正交设计优选酸性氧化电位水工艺条件

目的:优选出酸性氧化电位水的生产工艺.方法:采用正交试验设计系统考察氯化钠浓度、饮用水进水量及出水比例(酸:碱)3个因素对酸性氧化电位水pH值、ORP值与有效氯含量的影响.结果:酸性氧化电位水的最优工艺是:氯化钠浓度0.95%、进水量4.5 L·min-1、出水比例(酸:碱)1:1.制备的酸性氧化电位水pH＜2.55;ORP＞1 170;有效氯含量在50～70 mg·L-1.结论:该工艺可作为酸性氧化电位水生产工艺的参考.     

三种酸性氧化电位水消毒产品性能比较研究

<正>酸性氧化电位水(EOW)是由专门电解装置电解一定浓度的氯化钠溶液,在阳极得到的具有强氧化性的电解产物。近年来,EOW作为一种新型抗菌剂,因其杀菌快速、广谱,对人体无不良反应,在环境中无残留污染,已广泛应用于医疗、农业、医药和食品卫生行业的清洗消毒。为了解不同厂家酸性氧化电位水消毒产品性能差异,本文就3种以酸性氧化电位水为有效成分的消毒产品理化性能、杀菌性能、毒性等相关指标进行研究,观察其消毒效果及毒性作用,为实际使用提供参考。     

Medilox氧化电位水的稳定性及对手和物体表面消毒效果

目的：考察Medilox氧化电位水的稳定性及对手和物体表面消毒的效果。方法：Medilox氧化电位水室温放置90d,期间测定其有效氯含量、pH值和氧化还原电位,并进行对手和物体表面消毒现场试验。结果：在90d内,Medilox氧化电位水有效氯含量明显降低,pH值也有所下降,氧化还原电位未现下降。其对手及物体表面的消毒效果良好,均达90％以上。结论：Medilox氧化电位水在90d内质量均符合企业标准,但在存放过程中有效氯含量明显下降,提示Medilox氧化电位水应注意存放条件和效期。     

酸性氧化电位水的成分及其灭菌效果分析

目的对酸性氧化电位水(EOW)成分进行分析,有助于研究其对微生物作用的生理功能和机理.方法分别采用连续碘量法、钛盐光度法等方法测试了EOW中的活性氯和活性氧等成分,按照消毒技术规范对金黄色葡萄球菌进行了悬液定量杀菌试验.结果EOW中的有效氯主要以HClO的形式存在,活性氧浓度极低;当ACC=99.94 mg·L-1,灭菌时间为45 s时,无论有机干扰物是否存在,其对金黄色葡萄球菌的灭菌效果达100%.结论HClO是重要的杀菌消毒物质,EOW在短时间内对微生物具有较强的杀灭效果.     

EOW治疗家兔绿脓杆菌性角膜溃疡的实验观察

目的:观察强酸性氧化电位水(EOW)对家兔实质层绿脓杆菌角膜溃疡动物模型的治疗作用.方法:实质层内注射接种法建立家兔绿脓杆菌角膜溃疡模型,随机分成实验组和对照组.采用EOW做为滴眼液,分别进行体外杀菌实验、动物实验、兔眼急性刺激性实验,并进行感染角膜细菌培养计数及病理组织学观察.结果:EOW对无有机物保护的金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌作用1分钟,均未见细菌生长;Draize评分结果表明,EOW无眼刺激性;动物实验表明,EOW治疗组与对照组相比治疗有效.结论:EOW原液治疗家兔绿脓杆菌角膜溃疡有效.因而,其有可能成为治疗绿脓杆菌角膜溃疡的一种方法.     

