玻璃体切除术治疗晚期急性视网膜坏死临床分析

目的　分析探讨玻璃体切除术治疗急性视网膜坏死 (acute retinal necrosis,ARN)晚期并发全视网膜脱离的临床疗效。方法　对 4例 (4只眼 ) ARN晚期并发全视网膜漏斗状脱离、周边融合性视网膜坏死、蜂窝状裂孔患者行玻璃体切除术 ,术中彻底切除玻璃体 ,并经巩膜外顶压切除基底部玻璃体 ,36 0°切除坏死视网膜 ,复位赤道部视网膜 ,在正常视网膜上做 36 0°3～ 5排眼内光凝 ,注入硅油。3只眼联合行晶状体切除。4只眼均未行巩膜外环扎及加压。结果　 4只眼随诊 6～ 34个月 ,术后视力 0 .0 2～ 0 .2者 4只眼 ,视网膜在位。随访期间 3只眼已行硅油取出术。结论　视网膜脱离是 ARN晚期常见且严重的并发症 ,是导致失明的主要原因。玻璃体手术是该类视网膜脱离唯一有效的治疗方法     

黄斑转位术后旋转斜视的手术治疗

黄斑转位术是临床上针对黄斑区病变的新的手术治疗方法。它可以最大限度地挽救患者的中心视力,但也带来一些并发症,如增生性玻璃体视网膜病变和旋转斜视。针对后者有人采用同期或二期斜视手术消除患者术后出现的视物倾斜和复视症状。本文就黄斑转位术后继发旋转斜视的过程和手术治疗效果作一综述。     

黄斑转位术后的旋转性斜视与复视

黄斑转位术是近年来一种创新性手术，主要治疗湿性型老年性黄斑变性、病理性近视、组织胞浆菌病等引起的视网膜黄斑中心凹下脉络膜新生血管造成的中心视力不可逆性下降。本对黄斑转位术后最常见的并发症之一，即旋转性斜视和复视的诊断与治疗进行综述。     

松弛性视网膜切开术治疗视网膜脱离合并严重前增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变

目的探讨松弛性周边视网膜切开术联合眼内激光治疗视网膜脱离合并严重前增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变的效果。方法对４４例视网膜脱离合并严重前增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变的患者行松弛性周边视网膜切开术，联合眼内激光和硅油填充治疗。观察术后视网膜解剖复位、视功能及术后眼压变化情况。其中２２例取出了硅油。结果４４例全部获得视网膜复位（其中８例合并皱褶），３８例获得不同程度的视力改善。２２例取出硅油后，有２１例视网膜保持复位。部分患者术后眼压偏低。１例患者黄斑移位。结论松弛性周边视网膜切开术是治疗严重前增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变的有效方法之一。视网膜下膜的清除有利于视网膜展平复位。部分患者出现术后眼压偏低和黄斑移位现象，因此应严格掌握手术适应证，术中尽可能避免黄斑移位，同时应在视网膜复位、眼压正常时再取出硅油。     

高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离硅油填充和激光治疗随访

目的：探讨高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离玻璃体手术硅油填充联合激光治疗的解剖复位及功能恢复,方法：高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离患者23例25只眼,行玻璃体手术硅油填充联合激光治疗随访。硅油取出时间平均7个月。术后均作1年以上随访（平均18个月）。结果：硅油取出后视网膜复位23只眼（92％）,术后视力在0．1以上16只眼（66％）。结论：玻璃体手术硅油填充联合激光治疗高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网脱离,有利于脱离的视网膜解剖复位及功能恢复。     

高度近视眼黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离手术治疗

目的评价高度近视眼黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离手术成功率,并分析有关因素。方法对11例高度近视眼黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离患者行玻璃体切除联合眼内填充18%C₃F₈或硅油手术。术后严格俯卧位至少2周以上。结果10只眼黄斑裂孔闭合视网膜复位。10只眼术后视力提高,1只眼术后视力无变化。术后主要并发症为晶状体核轻度硬化1只眼,眼压升高1只眼, 纤维素性渗出2只眼,双眼复视1只眼。结论玻璃体切割联合眼 内填充18 % C₃F₈或硅油是治疗高度近视眼黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离安全有效的方法。术前详细检查眼底、正确设计手术方案及良好手术技术是治疗本病关键。(中华眼底病杂志,2001,17:90-92)     

