routine use of acetaminophen and sporadic morphine orally has a great effect on the patients' recovery.