心律失常的起搏治疗

为探讨永久性人工心脏起搏器及埋藏式心内自动除颤器(ICD)纠治重症缓慢性及快速性心律失常的临床疗效、心律失常类型与起搏模式的关系,对我院植入永久性人工心脏起搏器及ICD的102例患者进行回顾性分析.结果53例病态窦房结综合征患者植入DDD或VVI,48例房室传导阻滞植入DDD、VDDR或VVI,1例室性心动过速、心室颤动、反复心脏停搏患者植入ICD后临床症状均明显改善或消失.提示植入合适的永久性人工心脏起搏器及ICD,对重症缓慢性心律失常及致死性快速性心律失常能起到良好治疗作用.     

永久起搏器和埋藏式心脏复律除颤器（ICD）在遗传性长QT综合征患者中的应用

目的总结合并窦性心动过缓的遗传性长QT综合征（以下简称遗传性LQTS）患者植入永久起搏器和埋藏式心脏复律除颤器（以下简称ICD）的治疗效果,对比分析这两种治疗在预防患者猝死中的差异。方法对我院从2003年6月到2013年6月出院诊断为遗传性LQTS合并窦性心动过缓、植入了永久起搏器或ICD的全部21例患者,结合门诊、电话和程控随访了解患者的生存状况、手术并发症以及晕厥、室性恶性心律失常的发作情况。结果起搏器组男性2例,女性9例,年龄39.3±14.3岁,随访时间50.6±26.3个月,1例患者猝死,2例患者再发晕厥前兆,其中1例最终更换为ICD。ICD组男性2例,女性8例,年龄34.5±11.9岁,随访时间61.4±43.5个月,3例患者接受了ICD的适当治疗,另2例患者接受了ICD的不适当治疗,1例患者术后出现囊袋感染,1例患者更换为永久起搏器。治疗有效率在起搏器组及ICD组分别为72.7%（8/11）和100.0%（10/10）,未达到统计学差异（p=0.21）。不良事件发生率在起搏器组及ICD组分别为27.3%（3/11）和30.0%（3/10）,也未达到统计学差异（p=0.63）。结论对于不能植入ICD的合并窦性心动过缓的遗传性LQTS患者,植入永久起搏器可能是一个较好的替代方法,但对于QTc≥539ms的患者,只有植入ICD才能预防猝死。植入ICD后长期无心脏事件发生的患者,根据患者意愿,可考虑更换为永久起搏器。     

植入型心律转复除颤器和永久性人工心脏起搏器共存的相互影响及处理

植入型心律转复除颤器（implantable cardioverter-defibrillator,ICD）对由于室性心律失常引起的心脏性猝死（sudden cardiac death,SCD）疗效已经得到充分肯定.但是ICD在临床上有时出现和永久性人工心脏起搏器共存,并发生相互影响现象,严重的可能导致ICD对心室颤动（室颤）感知低下,从而威胁生命.我院心内科从2000年4月至2004年4月间共为5例原有永久性人工心脏起搏器患者植入ICD.现将初步处理体会报告如下.     

远程数据传输在慢快综合征患者术后急性期随访中的应用

目的 了解远程数据传输对慢快综合征患者起搏器术后急性期随访中的应用价值.方法 纳入2009年8月至2012年8月明确诊断为慢快综合征并植入永久性起搏器的患者120例,按植入起搏器是否具有远程数据传输功能将患者分为对照组（n=68）和远程监测组（n=52）.按照随访方案进行随访,分析两组有意义随访[随访时进行了起搏参数调整和（或）药物的调整]及非常规随访（患者因不适、担心等任何原因在随访方案以外的时间主动到医院进行的随访）率的差别及非常规随访的原因.结果 在起搏器植入术后3个月内,对照组有20例（29.4%）就诊,远程监测组有30例（57.7%）得到医生的复诊建议,其中29例到医院就诊,两组非常规随访率有显著统计学差异（P＜0.01）.对照组中18例（26.4%）患者进行了有意义随访,远程监测组27例患者进行了有意义的随访（51.9%）,两组有意义随访率有显著统计学差异（P＜0.01）.对照组首次随访40%是由于心慌不适感觉就诊.术后3个月内收到的监测组患者报警信息主要是因为高心室率（59.6%）和频繁的模式转换（51.9%）.结论 起搏器远程数据传输可及时发现慢快综合征患者起搏术后起搏参数及药物调整需求,指导患者到医院进行有意义随访.     