复杂性视网膜脱离术中视网膜切开技术的应用及疗效观察

目的观察复杂性视网膜脱离眼术中应用视网膜切开技术的临床疗效。方法23例伴有严重增生性玻璃体视网膜病变(proliferative vitreoretinopathy,PVR)的视网膜脱离眼,经常规玻璃体手术不能使视网膜复位,选择视网膜缩短僵硬处切开松解,或掀起切开的视网膜清除其下增生膜,再予眼内激光光凝、硅油填充。视网膜切开范围30～360°平均为132°。结果术毕23例均取得视网膜解剖复位,15例于术后3．0～11．0个月（平均5．6个月）取出硅油。所有病例随访6个月以上,17例视网膜完全复位 (4例未取硅油) ,占74.0%,视力 0. 02及 其以上者 11例,占48.0%, 2例取硅油后复发视网膜脱离;未取硅油者中 3例下方视网膜增生 伴浅脱离,1例因白内障而眼底情况不明。主要并发症为眼内增生(26.0%)和低眼压(13.0%) 。 结论复杂性视网膜脱离玻璃体手术中应用视网膜切开技术能取得一定的疗效。(中华眼底病杂志,2001,17:87-89)     

光学性旋转隐斜

目的　为证实斜轴散光会引起光学性旋转隐斜。方法　对 48例无斜视和眼部手术史 ,且眼球运动正常的 5～ 1 3岁儿童进行屈光检查 ,以有无斜轴散光分为正常组和斜轴散光组 ,同时眼底照相 ,测量、比较被检眼视盘几何中心和黄斑中心凹的相对位置。结果　正常眼黄斑中心凹—视盘夹角表现为外旋 ,平均 5 698° ,其中 2 0只非散光眼为 5 70 1° ,2 2只正轴散光眼为 5 695°。斜轴散光眼之夹角为外旋 ,平均 1 0 91 6° ,明显大于正常组。而且斜轴偏斜度越大 ,旋转隐斜度也越大。结论　斜轴散光眼多产生习惯性光学性旋转隐斜 ,由此而导致的临床不适 ,应引起眼科医师重视     

黄斑转位术后的旋转性斜视与复视

黄斑转位术是近年来一种创新性手术 ,主要治疗湿性型老年性黄斑变性、病理性近视、组织胞浆菌病等引起的视网膜黄斑中心凹下脉络膜新生血管造成的中心视力不可逆性下降。本文对黄斑转位术后最常见的并发症之一 ,即旋转性斜视和复视的诊断与治疗进行综述。     

黄斑孔伴视网膜周边裂孔的脉络膜脱离合并视网膜脱离的治疗

目的探讨黄斑孔伴视网膜周边裂孔的脉络膜脱离合并视网膜脱离的临床特点及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析黄斑孔伴视网膜周边裂孔的脉络膜脱离合并视网膜脱离86只眼,分析其共同的临床特点,并采用玻璃体切除联合硅油填充术进行治疗,观察其治疗效果。结果术后1个月最佳矫正视力眼前手动～数指31只眼,0．01—0．1者32只眼,0．1以上者23只眼。术后眼压9-23mmHg,平均眼压（13．2±0．5）mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）,无严重并发症发生。结论采用玻璃体切除联合硅油填充治疗黄斑孔伴视网膜周边裂孔的脉络膜脱离合并视网膜脱离能取得较好效果。     

Macular translocation with 360° retinotomy for retinal pigment epithelial tear

PURPOSE: To report a case of retinal pigment epithelial tear treated by macular translocation with 360 degrees retinotomy. METHODS: Interventional case report. A 75-year-old woman with neovascular age-related macular degeneration and retinal pigment epithelial tear underwent macular translocation with 360 degrees retinotomy and silicone oil tamponade. After 3 months, pars plana vitrectomy, silicone oil removal, and muscle surgery were performed. RESULTS: Twenty-two months after macular translocation surgery, the visual acuity of the patient had improved to 20/50 (preoperative 20/200). No proliferative vitreoretinopathy or recurrence of the choroidal neovascularisation was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Macular translocation surgery with 360 degrees retinotomy can improve vision in retinal pigment epithelial tear secondary to neovascular age-related macular degeneration.     

Effect of simultaneous oblique muscle surgery in foveal translocation by 360° retinotomy

