农村及社区远程心电监测管理模式的意义

目的探讨建立农村及社区远程心电监测管理模式的临床意义。方法 2009年8月至2015年7月,我中心共远程监测心电图51327例,检出异常心电图33062例,其中心律失常13758例、异常ST-T改变13265例、心肌梗死126例。分别进行异常心电图、心律失常、异常ST-T改变及心肌梗死阳性率的统计,对105例病程6h行溶栓术与21例病程12h未溶栓的急性心肌梗死患者死亡人数统计。结果共监测十二导联同步24h动态心电图3961例、十二导联同步静态常规心电图47366例,其中异常心电图33062例,阳性率64.4%,心律失常13758例,阳性率26.8%,异常ST-T改变13265例,阳性率25.8%,心肌梗死126例,阳性率0.23%。由网点转入我院治疗的病人7613例,抢救网点急危重症病人3600余例,医院专家通过网络对农村及社区卫生室首诊的复杂病症患者给予了4800余人次的远程指导。结论农村及社区远程心电监测的建立,实现了以基层医疗卫生服务网络为基础的医疗服务体系的公共卫生服务功能,建立了分工明确、信息互通、农村及社区首诊、分级医疗和双向转诊的医疗服务体系。实现了心电图诊断标准化即心电图专业技术质量控制。缩短了急性心肌梗死的诊治时间,降低了急性心肌梗死的死亡率。     

经手机微信行心电远程会诊的应用

目的探讨建立农村手机微信心电远程会诊的应用价值。方法沂源县中医院医师在手机上申请设立IP心电远程会诊中心(微信群主)一处,中心下设终端分站群(网点),分站群将所采集到的心电图信息经手机拍照后,通过手机微信传至中心,中心医生即刻作出诊断并回复。结果自2016年1月至12月共收集微信诊断静态常规心电图1035例,男612例,女423例,年龄12~94岁,其中正常心电图323例,异常心电图712例,阳性率68.8%,心律失常357例,阳性率34.5%,异常ST-T改变410例,阳性率39.6%,心肌梗死9例,阳性率0.86%。由群点转入我院治疗的病人76例,抢救群点急危重症病人47例,医院专家通过手机微信对农村卫生室首诊的复杂病症患者给予了91人次的远程指导性治疗方案的提供,结果表明,全县63个农村站群点实现了心电图诊断标准化,实现了远程会诊、分级医疗和双向转诊的医疗服务。急性心肌梗死患者因即可获知病情并及时救治,死亡率降低。结论农村手机微信心电远程监测会诊的建立,实现了以基层医疗卫生服务手机微信为基础的医疗服务体系的公共卫生服务功能,建立了信息互通、农村卫生室首诊、分级医疗的服务体系。实现了在手机微信上快速、及时、准确的心电图诊断报告发送。缩短了急性心肌梗死的救治时间,降低了急性心肌梗死的死亡率。     

远程心电诊断急性心肌梗死1例

远程心电利用计算机及现代通信技术远距离采集、传输、监测心电图,补充社区技术力量,使得社区医院通过网络实现与上级医院心电图远程传输与会诊,在社区就可以得到上级医院的诊断报告,有效提高了社区医生对患者心脏疾病的诊断,尤其对急性心肌梗死、心脏性猝死等突发心脏急重症有了及时准确的判断,切实地解决了社区医院最基本的心电图检查的诊断问题。     

急性心肌梗死不同时期发生的房室传导阻滞

目的：探讨急性心肌梗死病人不同时期发生的房室传导阻滞（ＡＶＢ）的临床特点、治疗及预后。方法：采用非创伤性心电监测法监测４６６例Ｑ波型心肌梗死病人ＡＶＢ的发生率和药物治疗反应及演变。其中６５例病人发生ＡＶＢ，按发生的不同时期分为两组：①早发组，１５例为发病８小时内出现ＡＶＢ；②晚发组，５０例为发病８小时后出现ＡＶＢ。结果：４６６例心肌梗死中，发生房室传导阻滞６５例（１４％）。晚发组比早发组死亡率高（Ｐ＜０．０５）；晚发组泵衰竭多于早发组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；用阿托品治疗后早发组比晚发组有效。结论：急性心肌梗死病人ＡＶＢ早发组比ＡＶＢ晚发组病情较轻，部分病人药物治疗有效，预后较好。     