同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术与心脏瓣膜手术的临床分析

目的探讨同期施行冠状动脉旁路移植术与心脏瓣膜手术益处的临床分析。方法回顾性分析52例经历冠状动脉旁路移植术与心脏瓣膜手术患者,其中两者同期施行有24例为同期组,非同期施行有28例为非同期组,比较两组术后并发症及远期随访预后的临床资料。结果与非同期组相比,同期组在机械辅助通气时间、ICU停留时间、恶性心律失常发生率、低心排出量综合征发生率明显减低（P〈0.05）;而远期随访中永久性起搏器植入率、瓣周漏及死亡率也明显降低（P〈0.05）。结论同期施行冠状动脉旁路移植术与心脏瓣膜手术对于患者有明显的近期及远期临床益处。     

永久性人工心脏起搏器植入术的应用体会

目的探讨永久性人工心脏起搏器治疗缓慢心律失常的临床效果及应用体会。方法对96例患者的临床资料进行分析,探讨起搏器植入的适应证、手术方式及并发症处理。结果 96例起搏器植入成功,症状消失,无严重并发症,痊愈出院。结论永久性人工心脏起搏器植入是治疗缓慢性心律失常最为安全、有效的方法。     

植入VVI型起搏器伴心律失常62例分析

植入ＶＶＩ型起搏器伴心律失常６２例分析段宝祥，耿其吉，戴国强，戴苏泉，查铭凡，黄进（南京市第一医院心内科南京２１０００６）我院于１９７９～１９９２年对２１４例植入ＶＶＩ型起搏器患者进行随访，随访时间１～１２年。在随访中发现起搏器功能正常者伴有心律失常...     

经静脉植入起搏器术后静脉血栓的发生率及其可能的相关因素

目的 初步探讨经静脉植入起搏器后静脉血栓的发生情况及可能影响因素。 方法 入选我科2017.5~2017.11起搏器程控门诊随访时复查了植入侧静脉超声（锁骨下静脉、腋静脉和颈内静脉）的起搏器植入患者84例，收集其术前临床资料、实验室检查、心脏影像学及双侧锁骨下静脉、腋静脉和颈内静脉的超声结果以及服用抗凝抗血小板药物的情况，术后起搏器程控门诊随访时复查的植入侧的上述静脉超声结果，进行统计分析。 结果 3例（4%）患者发生了静脉血栓事件，分别是扩张性心肌病并发重度心功能减低和阵发性房颤，单腔起搏器升级为双腔起搏器，先天性三尖瓣下移畸形伴大量返流并发Ⅲ°AVB、起搏器植入术后电极穿孔行新电极植入和穿孔电极的拔除。 结论 经静脉植入起搏器术后发生静脉血栓的风险相对较小，最多见于手术较复杂、患者心功能较低、并发心脏结构异常、术中出现电极穿孔等并发症的患者。      

动态心电图在起搏器随访中对心律失常的分析

目的 观察动态心电图(DCG)对起搏器随访时的心律失常分析.方法 采用美国博利屋8000Ⅱ型3导联及美林公司12导联DCG,对128例人工心脏起搏器者行24h检测、分析.结果 检出起搏源性心律失常16例,自身传导系统引起的心律失常44例,电池耗竭引起的心律失常12例.结论 DCG对植入起搏器者的心律失常检出率较高,是起搏器随访的重要检查方法.     

植入心脏起搏器患者晕厥复发的原因分析

目的　回顾性分析４３０例心脏起搏患者术后２５ 例再发生晕厥原因,并提出及时有效的处理步骤和措施。方法　全组２５例均为１９８６年１ 月～１９９８ 年６月住院植入ＶＶＩ起搏器患者,其中男性１１例,女性１４ 例,年龄３９～７６ 岁。基础心律失常：病态窦房结综合征１３ 例,三度房室阻滞８ 例,双束支－三分支阻滞４ 例。结果　２５ 例患者中再晕厥与起搏器有关１４ 例（５６％ ）;快速室性心律失常７ 例（２８％ ）;其他原因４例（１６％ ）。结论　植入永久性心脏起搏器后再晕厥是临床急诊,遇到时应及时找出原因并予以相应处理。术后加强基础心脏病的治疗及室性心律失常的防治至关重要     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.