酸性氧化电位水联合烧伤湿润膏治疗浅Ⅱ度烧伤的疗效观察

2006-11/2008-12我科对10例烧伤患者采取酸性氧化电位水联合烧伤湿润膏治疗,效果满意,报告如下。1资料与方法1.1一般资料将10例浅Ⅱ度烧伤患者分成2组,对照组4例,观察组6例。两组患者性别、年龄、病情、烧伤面积深度无明显差异。1.2治疗方法观察组:前3d,渗出期以酸性氧化电位水彻底清创待干后,局部涂烧伤湿润膏2次/d。第4天开始,用酸性氧化电位水彻底清创待干后,用酸性氧化电位水喷敷局部每日4～5次。对照组:采用常规方法,每日用生理盐水彻底清创待干后,局部涂烧伤湿润膏1次/d。观察两组治疗过程中疼痛程度及治愈时间。2结果见表1。表1两组治疗疼痛效果观察及治愈时间比较组别治疗第2天第3天第4天第5天第6天治愈时间(d)对照组疼痛剧烈较剧烈明显疼痛明显疼痛轻微疼痛18±2观察组稍有疼痛轻微疼痛轻微疼痛疼痛消失疼痛消失8±23讨论我院应用洲际资源公司生产的洲际资源酸性氧化电位水生成器,自产酸性氧化电位水,在用于烧伤外科疾病的治疗中,取得满意临床疗效。酸性氧化电位水是利用离子隔膜技术电解氯化钠在阳极得到的带高电位酸性水。具有高氧化还原电位(≥1150mW),低pH(2.3～2.6)的特性,此环境远离细菌生...     

应用联立方程组新解法考察加替沙星氯化钠注射液与注射用头孢硫脒配伍的稳定性

目的 考察注射用加替沙星氯化钠注射液与注射用头孢硫脒配伍的稳定性.方法 分别在37℃、25℃条件下,观察8h内加替沙星氯化钠注射液(0.2g·L-1)、注射用头孢硫脒(1g·L-1)配伍液的外观,pH值及紫外光谱的变化. 用联立方程组新解法(新Vierordt法)计算注射用加替沙星氯化钠注射液与注射用头孢硫脒的含量.结果 选择291nm和263nm作为加替沙星和头孢硫脒的测定波长.α=0.288668,β=0.098569.在37℃的条件下,4h内pH值,溶液颜色,含量基本不变,在25℃情况下,两药配伍8h内pH值,溶液颜色,含量基本不变.结论 两种药物配伍在37℃条件下4h内基本稳定,在25℃条件下8h内基本稳定,用联立方程组新解法测定其稳定性,方法 简便,准确,实用性强.     

二次灭菌对热原不合格输液质量的影响

目的考察二次灭菌对三种大输液热原等指标的影响情况。方法利用不同条件对三种大输液进行二次灭菌,比较了灭菌前后输液中内毒素的最大稀释倍数、pH、含量和5-HMF的变化。结果9g.L-1氯化钠注射液、100g.L-1葡萄糖注射液和50g.L-1葡萄糖注射液可分别选用四、三和三种二次灭菌条件。结论输液热原不合格时,可根据最大稀释倍数选用适宜的二次灭菌条件,进行第二次灭菌以减少损失。     

液相色谱-脉冲安培检测器法测定硫酸依替米星含量

目的:建立液相色谱-脉冲安培检测器法测定硫酸依替米星的含量。方法:色谱柱固定相为聚苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯PLRP-S(250×4.6mm,8μm,1000A),流动相配置为取38g无水硫酸钠、0.4g辛烷磺酸钠、13mL四氢呋喃、50mL0.2mol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲液,用水溶解并混合成1000mL(pH=3)。流速为1.0mL·min-1,柱后补液为0.5mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液,工作电极为金电极,参比电极为Ag/AgCl电极,辅助电极为不锈钢电极。结果:硫酸依替米星在0.019～0.15mg·mL-1范围内呈良好线性关系(r=0.999),重复性实验RSD=1.5%,硫酸依替米星与硫酸庆大霉素Cla的最低检出浓度均为1μg·mL-1(S/N=3)。结论:该方法新颖、灵敏、快速、准确,可用于本品的含量测定。     

注射用加替沙星与注射用更昔洛韦配伍的稳定性考察

目的:考察注射用加替沙星与注射用更昔洛韦分别在0.9%氯化钠注射液和5%葡萄糖注射液中配伍的稳定性.方法:在室温[(20±1)℃],观察8 h内加替沙星(2 g·L-1)与更昔洛韦(1.0 g·L-1)配伍液的外观、pH及紫外光谱的变化,用紫外双波长分光光度法测定2种药物的含量.结果:2种药物配伍后,8 h内的含量、pH及外观无明显变化.结论:注射用加替沙星与注射用更昔洛韦可以在0.9%氯化钠注射液和5%葡萄糖注射液中配伍使用.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.