关节镜下自体镶嵌式骨软骨移植治疗膝关节软骨缺损

目的对关节镜下自体镶嵌式骨软骨移植修复软骨缺损的方法及临床疗效进行评价。方法自2001年5月始，在关节镜下行自体镶嵌式骨软骨移植修复软骨缺损11例16膝，术后早期配合使用CPM行患肢被动功能锻炼1周，2～6周行患肢不负重主动功能锻炼。结果术后随访2～4年，平均3年。所有患者膝关节活动良好，疼痛症状基本消失。采用HSS膝关节评分标准综合评价，术后膝关节功能优10膝、良4膝，优良率87．5％。结论关节镜下自体镶嵌式骨软骨移植修复软骨缺损手术损伤小、恢复快，疗效好。     

自体骨软骨移植修复股骨髁关节软骨缺损：应用关节镜治疗的可行性

目的：关节软骨的修复一直是矫形外科临床治疗中的重要课题本组拟验证应用关节镜进行自体骨软骨移植治疗股骨髁关节软骨缺损的可行性。 方法：选择2001—04／2006—04淄博市中心医院骨科收治的关节镜下自体骨软骨移植治疗股骨髁关节软骨缺损患者16例，对治疗方案均知情同意。关节镜下在其非负重区的软骨面上用专用器械凿取圆柱状骨软骨，移植至软骨缺损部位以修复缺损。术后进行系统功能锻炼，随访行MRI检查及Brittberg—Peterson评分．评分标准：0分为无症状，130分表明治疗效果最差。 结果：①随访6～56个月，所有患者关节症状消失，关节活动度正常，MRI显示原关节软骨缺损区表面平整，移植骨软骨位置良好。② 术后Brittberg—Peterson评分：13例为0分，2例为2分，1例为1分。 结论：关节镜下自体镶嵌式骨软骨移植术创伤小，操作简单，能保持关节面曲度，可用于修复膝关节软骨缺损。     

关节镜下可吸收软骨钉治疗膝关节骨软骨损伤

背景:关节软骨骨折的手术治疗是骨关节外科常见难题,骨软骨骨折块缺乏有效的固定物,各种治疗方法的疗效也缺乏长期临床观察.目的:探讨关节软骨损伤在关节镜下采用可吸收软骨钉固定治疗的临床疗效.方法:纳入19例膝关节骨软骨缺损患者,在关节镜下修整损伤区及骨软骨骨折块以自身增强聚丙烯可吸收软骨钉固定,内固定后24 h拔出负压引流管,抗生素预防感染不超过48 h,充分镇痛条件下持续被动活动关节,膝关节铰链支具固定6周后完全负重行走.结果与结论:19例患者均获得3个月-2年随访,平均13.2个月.修复后患者2周-3个月恢复社会活动.膝关节Lysholm评分为(83.25±5.63)分,tegner运动评级6.1±0.87,修复前后配对t检验,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05).说明膝关节骨软骨损伤采用可吸收软骨钉固定可有效固定脱落的骨软骨块,促进软骨修复,改善膝关节功能.     

关节镜下可吸收软骨钉治疗膝关节骨软骨损伤

背景：关节软骨骨折的手术治疗是骨关节外科常见难题,骨软骨骨折块缺乏有效的固定物,各种治疗方法的疗效也缺乏长期临床观察。目的：探讨关节软骨损伤在关节镜下采用可吸收软骨钉固定治疗的临床疗效。方法：纳入19例膝关节骨软骨缺损患者,在关节镜下修整损伤区及骨软骨骨折块以自身增强聚丙烯可吸收软骨钉固定,内固定后24h拔出负压引流管,抗生素预防感染不超过48h,充分镇痛条件下持续被动活动关节,膝关节铰链支具固定6周后完全负重行走。结果与结论：19例患者均获得3个月-2年随访,平均13.2个月。修复后患者2周-3个月恢复社会活动。膝关节Lysholm评分为（83.25±5.63）分,tegner运动评级6.1±0.87,修复前后配对t检验,差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）。说明膝关节骨软骨损伤采用可吸收软骨钉固定可有效固定脱落的骨软骨块,促进软骨修复,改善膝关节功能。     

生物型异种骨软骨移植修复关节软骨缺损

背景：目前应用的各种软骨修复方法均有其优点和不足,修复组织多以纤维软骨为主,缺乏正常透明软骨的组织化学特性和生物力学特性。目的：探讨生物型异种骨软骨移植修复关节软骨损伤的可行性。方法：实验动物普通山羊随机分成两组,实验组供体为猪膝关节,以Smith＆Nephew骨软骨移植器械,取直径4．5mm、长10mm的圆柱状骨软骨条,应用专利技术对动物骨软骨进行去抗原,对照组供体为羊膝关节骨软骨条,以低温冷冻法保存。分别于股骨滑车及内侧髁负重面的损伤处作骨软骨植入,术后16,32周处死动物,进行大体形态及病理切片观察。结果与结论：大体观察实验组部分软骨缺损移植处有纤维样的组织覆盖;部分移植物原表面软骨发黄,表面与周缘软骨有明显界限;对照组大体及切片镜下观察软骨缺损区基本被移植软骨覆盖,移植边缘可见裂隙。结果可见生物型异种骨软骨移植修复关节软骨损伤的作用与同种异体骨软骨比较有差别,同种异体骨软骨移植修复效果更佳。     

微骨折技术与骨软骨移植治疗关节软骨缺损*

背景：关节镜下微骨折治疗与骨软骨移植是关节软骨缺损主要的治疗方法之一,具有广阔的应用前景。目的：探讨关节镜下微骨折治疗与自体和同种异体骨软骨移植治疗膝骨关节炎合并关节软骨缺损的效果。方法：应用关节镜下微骨折治疗清理术结合软骨缺损区微骨折术治疗膝骨关节炎的临床疗效、临床症状及Tegner 运动评级判定疗效并随访观察3-24个月。自体骨软骨移植治疗关节软骨缺损的患者进行观察随访,通过评价移植后关节活动度、临床症状的改善、关节影像学检查等评估自体骨软骨移植治疗的效果。并对同种异体骨软骨移植治疗关节软骨缺损进行动物实验研究,通过对移植部位的大体观察、组织学观察以及免疫组织化学染色观察,评估同种异体骨软骨移植治疗的效果。结果与结论：关节软骨缺损应用关节镜下微骨折治疗后的患者,关节清理术结合软骨缺损区微骨折术总有效率89.7%。关节软骨缺损应用自体骨软骨移植治疗后的患者,关节疼痛、肿胀的症状改善,关节活动度正常,偶有关节静息痛或活动后轻微疼痛,影像学检查见移植骨软骨位置良好,修复愈合良好。关节软骨缺损应用同种异体骨软骨移植治疗后的实验动物,关节活动度正常,移植关节面光整,关节软骨被透明软骨覆盖,细胞有序排列,软骨基质分泌,修复软骨Ⅱ型胶原免疫组织化学染色强阳性。     

新鲜自体与异体骨软骨移植修复免关节软骨缺损的比较

背景:骨软骨移植是修复关节软骨损伤的主要方法之一,但新鲜自体骨软骨移植与新鲜异体骨软骨移植相比效果尚无定论.目的:探讨新鲜自体骨软骨移植与异体骨软骨移植修复兔关节软骨缺损的方法及疗效.设计、时间及单位:动物实验观察,于2007-01/2008-05在解放军第四军医大学唐都医院骨科完成.材料:新西兰大白兔9只,随机分为3组,3只/组,分别实施自体骨软骨移植、异体骨软骨移植、单纯软骨缺损3种手术.方法:自体移植组:在股骨内侧髁负重关节面取直径3 mm骨软骨缺损,于非负重关节面取4块直径1 mm骨软骨柱移植;异体移植组:在股骨内侧髁负重关节面直径3 mm骨软骨缺损处植入相同直径的异体骨软骨柱;对照组:于股骨内侧髁负重关节面取直径3 mm全层软骨缺损,不做处理.主要观察指标:术后12周取材,进行大体观察,组织学检杏和半定量的改良Wakitani score评分.结果;大体观察异体移植组修复面较自体移植组稍平整,光镜可见自体和异体移植软骨均已覆盖缺损与正常软骨高度相当.绝大部分修复面为透明软骨,增殖活跃.软骨下骨、松质骨小梁均与骨床完全骨性愈合.自体移植组软骨浅表区细胞数目及排布更接近正常透明软骨,过渡区及辐射区细胞密度、厚度也明显优于异体移植组,基质染色丰富.结论:自体与异体骨软骨移植的方法均可完成关节软骨缺损的透明软骨修复,自体骨软骨移植更优.     

“带柱形骨—软骨”块移植修复关节软骨缺损的实验研究

目的：根据“同一关节内负重区关节软骨与非负重区关节软骨在组织学、形态学上结构一致”的理论，在负重关节(以膝关节为例)，用“带柱形骨—软骨”块的移植法，取非负重区软骨替代负重区病变软骨，交换移植。探讨自体骨软骨移植取材的新方法。方法：选用健康月龄(5～6个月)大耳白兔42只(84膝)，制成膝关节慢性损伤模型，并按时间顺序分为4，8，12周3组，每组均建立实验组与对照组。实验组：用1号空心环钻在股骨内髁负重区关节软骨处造成5mm&;#215;5mm大小的骨软骨缺损，深度在8～10mm。用2号空心环钻在股骨外髁的非负重区软骨处造成同样深度、大小为5．2mm&;#215;5．2mm的“带柱形骨—软骨”块，交替移植。不作内固定。对照组：用与实验组相同的方法在股骨内髁造成5mm&;#215;5mm大小的骨软骨缺损，深度在8．10mm。不作移植，观察自然修复情况。结果：实验组：大体及组织学观察，移植软骨与受区牢固愈合，关节间隙正常，关节活动度正常，新生软骨为透明软骨。表面细胞呈圆形或椭圆形，细胞长轴平行于软骨平面。中部软骨细胞呈垂直串珠状排列，基质均匀。软骨表面光滑；^3H-胸腺嘧啶掺入法测定，软骨细胞活性无明显降低，数据统计学处理无显著性差异，P&;gt;0．05；扫描电镜观察，移植软骨及周围新生组织表面呈“波浪状”结构，胶原纤维纵横交错，互相融合为“蜂窝”状结构。结论：同一关节内非负重区软骨替代负重区软骨修复关节软骨缺损动物实验效果肯定，在关节软骨移植取材方面提供了新的方法，该方法应用于临床后，有望填补其他手术在治疗中、青年膝、髋等大关节软骨病变患者时的不足。     

关节镜下自体镶嵌式骨软骨移植修复膝关节股骨髁软骨缺损

目的:评价自体镶嵌式骨软骨移植(osteochondral autograft transfer system,OATS)修复膝关节股骨髁软骨缺损的效果.方法:对12例股骨髁软骨缺损患者采用关节镜下OATS修复.缺损面积约2.0～4.0cm2,平均2.72 cm2.术后随访,对比手术前后的膝关节Lysholm评分、MRI表现以及术后并发症.结果:术后随访5～37个月,平均16.5个月.最终随访Lysholm评分优4例、良5例、中2例、差1例,优良率为75%.术前Lysholm评分(36.5±3.8)分,随访终末时(86.2±5.2)分,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术后3个月MRI T2加权像和脂肪抑制序列示移植骨软骨柱和周围软骨、软骨下骨间呈高信号,移植软骨和周围软骨基本平整.术后6个月高信号减少,软骨面平整.术后12个月移植软骨厚度与正常软骨相当.5例并发膝关节腔积血;2例患膝关节内有可以忍受的疼痛,其中1例偶有交锁.结论:OATS对膝关节股骨髁软骨损伤的修复效果满意,是一种实用的软骨修复技术.     

MRI对股骨远端负重区骨挫伤合并关节软骨损伤的诊断价值

背景：核磁共振检查弥补了X射线平片及CT在软骨成像方面的不足,能对骨挫伤和关节软骨损伤做出早期诊断。目的：探讨MRI对股骨远端负重区骨挫伤合并关节软骨损伤的诊断价值。方法：股骨远端骨挫伤35例,观察关节镜下关节软骨损伤情况,比较与MRI所见骨挫伤之间的相关性。结果与结论：关节镜下所见关节软骨损伤与MRI所示股骨远端负重区骨挫伤部位基本吻合,后者信号改变的范围与软骨损伤面积成正比。提示,MRI对骨挫伤合并的关节软骨损伤有良好的诊断价值,尤其Ⅰ度软骨损伤,骨挫伤是重要的间接征象。但在某些情况下MRI尚不能真实反映出关节软骨损伤的严重程度。     

自体骨软骨镶嵌移植复合因子凝胶修复兔软骨缺损的实验研究

目的探讨自体骨软骨镶嵌移植复合因子凝胶修复家兔软骨缺损的效果和可行性。方法将36只健康家兔膝关节造成实验性缺损，随机将动物分成自体骨软骨镶嵌移植联合凝胶生长因子复合体组、自体骨软骨镶嵌移植组、骨膜移植组和空白对照组。4、8、12周后对修复组织进行形态学观察及组织学检查。结果术后12周，实验组的缺损由透明软骨样组织充填，软骨及软骨下骨组织基本修复，修复的软骨组织在组织形态学上优于对照组。结论自体骨软骨镶嵌移植复合纤维蛋白凝胶、TGF—B和IGF—I修复家兔膝关节软骨缺损，具有移植软骨固定可靠、软骨细胞存活率高等优点。     

Autologe Knochen-Knorpel-Transplantation

In cases of chondral or osteochondral lesions, the autologous transfer of cartilage-bone cylinders is the only technique to provide hyaline cartilage at the defect site of weight-bearing joints such as the knee, ankle, hip, or even the elbow. The technique described is used for full-thickness cartilage defects or osteochondral lesions. Donor cylinders are harvested from knee areas in the anterolateral or medial trochlea with less contact pressure and transplanted to the lesion in the weight-bearing zone. Different technical approaches are described to achieve congruent joint surfaces by many small cylinders, the so-called mosaicplasty, or single cylinders of larger diameter. It has been shown that there is frequent and secure bony integration, but there is no ingrowth of cartilage itself. In some cases there are signs of cartilage degeneration in the graft. The clinical evaluation showed good to excellent results, especially at knee and ankle joints. Thus, the OATS is a reliable and reproducible technique for treatment of focal chondral and osteochondral lesions in weight-bearing joints.     

Treatment outcome after patellar re-alignment by one-stage correction of the axis of the knee extensor and mosaicplasty of the patellofemoral joint

Background. Patellar misalignment is often accompanied by damage to the chondral surface of the patello-femoral joint. The goal of surgical treatment is to address the primary cause by correcting the axis of knee flexion. In the Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic in Lublin, Poland, we repair damaged cartilage and align the knee extensor in a one-stage operation. The goal of the present study is to compare the course of recovery and outcome in patients operated for recurrent patellar dislocation, in whom chondral damage in the patello-femoral joint is discovered intraoperatively. Material and methods. In a prospective experiment, 14 patients treated in our clinic from 2001 to 2003 were evaluated. The axis of the knee extensor was corrected both proximally and peripherally. Third- or fourth-degree chondral damage according to the ICRS scale was repaired by mosaicplasty. Outcome was evaluated by systematic assessment using the Marshall scale. The control group consisted of patients in whom only realignment was performed due to the absence of chondral damage. Results. Recovery was slower after combined treatment than in the control group. Two years post-operatively the functional outcomes in both groups were comparable, with no statistically significant differences. Conclusions. The treatment method described here gives reason to hope for long-term remediation of patellar misalignment, and removes the effects of earlier abnormalities. After 2 years, the functional outcome after repair to patello-femoral articular cartilage combined with patellar realignment are comparable to those achieved in patients not requiring repair of articular cartilage during patellar realignment.     

