Dasatinib用于治疗对伊马替尼耐药的Ph染色体阳性白血病

背景:Bcr-Abl酪氨酸激酶抑制剂伊马替尼(imatinib)可有效治疗Ph染色体阳性白血病,但是会复发,主要是由于白血病亚型的副产物与伊马替尼耐药的Bcr-Abl突变。我们研究了以大部分伊马替尼耐药的Bcr-Abl突变体为靶点的B c r-Abl抑制剂dasatinib在治疗慢性骨髓性白血病(CML)和Ph阳性急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)患者中的作用。方法:患有CML或者Ph阳性ALL且对伊马替尼不能耐受或者对伊马替尼耐药的患者被收录入Ⅰ期剂量递增研究(dose-escalationstudy)中。口服dasatinib(15～240mg/d),每日1次或2次,每4周为1个疗程。结果:在40例慢性期CML患…     

伊马替尼联合化疗治疗Ph加急性淋巴细胞白血病

目的探讨伊马替尼联合化疗治疗ph /bcr-abl 急性淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)的疗效。方法ph ALL患者12例,应用VDCP或VDCLP方案联合伊马替尼诱导治疗,完全缓解后伊马替尼与化疗交替进行巩固及强化治疗。结果12例ph ALL完全缓解(CR)9例。总CR率75%。无治疗相关死亡。9例CR患者化疗与伊马替尼交替进行巩固及强化治疗,中位缓解期11(7～19)个月。结论伊马替尼联合化疗治疗Ph ALL,CR率较常规化疗诱导治疗明显提高。化疗与伊马替尼交替进行巩固治疗,中位缓解时间及生存时间也较单用化疗明显延长。     

伊马替尼治疗儿童慢性粒细胞白血病发生急淋变2例报告及文献复习

目的探讨伊马替尼治疗儿童慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)过程中发生急淋变的治疗经验。方法 纳入安徽省肿瘤医院2015年8月及2016年6月收住的2例儿童CML口服伊马替尼治疗过程中发生急淋变病人,统计达到血液学反应(CHR)时间、定期复查骨髓细胞学及融合基因、染色体。确定儿童CML急淋变后予以“达沙替尼+改良VDLP” 方案化疗,骨髓缓解后积极行异基因造血干细胞移植(HSCT)。结果 2例病人分别于口服伊马替尼后第18天及第33天达到CHR,1年后Ph染色体均未转阴,且发生急淋变。确定儿童CML急淋变后予以“达沙替尼+改良VDLP” 方案化疗,骨髓均得到缓解,2例HSCT均顺利完成。结论 伊马替尼治疗儿童CML过程中发生急淋变后,予以改用达沙替尼及改良VDLP方案化疗,并予以HSCT,患儿预后良好。     

名刊浏览

慢性期慢性粒细胞白血病：达沙替尼优于伊马替尼 已有研究证实,BCR—ABL激酶抑制剂达沙替尼（dasatinib）用于伊马替尼（imatinib）治疗失败的慢性期慢性粒细胞白血病（CML）患者疗效佳。本研究旨在评价达沙替尼相比于伊马替尼一线治疗慢性期CML的疗效及安全性。519例新近诊断的慢性期CML随机接受达沙替尼100mg qd（259例）或伊马替尼400mg qd（260例）。     

名刊浏览

慢性期慢性粒细胞白血病：达沙替尼优于伊马替尼 已有研究证实,BCR—ABL激酶抑制剂达沙替尼（dasatinib）用于伊马替尼（imatinib）治疗失败的慢性期慢性粒细胞白血病（CML）患者疗效佳。本研究旨在评价达沙替尼相比于伊马替尼一线治疗慢性期CML的疗效及安全性。519例新近诊断的慢性期CML随机接受达沙替尼100mg qd（259例）或伊马替尼400mg qd（260例）。     

Bcr-Abl激酶抑制剂尼罗替尼的药理与临床评价

慢性粒细胞性白血病(CML)和费城染色体阳性急性淋巴细胞白血病(Ph ALL),是由Bcr-Abl癌基因引起的.伊马替尼能抑制Bcr-Abl蛋白酪氨酸激酶活性,是一种有效的治疗慢性期CML的药物,但由于其耐药点突变,使加速期或急变期CML和Ph ALL患者常常复发.尼罗替尼是第2代Bcr-Abl激酶抑制剂,效果比伊马替尼强20倍,对伊马替尼耐药和不能耐受的患者(T3151除外)有广泛的活性.Ⅰ/Ⅱ期临床试验表明,尼罗替尼对伊马替尼耐药或不能耐受的CML患者仍能获得血液学和细胞遗传学的缓解.现对尼罗替尼的药理作用、药动学、药物相互作用、安全性进行综述.     

