78例HIV感染并发结核病的胸部X线表现

目的提高对人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染并发结核病胸部X线表现的认识.方法对78例HIV感染并发结核病患者胸部X线资料进行回顾性分析.结果 (1)HIV感染并发肺结核病中,两肺病变性质X线表现以浸润、渗出或干酪坏死为主(79.7%,55/69);(2)本组病例空洞发生率低(16.7%,13/78),痰涂片阳性率仅17.4%(12/69),反之,罹患结核性胸膜炎或合并胸、腹、心包腔等浆膜炎者38.5%(30/78),并发胸膜、腹膜、淋巴结结核等肺外结核44.9%(35/78).结论 HIV感染并发结核病的胸部X线表现主要以浸润、渗出、干酪坏死及血行播散性病变为主,两侧性病变多见.     

艾滋病合并肺结核129例临床分析

目的　提高对艾滋病合并肺结核的认识。方法 对 1998—2003年收治的 129例艾滋病合并肺结核进行分析。结果 HIV感染途径 :静脉吸毒史 80例,性乱史 25例,静脉吸毒加性乱史 18例。临床表现 :发热 (86.8%)、消瘦 (76%)、全身酸痛、乏力 (74.4%)、浅表淋巴结肿大 (30.2%)、腹泻(21.7%)、皮肤搔痒 (20%)等常见。胸部X线以粟粒性病变、中下肺野浸润、肺门或纵膈淋巴结肿大及胸膜炎多见。 37.2%患者同时合并丙肝抗体阳性,5.4%合并梅毒抗体阳性。经抗结核治疗后,大部分病人症状体征及胸片改善。结论 临床医师应重视AIDS流行的现实,对发热伴X线不典型肺结核患者,应常规检测HIV抗体及HCV抗体,短程抗结核化疗对本病较为安全有效。     

人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染合并肺结核34例临床分析

目的　分析人类免疫缺陷病毒阳性合并肺结核感染的临床表现 ,探讨诊断方法。方法 对117例人类免疫缺陷病毒阳性合并肺结核感染 34例的临床表现、胸部X线及其他实验室检查进行分析。结果 117例人类免疫缺陷病毒阳性合并肺核感染 34例 ,感染率 2 9.1%。共用注射器静脉吸毒是主要原因。中等度发热、咳嗽、盗汗、消瘦 ,部分病例伴咯血、呼吸困难等与结核中毒症状相似。胸部X线检查以继发性肺结核为主 6 1.8%。多重感染中主要为念珠菌感染。住院期间病死率 17.6 %,死因为呼吸功能衰竭和多脏器功能衰竭。抗结核治疗对改善病情有帮助。因表现复杂 ,临床误诊较高。结论 肺结核合并机会性感染尤念珠菌感染 ,流行病学资料有静脉吸毒行为 ,应作HIV抗体检查有利诊断。     

艾滋病合并结核病与CD4 T淋巴细胞计数的相关性研究

目的　通过对AIDS合并结核病例的回顾性分析,探讨AIDS合并结核病临床特征与CD4 T淋巴细胞计数的相关性。方法 对95例AIDS并发结核感染的病例CD4 T淋巴细胞计数进行检测,同时选择30例近期入院的HIV阴性肺结核病人CD4 T淋巴细胞计数的检测,AIDS合并结核病与HIV阴性肺结核病CD4 T淋巴细胞水平对比分析;AIDS合并结核中PPD、结明试验、结核分型与CD4 T不同水平进行相关性分析。结果 AIDS合并结核病与HIV阴性结核病CD4 T淋巴细胞水平相比,二者有显著性差异;CD4 T淋巴细胞计数与艾滋病合并结核病的影象学表现;PPD、结明试验、痰涂片抗酸染色阳性率、结核病分型有相关性,CD4<100/mm³与CD4>100/mm³相比,影象学中斑片实变影、多发空洞、多发结节、纵隔和(或)腋下淋巴结肿大有显著性差异;单发空洞,胸腔积液的机率,无显著性差异。CD4<100/mm³与CD4>100/mm³相比,PPD、结明试验、痰涂片抗酸染色阳性率相比均有显著性差异;Ⅱ、Ⅴ型结核发生率有明显差异。结论 AIDS患者合并结核病发病率高,尤其以肺外结核和血型播散性结核多见,CD4 T淋巴细胞计数低于100/mm³时,临床表现不典型,胸部影象学表现多样化及结核菌素试验、结核抗体试验、痰涂片抗酸染色阳性率低。     

成年局限性肺下叶结核的临床表现与诊断

目的　探讨成人局限性肺下叶结核的临床特点,提高诊断水平。方法 分析42例成人中不同年龄组肺下叶结核表现,探索其临床特点。结果 多数患者临床表现不典型,多被并存病掩盖;X线表现在原发肺部疾病基础上呈现多数小片状或斑片状渗出影。多形性混合灶及空洞很少见。结论 成人局限性肺下叶结核临床症状、X线表现均不典型,常为并存病所掩盖,极易漏诊或误诊。痰菌及纤支镜检查有助于早期诊断。     

初治空洞肺结核54例临床分析

目的　探讨初治空洞性肺结核的临床特点及短程化疗效果。方法 回顾性分析54例初治空洞性肺结核的临床资料。结果 54例患者中发热49例,咳嗽50例,乏力、盗汗32例,白细胞总数升高40例,痰涂片结核菌阳性17例。X线胸片表现为单发、薄壁、干酪性空洞46例,病变累及3个以上肺野40例。完成6个月化疗后,病程10～30d者空洞治疗有效率77.8%(28/36),病程30～60d者空洞治疗有效率44.4%(8/18)。结论 初治空洞肺结核多有典型的结核中毒症状,X线胸片以单发、薄壁、干酪性空洞为主,病变累及多个肺野,早期治疗有利于空洞吸收。     

湖南省157例结核病并发HIV感染患者的特点分析

目的 分析湖南省结核病并发HIV感染患者的流行病学及临床特征,为其防治提供可靠的参考依据。方法 收集2013—2017年湖南省胸科医院收治的157例结核病并发HIV感染患者,作为观察组;并通过分层随机抽样方法,从同期本院收治的未感染HIV的结核病患者中抽取200例作为对照组,对两组患者的社会学特征、临床特征、实验室检测等指标,以及结核病并发HIV感染患者的影响因素进行统计分析。结果 单因素分析结果显示,男性(125例,79.6%)、年龄在20~60岁[其中20~39岁55例(35.0%)、40~60岁79例(50.3%)]、已婚(102例,65.0%)、发热(70例,44.6%)、颈部肿块(31例,19.7%)、腹胀(9例,5.7%)、腹痛(10例,6.4%)、淋巴结结核(50例,31.8%)、并发梅毒感染(32例,23.0%)的结核病患者更易被检出HIV感染,差异均有统计学意义(χ ²值分别为7.55、21.31、15.06、49.98、15.70、4.85、5.95、22.39、25.05,P值分别为0.006、0.000、0.005、0.000、0.000、0.028、0.015、0.000、0.000);结核抗体、结核感染T细胞斑点试验(T-SPOT.TB)检测在观察组的阳性检出率[16.8%(25/149)和61.7%(50/81)]均低于对照组[34.1%(60/176)和78.2%(86/110)],差异均有统计学意义(χ ²值分别为12.52、6.45,P值分别为0.000、0.040)。多因素分析结果显示,结核病患者中20~39岁和40~60岁年龄组是影响结核病并发HIV感染的危险因素[OR值(95%CI值)分别为12.54(1.53~102.89)、9.09(1.20~69.40)];临床表现为发热、淋巴结结核、并发梅毒感染在结核病并发HIV感染患者中的比率更高[OR值(95%CI值)分别为6.51(2.35~18.01)、5.80(1.93~17.41)、15.06(2.71~83.84);结核病并发HIV感染患者并发支气管结核的比率更低[OR值(95%CI值)为0.03(0.00~0.31)]。 结论 20~60岁年龄段的结核病患者出现HIV感染的概率更大,结核病并发HIV感染临床表现以发热、淋巴结结核为主要特征。     

艾滋病合并肺结核24例分析

目的　探讨艾滋病合并肺结核的临床特点及治疗。方法 对24例艾滋病合并肺结核进行回顾性分析。结果 两病并发率由1998年的0.05%上升至2002年的0.73%。HIV感染途径为静脉吸毒(77.1%)及性途径(22.9%);临床表现有发热(91.7%),咳嗽(91.7%),咳痰(79.2%),明显消瘦(79.2%),淋巴结肿大(54.7%);胸部X线表现以继发性肺结核为主(66.7%);合并病毒性肝炎50%,痰菌阳性率41.7%,PPD试验阳性率16.7%,14例抗结核治疗(3HRZE/9HRE)治愈或完成疗程,抗结核药物不良反应发生率为79.2%。结论 艾滋病合并肺结核常发病急、症状重、PPD试验阳性率低、抗结核药物治疗不良反应多,应加强艾滋病高发区及高危人群肺结核患者并发艾滋病的警惕性。     

69例支气管结核临床分析

目的　探索支气管结核早期确诊手段及临床特征。方法 分析69例经纤维支气管镜 (纤支镜 )确诊的支气管结核患者临床表现、胸部X线、CT及纤支镜结果。结果 69例主要症状包括:咳嗽68例,咳痰44例,午后低热50例,盗汗49例,乏力48例,喘息18例,痰中带血13例。胸片及CT示:气管开口凹凸不平、不规则狭窄42例,有阻塞性肺炎26例,肺不张25例,肺内空洞14例,肺门淋巴结肿大11例。痰涂片结核菌阳性率为43.5%,痰结核菌培养阳性率36.2%。纤支镜示:刷检结核菌阳性率为55.1%,组织活检中56.7%证实为结核,其中40.6%为炎症浸润型,13.0%为增殖型,29.0%为溃疡型,26.1%为狭窄闭塞型。上述四种类型发现结核菌的阳性率分别为71.4%,77.8%,100%和55.6%。结论 当有支气管结核临床表现时,应行胸部X线、CT检查,对可疑病人作纤支镜。当病理、细菌学均不能明确诊断,应重复活检、刷检和试验性抗结核治疗,追踪观察以确诊。     

风湿免疫性疾病并发结核感染的临床特征分析

目的 分析风湿免疫性疾病患者并发结核感染的状况,探讨风湿免疫性疾病患者并发结核感染的特点。方法 对2011年1月至2015年12月深圳市第三人民医院和北京大学深圳医院诊断为风湿免疫性疾病的1218例患者进行结核筛查,对其中并发结核感染的300例患者进行回顾性分析,其中系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE)患者32例,强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis, AS)患者174例,类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA)患者73例,干燥综合征(sicca syndrome, SS)患者18例,皮肌炎(dermatomyositis, DM)患者3例。应用结核菌素皮肤试验 (tuberculin skin test, TST)、X线摄影、CT扫描和病原学检查等方法评价结核感染状况,并进行追踪随访24~36个月。结果 300例风湿免疫性疾病并发结核感染患者中,结核潜伏感染(latent tuberculosis infection,LTBI)发生率为86.33%(259/300),非活动性结核病(inactive tuberculosis,IATB)发生率为9.0%(27/300),活动性结核病(active tuberculosis,ATB)发生率为4.67%(14/300);并发结核感染患者中,男性占54.7%(164/300),女性占45.3%(136/300),差异有统计学意义(χ ²=48.368,P<0.01);在结核筛查的1218例患者中,不同风湿免疫性疾病患者并发结核感染率(包括LTBI+ATB+IATB)[SLE占9.5%(32/335),AS占37.7%(174/461),RA占22.7%(73/321),SS占26.4%(18/68),DM占9.1(3/33)]的构成不同,差异有统计学意义(χ ²=88.766, P<0.01);不同风湿免疫性疾病患者并发结核潜伏感染率(TST方法检测)[SLE占8.0%(27/335),AS占33.6%(155/461),RA占18.7%(60/321),SS占23.5%(16/68),DM占3.0(1/33))差异有统计学意义(χ ²=84.971,P<0.01)。 结论 风湿免疫性疾病患者并发结核感染以LTBI为主,AS患者并发结核感染的比例最高,男性多于女性,临床医生应增强认识。     

Factors associated with time to sputum smear conversion in active pulmonary tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the factors affecting the time between the initiation of treatment and obtaining three negative sputum smears. DESIGN: In a study of 109 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, the main variable was the period during which the patients had sputum smears once treatment was initiated. Multivariate analysis (multiple linear regression) was performed to document those variables independently associated with time to conversion. RESULTS: The patients had positive smears for a mean of 28.63 days. The most frequent radiographic pattern was cavitary disease (36.7%). HIV co-infection was present in 38.5% of the patients. HIV-infected patients showed a cavitation pattern in only 9.6% vs 52.2% of patients without HIV infection (P < 0.001). The variables that showed a statistically significant and independent relationship with the time to sputum smear conversion were pulmonary radiographic pattern, age and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). CONCLUSIONS: ESR, age and the presence of cavitary disease seem to be factors associated with a longer time to sputum smear conversion in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. However, HIV co-infection is associated with a shorter time to sputum conversion. A key factor is therefore the presence or not of cavitation, independently of HIV infection.     

Risk factors for negative sputum acid-fast bacilli smears in pulmonary tuberculosis: results from Dakar, Senegal, a city with low HIV seroprevalence.

SETTING: Two teaching hospitals in Dakar, Senegal, a West African country with a low prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether patients with HIV-associated pulmonary tuberculosis have fewer acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in their sputum as assessed by routine microscopy, and to correlate the findings with systematically obtained clinical, radiographic and laboratory variables. DESIGN: Prospective study from November 1995 to October 1996 of 450 consecutive patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. RESULTS: Tuberculosis was diagnosed in 380 patients (84.4%) by positive bacteriology, in 61 (13.6%) by a favorable response to anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy, and in nine (2.0%) by the presence of a miliary radiographic pattern. Forty (8.9%) patients were HIV-seropositive. AFB-negative smears were found in 14/40 (35.0%) of the HIV-seropositive patients with pulmonary tuberculosis compared with 71/410 (17.3%) of the seronegative patients (risk ratio [RR] = 2.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26-3.24, P = 0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed that AFB smear negativity was associated with absence of cavitation (P = 0.002), lack of cough (P = 0.005), the presence of HIV seropositivity (P = 0.02), a CD4+ cell count above 200/mm3 (P = 0.02), and age over 40 years (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with HIV-seronegative patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, seropositive patients in Dakar, Senegal, are more likely to have negative sputum-AFB smears. This phenomenon has now been observed in seven of eight sub-Saharan African countries with varying HIV seroprevalence from which reports are available.     

结核病患者人类免疫缺陷病毒感染的检测

目的人类免疫缺陷病毒（ＨＩＶ）和结核分支杆菌（ＭＴＢ）双重感染已引起广泛关注。通过对住院肺结核患者ＨＩＶ检测,了解住院肺结核患者中ＨＩＶ感染及艾滋病（ＡＩＤＳ）发病状况。方法对２９７３例住院肺结核患者常规采用明胶颗粒凝集试验法或ＨＩＶ１＋２抗体金标快速测试法进行初筛,阳性者抽血复测,并由北京市检测中心确定。结果２９７３例中ＨＩＶ（＋）３例,阳性率１．０１‰。男２例,女１例。年龄分别为２３、４０、２７岁,平均年龄３０岁,占２１～４０岁年龄组的２．８６‰。通过静脉吸毒血源性感染１例,异性间性乱２例。３例均已发展为ＡＩＤＳ。结论结核病防治工作者对ＨＩＶ／ＭＴＢ双重感染的危险性要有充分认识与高度重视。对具有ＨＩＶ感染危险因素的肺结核患者,特别是其中的中青年患者应常规进行ＨＩＶ抗体检测,有助于ＡＩＤＳ的早期发现、治疗,防止ＡＩＤＳ的传播流行     

Clinical manifestations of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the impact of HIV infection on the clinical presentation of tuberculosis. METHODOLOGY: We retrospectively studied the impact of HIV infection on the clinical presentation of tuberculosis. A total of 60 consecutive patients co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis were identified. RESULTS: Majority were male (88.3%) and the most common transmission category was heterosexual contact (80%). Most were in the advanced stage of HIV infection; 93% had CD4 cell count less than 200/mm3. Concerning the site of tuberculosis involvement, 37% had pulmonary involvement alone, 13% had extrapulmonary disease involving one single site, 50% had both pulmonary and extrapulmonary involvement. Fifteen (25%) patients also met the criteria of disseminated tuberculosis, who had a significantly lower mean CD4 cell count than those with pulmonary involvement alone (mean 40 vs 102; P = 0.048). Chest radiographs comprised a wide spectrum of manifestations. A considerable proportion had primary pulmonary tuberculosis pattern (38%) and normal radiographs (8.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Our patients generally had advanced HIV infection; 93% of those had CD4 lymphocyte count < 200/mm3. Extrapulmonary involvement and disseminated disease were common. Radiographic manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis were often 'atypical' due to the greater proportion of primary tuberculosis among our patients.     

石家庄市3068例肺结核病人HIV感染检测结果分析

目的了解石家庄市肺结核病人中HIV感染状况。方法对2009年4月~2010年3月新登记的6208例肺结核病人中采取自愿的原则进行HIV抗体的检测,HIV抗体阳性者采集其吸毒史、卖血输血史、不洁性行为史等。结果 6208例新登记肺结核病人中,3068例进行了检测,检测率49.42%。其中HIV阳性者6例,阳性率0.2%,6例中已知HIV阳性者3例,占50%,新发现3例占50%。6例TB/HIV双感病人均为因症就诊,无固定职业,年龄以青壮年男性为主,本地户口3人,流动人口3人,HIV感染方式呈多种形式。结论肺结核病人进行HIV检测是发现HIV感染者的方法之一,对控制结核病疫情均有现实意义。     

Mycobacterial disease in AIDS

An increase in tuberculosis cases in the United States has been partially linked to the large number of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Symptoms are indistinguishable from those of other opportunistic infections and include cough, low-grade fever, and weight loss. In patients with early human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, radiographic findings resemble those seen in patients with reactivation tuberculosis. In patients with advanced HIV infection, chest radiographs typically reveal bilateral, symmetric, coarse, nodular densities. An upper lobe distribution is not prevalent. Lymphadenopathy is reported in many patients. Antituberculous therapy leads to clinical and radiographic improvement. Radiographic deterioration during therapy should suggest the presence of another opportunistic infection. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection of the lung cannot be distinguished from tuberculosis clinically or radiographically. Therapy, however, is less likely to be successful in patients with MAC infection.     

HIV prevalence, immunosuppression, and drug resistance in patients with tuberculosis in an area endemic for AIDS.

From October 1987 to June 1988, we attempted to determine the prevalence of HIV infection among patients hospitalized with tuberculosis and the extent of immunosuppression among those tuberculosis patients infected with HIV. Of 178 consecutive patients, 18-65 years of age, who were hospitalized with newly diagnosed, previously untreated tuberculosis, 46% (82 out of 178) had clinical or serological evidence of HIV infection, 30% (54 out of 178) were HIV-seronegative, and 24% (42 out of 178) could not be assessed for the presence of HIV infection. Among the HIV-seropositive patients without an AIDS-defining diagnosis by non-tuberculous criteria, the median CD4 lymphocyte (CD4) count was 133 x 10(6) cells/l (range: 11-677 x 10(6]; among the HIV-seronegative patients, the median CD4 count was 613 x 10(6) cells/l (range: 238-1614 x 10(6); P less than 0.001). Among the HIV-seropositive patients, those with disseminated tuberculosis (median CD4 = 79 x 10(6) cells/l) and those with pulmonary tuberculosis who had radiographic evidence of mediastinal or hilar adenopathy (median CD4 = 45 x 10(6) cells/l) had the most severe CD4 depletion, whereas those with localized extrapulmonary tuberculosis (median CD4 = 242 x 10(6) cells/l) and those with pulmonary tuberculosis without adenopathy (median CD4 = 299 x 10(6) cells/l) were less severely immunosuppressed. Of the 178 patients, 6% (11 out of 178) were infected with strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to both isoniazid and rifampin.     

艾滋病合并肺结核的免疫功能变化

目的 探讨艾滋病合并肺结核的免疫功能变化。方法 回顾分析1997年12月～2002年12月住院的艾滋病并发肺结核病末稍血CD4与PPD皮试反应并以无并发肺结核病的HIV感染／艾滋病相比较。结果 5例艾滋病并发肺结核病的PPD皮试反应均为阴性。仅1例痰涂片找到抗酸杆菌，痰结核菌培养均阴性。末稍血CD4细胞计数除1例264个／uL外，余4例均极度减低。结论 HIV感染／艾滋病的末稍血的CD4细胞数下降。合并肺结核病时更为严重，表明两病并存时机体的免疫功能进一步下降。     

Treatment results of DOTS in 1797 Sudanese tuberculosis patients with or without HIV co-infection.

SETTING: Consecutive new tuberculosis (TB) patients, from eight states in Sudan, who had never been previously treated for as much as 1 month between 1998 and 2000. OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection on tuberculosis treatment outcome. DESIGN: All patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of tuberculosis underwent sputum microscopy for acid-fast bacilli (AFB). Treatment is free of charge, and directly observed for all smear-positive patients. Treatment outcomes were those defined by the World Health Organization. All patients were tested anonymously for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using the Bionor test. RESULTS: Of 10 494 patients suspected of TB and referred for sputum microscopy, 1797 were TB cases; 983 had smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis, 521 smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis, and 293 extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Smear-positive cases showed a cure rate of 77.2% and a failure rate of 1%. Smear-negative and extra-pulmonary patients had a completion rate of 79.4%. Cure rates for the smear-positive cases were 68.3% for HIV-positive and 77.6% for HIV-negative patients (P = 0.164). Case fatality was significantly higher among HIV-positive (12%) than among HIV-negative cases (1.8%) (OR 7.7, 95% CI 3.51-16.8). CONCLUSION: To date, a relatively low proportion of tuberculosis patients in Sudan also have HIV infection. These patients are substantially more likely to die while on treatment for their tuberculosis, a fact that underlines their need for more comprehensive care if their lives are to be prolonged. In addition, every effort is required to diminish the transmission of HIV infection to prevent the tragedy this infection represents to the community.     

Tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection: clinico-morphological and epidemiological aspects

A contingent of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis concurrent with HIV infection in 1997 and 1999 is analyzed. The first analysis covers all cases of this combined pathology occurring in Russia throughout the notification of HIV infection in the country. The specific features of the course of tuberculosis have been defined in relation to the stage of HIV infection. The second analysis involved the data on such patients in 59 subjects of the Russian Federation in 1999. It has shown that there are changes in the composition of the contingent that has combined pathology, which is associated with the HIV transmission route that is new for Russia. This in turn resulted in that patients with HIV infection were much more frequently detected at the tuberculosis facilities. The altered HIV-infection epidemic situation enhances the topicality of this problem for phthiologists.