The reconstruction of defects in articular cartilage using autologous chondrocytes

A defect was artificially created on the joint surface of the distal ends of both femoral bones in 30 rabbits. After digestion of the cartilage fragment, the resulting cells were cultured in vitro and multiplied. The multiplied autologous chondrocytes were implanted at the point of the defect under a periosteum patch in the right knee (group I). The defect in the left knee was covered with periosteum alone (group II). The regenerates obtained in this way were evaluated at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery, macroscopically for even coverage of the surface of the defect and the quantity of regenerate in proportion to the surrounding healthy tissue, microscopically with H + E stain for the nature of the prevalent tissue, integration with the environment, the presence of necrosis, the formation of isogenous groups of cells, and the formation of cracks.
In the macroscopic evaluations at weeks 4, 8, and 12, the presence of regenerate was discovered in group I in approximately the same quantities as in the surrounding cartilage. The group II joints were found to have less satisfactory repair of the lesion.
In the microscopic evaluation, group I was found histologically to have cartilage tissue well integrated with the environment and chondrocytes forming isogenous groups of cells. In group II most of the joints were found to have incomplete or no integration with the surrounding tissue, with necrosis and cracking.
The reconstruction of defects in articular cartilage using autologous chondrocytes and periosteum produced a regenerate macroscopically similar to the surrounding articular cartilage. The results obtained by regeneration of articular cartilage using autologous chondrocyte grafts and periosteum were superior to those obtained with isolated periosteum grafts.     

Utilizing tissue‐engineered cartilage or BMNC‐PLGA composites to fill empty spaces during autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty in porcine knees

The potential empty spaces between cylindrical plugs remaining after autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty rely on fibrous repair, which may constrain the quality and integrity of the repair. Thus, the empty spaces should be repaired, and how to fill the empty spaces is still a problem. In the present study, a standardized full‐thickness defect (diameter, 6 mm) was created in the weight‐bearing area of each medial femoral condyle in both knees of 18 miniature pigs. The 36 knees were randomly assigned to four groups with nine in each group. The defects were initially repaired by autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty. Simultaneously, any empty spaces between the multiple plugs were filled with cell‐free poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) scaffolds (the scaffold group), tissue‐engineered cartilage (the TE group) or bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMNC)–PLGA composites (the composite group). The empty spaces were left untreated as control (the control group). Six months after surgery, the repair results were assessed via macroscopic observation, histological evaluation, magnetic resonance imaging, biomechanical assessment and glycosaminoglycan content. The results demonstrated that mosaicplasty combined with the treatment of the empty spaces could improve cartilage regeneration. The filling of empty spaces by tissue‐engineered cartilage produced the best result in all the four groups. Meanwhile, utilizing BMNC–PLGA composites achieved a similar repair result. Considering the cost‐effective, time‐saving and convenient performance, the BMNC‐PLGA composite could be an alternative option to fill the empty spaces combined with mosaicplasty. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ⅱ型胶原海绵填充材料修复兔关节软骨缺损

背景修复关节软骨缺损一直是骨科医师致力解决的难题,以前采用自体软骨膜、骨膜或异体骨软骨片移植,但存在供体来源有限、固定困难,以及出现软骨内骨化、软骨下骨与修复性软骨的分层现象等.Ⅱ型胶原是软骨基质的主要成分,对关节软骨缺损的修复应有一定的作用.目的探讨Ⅱ型胶原海绵对修复关节软骨缺损的效果.设计随机对照的实验研究.地点和材料实验地点为广州市创伤外科研究所.材料普通级成年雄性纯种新西兰兔24只48膝,体质量(2.29±0.25)kg,标准饲料分笼喂养.干预在股骨滑车面钻孔为直径5 mm、深3 mm的全层关节软骨缺损,按随机数分为填充组(左膝关节缺损部位植入Ⅱ型胶原海绵)和对照组(右膝关节缺损部位作为空白对照).主要观察指标术后12周内,每双数周对缺损修复情况行大体形态和组织学观察.结果10～12周,对照组缺损区由白色、质软、按压无阻抗的组织修复,修复组织仍低于周围关节面,边界仍清晰可辨,组织学以类似炎症反应的机制修复缺损,最终以透明变性的纤维组织的增生来填补缺损部位;填充组缺损区由半透明状、质韧光滑有光泽,按压有阻抗并有弹性的组织修复,修复组织与周围软骨外形上已基本相似,不易区分,组织学未见有炎症反应的过程,内骨组织和软骨组织增生活跃,并可见大量类骨组织和骨小梁形成,新生软骨和周围软骨组织融合,并与周围组织连接.Ⅱ型胶原对关节软骨缺损的修复有明显的促进作用,修复结果接近正常软骨.结论自行研制的高纯度Ⅱ型胶原海绵,对关节软骨缺损具有良好的促进修复作用,且组织相容性好,无明显的毒副作用.     

软骨修复材料在运动性膝关节软骨损伤修复中的作用膝关节

背景：评价软骨修复材料在膝关节软骨损伤修复中的效果,为医务、科研工作者的研究提供一定的借鉴。方法：采用电子检索的方式,在万方数据库（http：//www.wanfangdata.com.cn/）中检索2000-01/2011-03关于修复材料在膝关节软骨损伤研究的文章,关键词为＂生物材料;关节软骨;缺损;修复＂。排除重复研究、普通综述或Meta分析类文章,筛选纳入26篇文献进行评价。结果：膝关节软骨损伤在运动性损伤中较为常见,现在主要的治疗方法是自体骨软骨移植修复膝关节软骨缺损。新型的软骨替代材料研究仍处于动物试验阶段,且在动物体内长期疗效及远期的生物力学变化还未有进一步的证实,进入临床试验更需要一个过程。结论：关节软骨损伤修复的基础研究与临床治疗,虽仍存在许多重点和难点问题亟待探索,但关节软骨损伤修复正从生物材料移植向人工再造活性软骨的崭新阶段迈进。随着各种新型材料的研制和开发,关节软骨损伤修复研究将日益完善,并为临床奠定坚实的基础,应用前景十分广阔。     

不同方向关节软骨缺损时软骨修复及膝关节运动功能恢复有无差异？

背景：目前关于关节软骨缺损修复的研究方法较多,其中微骨折技术已得到普遍应用。 目的：观察不同方向（冠状位与矢状位）关节软骨缺损时膝关节运动功能恢复及组织修复形态学变化情况。 方法：建立兔膝关节股骨内侧髁全厚2 mm关节软骨缺损模型,根据切口方向分为冠状位组与矢状位组。分别在造模5,10,20周时行大体观察,取标本做石蜡切片后行苏木精-伊红染色、胶原蛋白染色,并应用光学显微镜和免疫组织学检查观察关节软骨缺损处的组织修复情况。造模后定期检查2组兔的关节活动度。 结果与结论：2组缺损处均可见越过股骨髁的一条白线,缺损修复的关节面与原位软骨平齐,并达到了骨性愈合,手术处理的膝关节对功能无影响。光学显微镜下2组均可见软骨下骨的部分重建,主要由纤维软骨修复,骨重建的水平低于邻近的原位软骨的潮线。免疫组织学检查可见2组标本的缺损处均呈现Ⅰ型胶原染色逐步减弱,Ⅱ型胶原染色逐步增强。提示不同方向（冠状位与矢状位）关节软骨缺损的组织修复及膝关节运动功能恢复无明显差异。