尼罗替尼治疗初治慢性髓性白血病效果优于伊马替尼

尼罗替尼（nilotinib）抑制BCR—ABL的活性强于伊马替尼（imatinib）。与伊马替尼相比,新近诊断的费城染色体（ph）阳性的慢性髓性白血病（CML）患者采用尼罗替尼治疗的疗效和安全性如何？此项Ⅲ期随机开放性多中心试验进行了研究。     

达沙替尼治疗伊马替尼耐药的慢性粒细胞白血病的药物经济学评价

目的:综合考虑达沙替尼和大剂量伊马替尼在治疗伊马替尼耐药的慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)慢性期患者时的健康产出、不良反应及治疗成本,分析哪种用药方案更具经济性,为医保谈判和临床药物遴选提供决策依据。方法:通过文献研究法、专家咨询法获得相关药物临床试验及不良反应信息,结合国内相关药物及不良反应治疗成本,利用Treeage软件构建Markov模型并通过队列分析法和Monte Carlo模拟分别计算两种方案靶向治疗CML5、10、20、30年的疾病转归、健康产出及成本消耗,通过成本-效用分析对伊马替尼产生耐药的CML患者的两种用药方案进行药物经济学评价。结果:贴现率设定为3%且假定患者连续用药30年时,队列分析法与Monte Carlo模拟计算出达沙替尼组的成本-效用比分别为38 881.74元/质量调整生存月(QALM)、40 096.06元/QALM;大剂量伊马替尼组成本-效用比分别为53 844.15元/QALM、55 500.70元/QALM,且无论模拟时间和贴现率如何变化,达沙替尼均为优势药物。敏感度分析结果显示,达沙替尼更具经济性优势。结论:对伊马替尼耐药的CML慢性期患者改用达沙替尼比加大伊马替尼剂量进行治疗更具有较好的经济性。     

伊马替尼耐药慢性粒细胞白血病治疗进展

异基因造血干细胞移植目前尚不能在临床广泛应用.在过去的25年间,肿瘤治疗领域最具代表性的进展之一即为伊马替尼成为临床广泛使用的CML一线治疗药物.对伊马替尼耐药的CML者可考虑选择达沙替尼、高剂量伊马替尼、异基因造血干细胞移植、干扰素以及第二代酪氨酸激酶(ABL)抑制剂的联合治疗.     

达沙替尼治疗伊马替尼耐药慢性粒细胞白血病效果

目的:探讨达沙替尼治疗伊马替尼耐药慢性粒细胞白血病效果.方法:选择2013年6月—2016年1月收治的伊马替尼耐药慢性粒细胞白血病患者40例,随机分为对照组和观察组各20例,对照组采用羟基脲和干扰素治疗,观察组采用达沙替尼治疗,对比分析两组疗效及不良反应.结果:观察组达到完全细胞遗传学反应时间为(4.1±1.4)个月,短于对照组的(5.9±2.2)个月,且持续时间为(16.7±1.9)个月,对照组为(14.4±2.1)个月,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).观察组缓解率为80.0％(16/20),对照组为35.0％(7/20),组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).观察组不良反应发生率为20.0％(4/20),低于对照组的35.0％(7/20,P<0.05).结论:达沙替尼治疗伊马替尼耐药慢性粒细胞白血病效果显著,且起效快、不良反应少,值得推广.     

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors in acute and chronic leukemias

INTRODUCTION: Since the initial approval of imatinib much has been learned about its resistance mechanisms, and efforts have continued to improve upon BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Targeted therapy with TKIs has continued to be an area of active research and development in the care of acute and chronic leukemia patients. AREAS COVERED: This article reviews current approved and investigational TKI treatments for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), Philadelphia-chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph + ALL) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). EXPERT OPINION: There are now more potent BCR-ABL TKIs approved, which allow for additional options when determining front-line and second-line CML and Ph + ALL treatments. The T315I mutation is an ever-present challenge. Ponatinib, a pan BCR-ABL TKI, while still under investigation, is very hopeful with its ability to overcome T315I mutations in resistant CML and Ph + ALL patients. Because nilotinib and dasatinib have not been directly compared, at present we recommend selecting one or the other based on the side-effect profile, drug interactions, patient comorbidities, and mutational status. FLT-3 inhibition is of particular interest in AML patients with FLT-3 internal tandem duplication mutations; this type of targeted therapy continues to be studied.     

Dasatinib: a review of its use in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Dasatinib (Sprycel?) is an orally administered small molecule inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinases, including BCR-ABL and SRC family kinases, which is indicated for the treatment of adults with newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), CML (chronic-, accelerated- or blast-phase) with resistance or intolerance to prior therapy, including imatinib, or Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) with resistance or intolerance to prior therapy. Dasatinib is ≈325-fold more active than imatinib in inhibiting wild-type ABL kinase in vitro and is active against a wide variety of imatinib-resistant BCR-ABL mutants, except for T315I. This article reviews the efficacy and tolerability of dasatinib in the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed chronic-phase CML or imatinib-resistant or -intolerant CML or Ph+ ALL, as well as summarizing its pharmacological properties. In clinical trials, oral dasatinib was effective in achieving major or complete cytogenetic responses in both newly diagnosed and imatinib-resistant or -intolerant chronic-phase CML. Dasatinib was likewise effective in achieving major or overall haematological responses in imatinib-resistant or -intolerant, accelerated- or blast-phase CML, or Ph+ ALL. Responses were rapidly achieved within 1-3 months and were durable over 1-5 years of follow-up. The majority of adverse events with dasatinib were of mild to moderate severity. Fluid retention (including pleural effusion) was the most common adverse event. Haematological abnormalities were common and cytopenias were the most common grade 3/4 adverse events. Dasatinib 100?mg administered once daily was as effective as dasatinib 70?mg administered twice daily, and was better tolerated, being associated with lower incidences of pleural effusion and grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia, in particular. Dasatinib was more effective than high-dose imatinib in the treatment of patients with imatinib-resistant chronic-phase CML and was more effective than standard dosages of imatinib, as well as being associated with less frequent fluid retention, in patients with newly diagnosed chronic-phase CML. Dasatinib was generally equally effective in patients with or without BCR-ABL mutations at baseline. Therefore, oral dasatinib is a highly effective once-daily therapy for the first-line treatment of newly diagnosed patients with chronic-phase CML, as well as for the treatment of patients with imatinib-resistant or -intolerant chronic- and advanced-phase CML or Ph+ ALL.     

伊马替尼治疗Ph阳性进展期慢性粒细胞白血病

目的:观察伊马替尼治疗Ph阳性进展期慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)的疗效和耐药情况,研究改善伊马替尼耐药的方法。方法:32例Ph阳性进展期CML病人,其中加速期12例,急变期20例,每日口服伊马替尼600或800mg,持续3～9mo。结果:CML加速期病人血液学完全缓解率和总有效率分别为42%和83%,主要细胞遗传学缓解率25%,持续完全血液学缓解病例占25%。CML急变期各类型病人血液学完全缓解率和总有效率分别为20%和55%,主要细胞遗传学缓解率15%,持续完全血液学缓解病例占10%。CML急变期原发耐药和继发耐药分别为45%和20%,联合化疗与暂停伊马替尼对继发耐药可暂时改善其耐药性,但药物有效时间明显缩短。结论:伊马替尼对初治或复治的CML加速期和急变期病人均有效,可作为非移植CML治疗的标准一线方案,伊马替尼治疗CML急变期的原发耐药和继发耐药率较高,联合化疗和暂停伊马替尼可暂时改善其耐药性。     

Roots of imatinib resistance: A question of self-renewal?