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of simultaneous oblique muscle surgery during foveal translocation surgery with 360 degrees retinotomy in patients with neovascular maculopathy. METHODS: Foveal translocation with 360 degrees retinotomy was performed on 31 eyes of 31 patients with neovascular maculopathy (21 with age-related macular degeneration 9 with myopic neovascular maculopathy, and 1 with idiopathic neovascular maculopathy). All eyes had simultaneous torsional muscle surgery with recession of the superior oblique muscle and tucking of the inferior oblique muscle. Visual acuity, binocular vision, and degree of cyclotorsion were assessed pre- and postoperatively. The angles of retinal and global rotation, distance of foveal shift, and surgical complications were also investigated. RESULTS: With a mean postoperative follow-up of 10.0 months, vision improved (>0.2 log MAR units) in 13 eyes, was unchanged in 9 eyes, and worsened (>0.2 log MAR units) in 9 eyes. Ten of 31 eyes (32%) had a final visual acuity of 20/50 or better. Eleven patients had binocular fusion, 13 patients showed suppression, and 7 patients developed diplopia that was managed by spectacles with prisms or by secondary muscle surgery. The mean retinal and global rotations were 30.3 degrees and 23.7 degrees, respectively. The average size of the choroidal neovascular membrane was 1.3 disc diameters (DD), while the average shift of the fovea was 1.5 DD. After the primary surgery, six eyes developed retinal detachment, two eyes macular hole, and three eyes proliferative vitreoretinopathy. These complications were successfully managed by additional surgery. CONCLUSION: Foveal translocation with 360 degrees retinotomy is effective in restoring vision in 40% of patients with neovascular maculopathy. Simultaneous oblique muscle surgery was effective in rotating the globe by about 20 degrees, corresponding to to a foveal shift of 1.5 DD. While the development of torsional diplopia is generally prevented by simultaneous oblique muscle surgery, the relatively high incidence of surgical complications with this procedure should be taken into account.     

Macular translocation with retinotomy and retinal rotation for exudative age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE: To determine the effectiveness of macular translocation with retinotomy and retinal rotation in exudative age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: After written informed consent was obtained, 20 patients underwent macular translocation. We created a 180-degree retinotomy superior, inferior, and temporal to the macula near the equator. The hinged retinal flap was rotated superiorly or inferiorly to place the center of the fovea over an area of healthy retinal pigment epithelium. The retina was flattened under silicone oil and laser photocoagulation was placed. RESULTS: The fovea was moved 425 to 1,700 microm (965+/-262 microm) superiorly or inferiorly. Follow-up time was 2 to 12 months (median 8 months). Complications included macular pucker (3 eyes), subfoveal hemorrhage (2 eyes), macular hole (1 eye), and progression of cataract in phakic eyes (3 eyes). Thirteen of 20 eyes showed various degrees of proliferative vitreoretinopathy with epiretinal membrane formation over the inferior peripheral retina with the inferior retinal detachment stabilized by the silicone oil. One eye progressed to phthisis bulbi. Initial visual acuity ranged from 20/80 to 20/800 (median 20/150) and final visual acuity ranged from light perception to 20/200 (median 20/1000). CONCLUSION: The fovea can be moved up to 1,700 microm with retinotomy and retinal rotation; however, there is a high rate of complications. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy is the major complication of this technique and is probably related to the extensive retinotomy and subretinal irrigation inherent in the technique. Other techniques such as scleral shortening may have fewer complications.     

Visual function after foveal translocation with 360-degree retinotomy and simultaneous torsional muscle surgery in patients with myopic neovascular maculopathy

PURPOSE: To assess functional and anatomical outcomes after foveal translocation with 360-degree retinotomy and simultaneous torsional muscle surgery in patients with myopic neovascular maculopathy. METHODS: Foveal translocation with 360-degree retinotomy was performed in 11 eyes of 11 patients with myopic neovascular maculopathy. Ten eyes had simultaneous torsional muscle surgery with recession of the superior oblique muscle and tucking of the inferior oblique muscle. Silicone oil removal with or without intraocular lens implantation was performed 2 to 8 weeks after the primary procedure. Visual acuity, binocular function, and degree of cyclotorsion were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively. Angles of retinal and globe rotation, distance of foveal shift, and surgical complications were also investigated. RESULTS: With a mean postoperative follow-up of 6.2 months (range, 3 to 13 months), vision improved (greater than 0.2 logarithm of minimal angle of resolution [logMAR] units) in eight eyes, was unchanged in two eyes, and worsened (greater than 0.2 logMAR units) in 1 eye. Seven of 11 eyes (64%) had a final visual acuity of 20/50 or better. Five patients developed or maintained binocular fusion, four patients continued to have suppression, and two patients developed diplopia that was managed by spectacles with Fresnel prisms. Subjective cyclotorsion was less than 8 degrees in 10 eyes. Mean retinal and globe rotations were 23.4 degrees and 19.8 degrees, respectively. Average size of the choroidal neovascular membrane was 0.8 disk diameter, whereas the average distance of foveal shift was 1.5 disk diameter. After the primary procedure, three eyes developed retinal detachment, one eye macular hole, and one eye proliferative vitreoretinopathy. These complications were successfully managed by additional surgery. CONCLUSION: Foveal translocation with 360-degree retinotomy is effective in restoring vision in some patients with myopic neovascular maculopathy. Although the development of torsional diplopia is generally obviated by simultaneous extraocular muscle surgery, a relatively high incidence of surgical complications should be taken into account with this procedure.     