年龄对心肌梗死发病时间规律的影响

目的 比较老年人与中青年人群心肌梗死发病时间的差异,以指导临床防治。方法 选取2000年1月至2010年5月我院确诊为急性ST段抬高心肌梗死且症状发作时间明确的1024例患者。根据年龄分为中青年组（＜65岁）536例,老年组（≥65岁）488例,比较两组发病月、周、日的差异。结果 中青年组心肌梗死发病人数在10月及2月,周五、周六及周三,早上10点及晚上10点较高。老年组心肌梗死发病人数在10月、1月及3月,周五、周日及周一,早上6点及2点较高。老年组在3月(11.89％),周日(15.97％)及周一(17.42％),早6点(6.35％)及2点(5.74％)心肌梗死发病高于中青年组(P＜0.05)。中青年组在2月(9.89％),周六(16.98％),晚8点(4.86％)及晚10点(5.78％)心肌梗死发病高于老年组(P＜0.05)。结论 老年人心肌梗死发病时间规律不同于中青年,易发在季节交替、休息日与工作日交替及凌晨。提示心肌梗死发病时间规律在不同年龄段有所差异。     

急性心肌梗死患者住院死亡42例临床分析

目的分析急性心肌梗死住院患者死亡原因。方法选择我院2004年1月至2006年12月住院确诊的急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者286例,其中死亡42例,进行年龄、性别、梗死部位、入院血糖、入院时CO2结合力、入院时心电图、溶栓治疗、发病至死亡时间、死亡方式、有无诱发因素等进行分析。结果上述多因素对急性心肌梗死的死亡有一定的影响。结论急性心肌梗死的死亡率仍高,影响预后的因素包括年龄、性别、梗死部位、入院血糖、入院时CO2结合力等。     

心肌缺血预适应对老年单支动脉闭塞性急性心肌梗死患者的影响

目的观察心肌缺血预适应对老年急性心肌梗死患者的临床意义。方法选择我院收治老年急性心肌梗死患者,分别统计有心绞痛病史组（48例,A组）与无心绞痛病史组（38例,B组）,在常规药物治疗、发病12h内及12～24h行急诊PCI术后住院期间的心律失常、泵功能、心源性休克、临床死亡率等情况。结果两组患者合并心律失常、心衰、心肌梗死后心绞痛间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组患者CPK、急性期及发病后4周LVEF间差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论心肌缺血预适应效应对老年急性心肌梗死患者心肌的保护作用,可能为降低死亡率及并发症的主要原因。     

血清D-二聚体水平与急性心肌梗死患者早期死亡的相关性

目的 探讨血清D-二聚体水平与急性心肌梗死患者早期死亡的相关性.方法 将230例急性心肌梗死患者根据血清D-二聚体水平分为D-二聚体升高组（120例）和D-二聚体正常组（110例）.详细采集病史、检验及辅助检查结果,记录早期死亡及急性并发症,并进行为期半年的门诊及电话随访,采用单因素与多因素Cox比例风险模型判断血清D-二聚体水平与急性心肌梗死早期死亡的相关性.结果 住院期间D-二聚体升高组死亡率（13.3％）较D-二聚体正常组（10.0％）明显升高（P＜0.05）,D-二聚体升高组舒张早期二尖瓣血流速度与舒张晚期二尖瓣血流速度比值（E/A） ＜1发生率和左室长轴缩短率与D-二聚体正常组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.多因素Cox比例风险模型分析显示D-二聚体＞300 μg/L是急性心肌梗死早期死亡的独立预测因子（HR =4.12,95％ CI：3.02～4.87,P=0.015）.结论 急性心肌梗死患者血清D-二聚体＞ 300 μg/L时,早期死亡风险显著升高.     

老年糖尿病合并急性心肌梗死的临床研究

目的 探讨老年糖尿病合并急性心肌梗死在临床中的具体情况.方法 选取2012年1月-2013年12月在该院接受急性心肌梗死治疗的130例老年患者作为研究对象,其中观察组65例（糖尿病合并急性心肌梗死）和对照组65例（非糖尿病的急性心肌梗死）,分析两组患者在临床中的表现.结果 两组患者在无胸痛、呼吸困难、死亡率等临床症状以及在心律失常、心源性休克、室壁瘤等并发症上相比差异具有显著性（P＜0.05）.结论 无论是糖尿病、急性心肌梗死或是老年糖尿病合并急性心肌梗死都要摆正位置,提高其生活质量.     

优化农村急性心肌梗死患者院前急救对预后的影响

目的探讨优化农村急性心肌梗死患者院前急救对预后的影响。方法急性心肌梗死病人452例,其中农村病人223例,随机抽取105例作为对照组;2011年—2013年收住我科急性心肌梗死中农村患者105例作为研究组。比较研究组及对照组在就诊时间、就诊至球囊扩张时间、心血管事件发生率之间的差异。结果研究组的建立静脉通路建立时间、发病至呼救时间、到医院就诊时间、第1份心电图时间、发病至首次服药时间明显较对照组缩短（P〈0.05）。出院1年后与对照组比较,研究组病人左室舒张末内径（LVD）降低,左室射血分数（LVEF）升高,猝死及再梗死、梗死后心绞痛等发生例数明显减少（P〈0.05）,提示研究组预后明显优于对照组。结论优化农村急性心肌梗死患者院前急救的方案能显著改善患者预后,降低死亡率及心血管病事件发生率,提高生活质量。     

女性急性心肌梗死静脉溶栓后ST段再抬高对预后的影响

目的 探讨女性急性心肌梗死（AMI）静脉溶栓成功后ST段延迟性再抬高对预后的影响。方法入选发病6h之内行溶栓治疗成功的女性AMI患者106例,根据溶栓12h后ST段是否再抬高分为ST段再抬高观察组（观察组,n=38）和ST段未再抬高对照组（对照组,n=68）。监测两组患者CK-MB峰值及峰值时间,溶栓后1周、2周、1月、3月、6月时复查心电图、动态心电图及心脏超声,6月内每月复查6min步行试验,比较两组上述指标差异。结果观察组年龄,合并高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、肥胖者比例以及CK-MB峰值均显著高于对照组（P均〈0.05）,CK-MB峰值时间较对照组前移程度小（P〈0.05）,恶性心律失常、心力衰竭、室壁瘤发生率及死亡率均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,左室射血分数和6min步行实验值均低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论女性急性心肌梗死溶栓成功后延迟性ST段再抬高者恶性心律失常、心力衰竭、室壁瘤、死亡发生率高,预后相对差。     

心电图在急性心肌梗死超急性期诊断中的应用

目的：探讨心电图诊断急性心肌梗死（心梗）超急性期的临床价值。方法选择2013年1月至2015年1月经我院确诊的90例急性心梗超急性期患者,根据发病时间将其随机分为 A、B、C 三组,分别有患者55例、18例和17例,发病时间分别为≤2 h、2～6 h 及6～8 h。对三组患者行24 h 心电监测,详细记录各组心电图 Q 波、ST 段和 T 波的变化情况,并统计分析阳性改变率。结果经24 h 心电监测发现,所有患者的心电图阳性改变主要是 Q 波、ST 段及 T 波的改变。其中,ST 段及 T 波的改变诊断急性心梗超急性期的敏感性和特异性、阳性预测值与阴性预测值均高于 Q 波改变。三组的心电图阳性改变发生率依次为81．82％、38．89％和17．65％,A 组均显著高于 B、C 组（P ＜0．05）。A 组患者中,ST 段抬高型心梗者的心电图诊断阳性率显著高于非 ST 段抬高型心梗者（34．09％ vs．18．18％,P ＜0．05）。结论对急性心梗超急性期患者,尤其是发病2 h 内的患者进行24 h 心电监护,对准确判断病情和及时施治非常关键。T 波宽大、高耸及 ST 段抬高可作为急性心梗超急性期的特征性心电图表现,为临床诊断和治疗提供参考依据。     

The non Q wave myocardial infarction in conventional valvular surgery. Diagnosis with cardiac troponin I

INTRODUCTION: Morbidity and mortality in elective valve surgery is still significant. The main cause of death in these patients is cardiogenic shock, of which the most frequent etiology is acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with Q wave in the ECG. However, there are patients with cardiogenic shock without Q wave in the ECG and with rises in CK-MB enzyme that makes us suspect non-Q wave AMI. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the use of the determination of cardiac troponin-I, a more specific marker of AMI than CK-MB after cardiac surgery, to detect perioperative non-Q wave AMI, and to establish its clinical significance. METHODS: A total of 147 patients without coronary artery disease scheduled for elective valve surgery were included. We used, based in anterior publications, ECG (presence or not of new Q wave) and cardiac troponin I to define perioperative AMI. Levels of cardiac troponin-I were analysed before surgery and 14 hours after. Non-Q wave AMI was diagnosed when troponin I was superior to 38.85 ng/ml and there was not a phatologic Q wave in ECG. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-three (83.67%) of patients did not have AMI, 9 (6.12%) suffered perioperative AMI with Q wave, and 15 (10.27%) carried out criteria of non-Q wave perioperative AMI. Morbidity and mortality in this last group was similar to that in the group with Q wave AMI. Morbidity and mortality were minimum in patients without AMI. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggest the possibility of in vivo identification of non-Q wave perioperative AMI, an entity with important morbidity and mortality in our series, with a simple determination of cardiac troponin I 14 hours after surgery.     

Impact of the revised criteria for acute myocardial infarction using cardiac troponins in a Japanese population with acute coronary syndromes.

BACKGROUND: The clinical implications of applying the new criteria of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with cardiac troponins in terms of their diagnostic and prognostic impact in patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes (ACS) have not been well evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study group comprised 973 consecutive patients who were diagnosed as having ACS with or without ST elevation (STE). They were divided into 3 groups: unstable angina (UA) group (n=195) representing patients with no significant elevations of creatine kinase (CK) and troponin T (TnT); TnT-myocardial infarction (MI) group (n=170) with TnT elevation and no CK elevation (additionally detected AMI by the new criteria); CK-MI group (n=608) with significant elevation of CK (AMI by the old criteria). In the TnT-MI group, 140 (76%) patients had non-STE ACS. In-hospital mortality rates for STE ACS were 0%, 2.5% and 9.7% in the UA, TnT-MI and CK-MI groups, respectively. The corresponding values for non-STE ACS were 1.8%, 4.6%, and 16.5%, respectively (p<0.0001), suggesting a pivotal role of TnT. In multiple logistic regression analysis, significant CK elevation was selected as an independent predictor of in-hospital death in concurrence with age > or =75 years, prior MI, shock and low left ventricular ejection fraction in non-STE ACS. CONCLUSIONS: The new criteria result in a substantial increase in the diagnosis of AMI from non-STE ACS in particular. They assist greatly in detailed risk stratification of ACS patients, notably in cooperation with the old CK criteria.     

中国急性心肌梗死患者住院期间死亡的危险因素分析

目的:探讨当代中国急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者住院期间死亡的危险因素。方法:纳入2013年01月至2014年09月中国急性心肌梗死(CAMI)注册登记研究的AMI患者23417例[其中5795例非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)患者和17622例ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者]。1504例患者在住院期间死亡,为死亡组,余住院期间生存的21913例患者为生存组。收集患者基线资料、实验室检查、治疗方法、院内结局等临床资料,以住院期间死亡为主要终点构建多因素Logistic回归模型,探讨AMI患者住院期间死亡的独立危险因素。结果:6.42%(1504/23417)的AMI患者在住院期间死亡。与生存组比较,死亡组患者年龄更大,女性患者更多,体重指数更低,合并糖尿病、高血压的比例更高,Killip心功能分级更高,并发症更多,并且更易出现心脏骤停(P均<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果提示,年龄、性别、体重指数、收缩压、心率、血肌酐水平、白细胞计数、血清钾浓度、血清钠浓度、STEMI、前壁心肌梗死、心脏骤停、Killip心功能分级、高血压、高脂血症及吸烟史是预测患者住院期间死亡的独立危险因素。结论:本研究发现16个当代中国AMI患者住院期间死亡的独立危险因素,有助于临床医师早期识别高危患者并选择最佳诊疗策略。     

The new definition of myocardial infarction: diagnostic and prognostic implications in patients with acute coronary syndromes

BACKGROUND: The clinical implications of the recently revised criteria for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes are unknown. METHODS: To evaluate the prognostic implications of the new diagnostic criteria for AMI, we studied 493 consecutive patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes admitted to University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, between May 1, 1999, and January 1, 2000. Patients with positive cardiac enzymes and symptoms suggestive of coronary ischemia (n = 275) were divided into 2 groups: group A, with elevated peak creatine kinase-MB fraction and/or new electrocardiographic changes suggestive of AMI regardless of troponin status (diagnosed as AMI by old criteria), and group B, with normal peak creatine kinase-MB fraction but elevated troponin I level (additional patients diagnosed as having AMI by new criteria). RESULTS: As compared with group A (n = 224), patients in group B (n = 51) were older women, with increased comorbidities such as previous stroke or aortic stenosis, and had fewer in-hospital procedures. In-hospital adverse events (reinfarction, heart failure, shock, and mortality) were similar between the groups, whereas 6-month mortality was higher among group B patients (16.3% vs 5.8%; P =.03). This difference was not statistically significant after adjustment for differences in baseline characteristics between the groups (odds ratio, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 0.5-5.9). CONCLUSIONS: The new criteria result in a substantial increase in the diagnosis of AMI. Furthermore, they help to identify patients with acute coronary syndromes who have greater comorbidities and worse 6-month outcomes who are otherwise missed by the old criteria. Additional studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings and to determine the financial implications of the new criteria.     

心肌缺血预适应在急性心肌梗死中的临床意义

目的　探讨心肌缺血预适应在 AMI中的临床意义。方法　 12 0例初发 AMI患者 ,按 AMI发作前 48小时内有无心绞痛分为缺血预适应组 (IP组 n=6 6 )与对照组 (n=5 4) ,测定左心室射血分数 (L VEF)和左心室室壁运动情况、心肌酶 (CPK、CPK- Mb)峰值、心电图 QRS记分 ,观察住院期间心律失常、心功能不全、心源性休克和室壁瘤发生率并进行比较。结果　 IP组 CPK、CPK- Mb峰值、心电图 QRS记分和心功能不全、频发室性期前收缩、VT/VF和 II- III°房室传导阻滞 (AVB)的发生率以及住院期病死率明显低于对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,而 L VEF值明显高于对照组 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　心肌缺血预适应在 AMI病人中发挥了心脏保护作用 ,有利于减少心肌梗死面积和左心室收缩功能的恢复 ,并减少恶性心律失常的发生率及住院期病死率     

倍他乐克在糖尿病急性心肌梗死患者中的疗效

目的探讨糖尿病急性心肌梗死患者早期应用倍他乐克的疗效。方法选择糖尿病急性心肌梗死患者88例,随机分为两组,常规治疗组（n=44）给予静脉溶栓、阿司匹林、硝酸脂类等药物治疗,倍他乐克组（n=44）在常规治疗基础上加用倍他乐克,比较两组一个月内全因死亡率、恶性心律失常和心肌梗死后心绞痛发生率、以及血糖和血脂等变化等情况。结果经过治疗后,倍他乐克组各种原因死亡率、恶性心律失常发生、心肌梗死后心绞痛发生率均低于常规治疗组,两组间差异有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）。两组治疗后血糖水平均有下降,与治疗前比较,差异均有显著统计学意义（P均〈0.01）;常规治疗组治疗后血糖水平低于倍他乐克组,两组间差别有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）;两组治疗后总胆固醇及甘油三脂水平与治疗前差异均无统计学意义,两组治疗后血脂的差异也无统计学意义（P均〉0.05）。结论糖尿病急性心肌梗死患者早期应用倍他乐克降低死亡率、恶性心律失常及心肌梗死后心绞痛发生率,而对血糖、血脂影响较小。     

ECG and enzymatic indicators of therapeutic success after intravenous streptokinase for acute myocardial infarction

Thrombolytic therapy has been documented to result in reperfusion of jeopardized myocardium and reduction in the size of the acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The effect of intravenous streptokinase on a creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) reperfusion index and an ECG estimate of myocardial salvage was therefore studied in 65 patients with a first AMI, randomized to treatment with streptokinase (n = 33) or placebo (control group, n = 32). Reperfusion was defined as a CK-MB appearance rate constant (k1) greater than 0.185. The final AMI size was first predicted from the admission standard ECG by previously developed formulas based on ST segment elevation. The final AMI size was estimated from the QRS score on the predischarge ECG. Myocardial salvage was defined as a greater than or equal to 20% decrease from predicted to final AMI size. The k1 value in the control group was significantly lower than that in the streptokinase group (median 0.157 versus 0.328; p = 0.0001). Accordingly the reperfusion rate was higher in the streptokinase group than in the control group (88% versus 34%; p = 0.0002). The difference in AMI size (final-predicted) was significantly greater in the streptokinase group than in the control group (median -7% versus +1%; p = 0.0001). Myocardial salvage occurred in 60% and 19%, respectively (p = 0.004). A significant correlation was found between CK-MB reperfusion and ECG salvage: 19 of 20 streptokinase-treated patients with salvage also had reperfusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The relationship between electrocardiographic changes and early mortality rate in acute myocardial infarction

In 587 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and no previous MI, electrocardiographically estimated infarct size was related to three-month mortality. Mortality was found to be higher in patients with transmural MI (Q or R-wave changes in standard ECG) than in patients with subendocardial infarction (ST-T wave changes in standard ECG). In patients with anterior MI, precordial mapping with 24 chest electrodes was analyzed four days after arrival in hospital (n = 197). Neither the sum of R-waves, the sum of Q-waves, nor the number of Q-waves correlated significantly with early mortality, although there was a trend towards higher mortality among patients with more pronounced ECG changes. Finally, in patients with inferior AMI (n = 230), neither the sum of R-waves nor the sum of Q-waves in leads II, III and aVF on the fourth day influenced three-month mortality. However, when subtracting the sum of Q-waves from the sum of R-waves, there was a significant correlation between the estimated infarct size and the early mortality.