The BCR-ABL-fusion gene is critical for the development of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and BCR-ABL positive acute lymphatic leukemia (Ph+ ALL). Blocking BCR-ABL by the ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (IM, Gleevec) is clinically highly efficient. Treatment response is unfortunately compromised by the emergence of IM resistance, which is regularly seen in accelerated and blastic phase of CML (CML-AP/BP) and in Ph+ ALL. BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations are then considered the causative mechanism of IM resistance, because 50-60% of the IM resistant patients harbour such mutations. In contrast, IM resistance arises very rarely in patients that are treated with IM in early chronic phase of CML. This implies that BCR-ABL independent factors such as the cellular context of BCR-ABL expression and stage of disease decisively control the evolution of IM resistance. In line with this, novel Abl-kinase inhibitors such as dasatinib (DA) or nilotinib (NI) - although capable of inhibiting most of the BCR/-BL kinase mutants - still often fail to overcome resistance and do mostly not induce durable cytogenetic responses in IM resistant CML-AP/BC and Ph+ ALL patients. On the basis of available evidence it is proposed here that alternative genetic aberrations, which synergize with BCR-ABL to enable leukemic self-renewal are of causal importance for the evolution of clinical kinase inhibitor resistance. Kinase mutations may in turn reflect clonal variants of cells that emerge on the basis of an already existing IM resistant and self-renewing leukemic cell population. This model has clinical implications as it implies that even highly potent Abl-kinase inhibition can not target the genetic basis of IM resistance and will also not resolve the problem of Abl-kinase inhibitor resistance.     

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors in acute and chronic leukemias

Introduction: Since the initial approval of imatinib much has been learned about its resistance mechanisms, and efforts have continued to improve upon BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Targeted therapy with TKIs has continued to be an area of active research and development in the care of acute and chronic leukemia patients.

Areas covered: This article reviews current approved and investigational TKI treatments for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), Philadelphia-chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph + ALL) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).

Expert opinion: There are now more potent BCR-ABL TKIs approved, which allow for additional options when determining front-line and second-line CML and Ph + ALL treatments. The T315I mutation is an ever-present challenge. Ponatinib, a pan BCR-ABL TKI, while still under investigation, is very hopeful with its ability to overcome T315I mutations in resistant CML and Ph + ALL patients. Because nilotinib and dasatinib have not been directly compared, at present we recommend selecting one or the other based on the side-effect profile, drug interactions, patient comorbidities, and mutational status. FLT-3 inhibition is of particular interest in AML patients with FLT-3 internal tandem duplication mutations; this type of targeted therapy continues to be studied.     

Dasatinib: the emerging evidence of its potential in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia

INTRODUCTION: Current therapy options for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) include conventional chemotherapy, allogeneic stem cell transplant, interferon-alfa, and imatinib mesylate, which has recently achieved gold standard status. Although the majority of patients initially respond well to treatment with imatinib, wider clinical experience with this drug has resulted in the development of imatinib resistance being increasingly documented. There is therefore an unmet medical need for novel therapies to override imatinib resistance in CML. AIMS: This review summarizes the emerging evidence for the potential use of dasatinib in the treatment of imatinib-resistant CML. DISEASE AND TREATMENT: Dasatinib is a novel small molecule that has shown potent antileukemic activity in imatinib-resistant cell lines, malignant marrow cells isolated from patients with imatinib-resistant CML, and in mouse xenograft models of imatinib-resistant CML. Preliminary data from an initial phase I dose escalation trial have been encouraging, indicating that dasatinib is generally well tolerated and produces hematologic and cytogenetic responses in patients with imatinib-resistant CML in all phases of the disease. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) has not yet been reached, and dose escalation continues to determine the dose range that yields optimal results. PROFILE: Although dasatinib is still in the early stages of development, the potential impact of this molecule on the treatment of CML could be revolutionary, not only providing a much needed treatment option for patients with imatinib-resistant CML, but also, combined with imatinib, could possibly prove useful in delaying the onset of resistance to treatment. Furthermore, combined with other agents active in CML, dasatinib could have potential utility in purging residual leukemic cells in patients whose disease is controlled by imatinib.     

伊马替尼治疗失败慢性期CML患者及早干预的意义及二代TKIs选择

慢性髓细胞性白血病(CML)应用伊马替尼后,明显改善了预后,但治疗失败的患者则预后不良。为改善这些患者的预后,一方面需要加强细胞遗传学和分子生物学监测,及早发现治疗失败并给予干预。另一方面,对于大多数治疗失败的患者,二代酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKIs)是合适的选择,如果就目前临床上两种二代TKIs进行比较,总体看来尼洛替尼好于达沙替尼。     

Adherence to treatment with second-line therapies,dasatinib and nilotinib,in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia

Abstract

Background and objective:

Previous studies have shown that long-term outcomes are more favorable for patients newly diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) if a complete cytogenetic response is achieved within ≤12?months of diagnosis. Because continuous and adequate dosing is important to achieve this outcome, it is important to understand treatment adherence as part of managing long-term CML therapy. While studies regarding imatinib suggest that adherence varies widely, data addressing adherence to newer breakpoint cluster region–Abelson (BCR-ABL) inhibitors (dasatinib and nilotinib) are sparse. This study evaluates real-world adherence in patients diagnosed with CML receiving dasatinib or nilotinib as second-line therapy.     

Dasatinib: BMS 354825

Dasatinib [BMS 354825] is an orally active, small molecule, dual inhibitor of both SRC and ABL kinases that is under development with Bristol-Myers Squibb for the treatment of patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) and imatinib-acquired resistance/intolerance. While imatinib remains a frontline therapy for CML, patients with advanced disease frequently develop resistance to imatinib therapy through multiple mechanisms. These mechanisms include insufficient potency at therapeutic doses, activation of alternate oncogenic pathways, and overexpression of the multidrug-resistant gene. One of the possible causes of imatinib-acquired resistance is associated with increased expression of the SRC-related kinase Lyn and loss of BCR-ABL dependence arising from sequence mutations. In December 2005, Bristol-Myers Squibb announced that it has completed the rolling NDA submission to the US FDA for dasatinib in the treatment of CML in chronic, accelerated or blast phases, as well as Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in patients with resistance or intolerance to prior treatment. At the Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Day in May 2005, the company stated that it plans to evaluate dasatinib in solid tumours. In in vitro assays, dasatinib induced apoptosis and had potent activity in the imatinib-resistant tumour cells lines and CML patient specimens. It effectively inhibited the proliferation of cells expressing nearly all imatinib-resistant isoforms. In vivo, dasatinib has shown efficacy, with no apparent toxicity, when administered orally in SCID mice with xenografts of imatinib-sensitive and resistant human CML cells lines. Dasatinib is also undergoing preclinical evaluation for its potential as a therapy against multiple myeloma. Bristol-Myers Squibb has a composition-of-matter patent covering this research approach that will expire in 2020.     

伊马替尼治疗Ph染色体阳性慢性粒细胞白血病的临床观察

目的:评价酪氨酸激酶抑制剂伊马替尼治疗Ph染色体阳性慢性粒细胞白血病的有效性及安全性。方法:90例慢性粒细胞白血病患者,其中慢性期67例,非慢性期23例(加速期14例,急变期9例),每天应用剂量分别为400,600mg。每周复查血常规,每3个月进行骨髓象及细胞遗传学检查,根据血象和骨髓象调整剂量。结果:观察截止时,84例(93.3%)获得血液学完全缓解;68例可评价遗传学效应,35例(51.5%)发生主要遗传学效应(慢性期30例,加速期3例,急变期2例),其中31例(88.6%)为遗传学完全缓解(慢性期27例,加速期2例,急变期2例)。11例(12.2%)患者发生严重白细胞和/或血小板减少,但可通过调整剂量控制。严重非血液学不良反应发生较少。结论:伊马替尼治疗Ph染色体阳性慢性粒细胞白血病患者疗效较好,可获得较高的完全血液学缓解率和主要细胞遗传学缓解率,起效迅速,且不良反应较少,可耐受或自行消失。