Study of a new series of large relaxing retinotomies

Silicone oil injection followed by retinotomy was performed in a second series of 37 patients with retinal detachment and advanced proliferative vitreoretinopathy. The retina posteriorly to the retinotomy was attached in 16 eyes with at least 18 months of follow-up. Ambulatory vision or better vision was restored in 12 eyes. The size and the site of the retinotomy depend on the size and the site of the retraction.     

松弛性视网膜切开术治疗视网膜脱离合并严重前增殖性玻璃体视网 …

目的 探讨松弛性周边视网膜切开术联合眼内激光治疗视网膜脱离合并严重前增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变的效果。方法 对４４例视网膜脱离合并严重前增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变的患者行松弛性周边视网膜切开术,联合眼内激光和硅油填充治疗。观察术后视网膜解剖复位,视功能及术后眼压变化情况。其中２２例取出了硅油。结果 ４４例全部获得视网膜复位（其中８例合并皱褶）,３８例获得不同程度的视力改善。２２例取出硅油后,有２１例视网膜     

One year follow up of macular translocation with 360 degree retinotomy in patients with age related macular degeneration

AIM: To evaluate the benefits of macular translocation with 360 degree retinotomy in patients with exudative age related macular degeneration (ARMD). METHODS: A consecutive interventional case series was performed on patients who underwent macular translocation between June 1997 and January 2000 at the department of ophthalmology, University of Aachen, Germany. A retrospective pilot study was set up with a minimum follow up of 12 months in 39 consecutive patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation secondary to ARMD. The surgical technique included pars plana vitrectomy, induction of retinal detachment, 360 degree retinotomy, removal of the choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM), macular translocation, peripheral laser retinopexy, and silicone oil endotamponade. RESULTS: 18 patients showed predominantly occult CNVM, six patients had predominantly classic CNVM, and 15 showed subretinal haemorrhage. At the 12 month follow up 13 patients (33%) showed an improvement in visual acuity of more than three lines (logMAR scale), 18 patients (46%) retained stable visual acuity with a change of equal or less than three lines (logMAR scale), and eight patients (21%) showed a decrease in visual acuity of more than three lines (logMAR scale). Recurrence of CNVM was observed in three (8%) eyes at 5-11 months postoperatively. Other complications included proliferative vitreoretinopathy with retinal detachment (n=10), peripheral epiretinal membranes (n=9), macular pucker (n=2), corneal decompensation (n=2), and hypotony (n=11). 18 patients (46%) complained about persistent diplopia. CONCLUSION: Macular translocation surgery is able to maintain or improve distant vision in the majority of patients with exudative ARMD. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy and diplopia are the two major complications. A prospective randomised controlled trial comparing macular translocation with observation for patients with the occult form of exudative ARMD may be justified.     

Indications and results of relaxing retinotomy

The authors report their results of a consecutive series of 40 eyes undergoing relaxing retinotomy during vitrectomy to achieve retinal reattachment for the following indications: proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), 21 eyes (52%); trauma, 10 eyes (25%); diabetic retinopathy, 6 eyes (15%); and expulsive choroidal hemorrhage, 3 eyes (8%). Thirty eyes (75%) had undergone previous vitreoretinal procedures. Extended tamponade was achieved in all cases with either silicone oil (27 eyes, 68%) or long-acting gas (13 eyes, 32%). Retinotomy size ranged from 45 degrees to 360 degrees. Intraoperative retinal attachment was possible in all eyes with 33 (83%) achieving total or subtotal retinal attachment including the macula for 5 months or more. Twenty-seven eyes (68%) achieved 3/200 visual acuity or better and 10 (37%) achieved 20/400 or better. Thirteen eyes (32%) failed to achieve 3/200 visual acuity secondary to recurrent detachment (18%), corneal decompensation (8%), macular dysfunction (5%), and glaucoma (3%).     

Intraoperative perfluorocarbon liquids in the management of proliferative vitreoretinopathy

Three low-viscosity perfluorocarbon liquids were used intraoperatively for hydrokinetic manipulation of the retina during vitreous surgery for retinal detachment with advanced proliferative vitreoretinopathy. All 23 patients had massive proliferative vitreoretinopathy (Grade D, Retina Society classification), and 16 (69.6%) had Grade D-3 with a closed-funnel configuration. In 21 eyes the retina could be flattened intraoperatively by perfluorocarbon liquids without requiring posterior retinotomy for internal drainage of subretinal fluid. The temporary mechanical fixation of the retina provided by this tool facilitated the removal of epiretinal membranes and release of traction. Fifteen eyes (65.2%) maintained long-term retinal reattachment with follow-up of six months or more. These liquids are useful adjuncts in the management of retinal detachment with severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy.