现代光力学技术在生物医学工程中的应用

介绍了现代光力学检测技术中的数字散斑相关法、影栅云纹法、光弹性方法、云纹干涉法和电子散斑干涉法的原理;综述了近几年国内外利用上述诸方法在生物医学工程领域的应用及进展,从而为生物工程研究提供较好的研究手段和实验方法,促进生物医学工程研究内容的深入探索。     

局部皮瓣的生物力学特性和三维有限元模拟分析

随着整形外科医学的发展,局部皮瓣在修复皮肤缺损中的应用越来越广泛,但皮瓣的设计主要依赖于医生的经验,存在盲目性.为寻求既能指导皮瓣设计又能真实模拟皮瓣转移效果的方法,需要进行相应的生物力学研究和有限元力学分析.首先通过对局部皮瓣进行实验测试,得到局部皮瓣的生物力学特性;再根据实验得到的结果对局部推进皮瓣进行三维有限元模拟分析,得到在外载荷作用下,皮瓣和其本体组织的变形及相应的应力-应变分布情况;同时通过改变皮瓣尺寸大小模拟得到局部皮瓣设计的最佳尺寸.本模型结果能够为局部皮瓣的生物力学特性研究及其移植的数值模拟提供一定的参考.     

一种血管张应力体外加载装置的实验研究

目的研制一种血管张应力体外加载装置,研究弹性基底(硅胶片)上的张应力、张应变分布。方法基于基底形变加载技术,研制一种接近人体血液动力学环境的血管张应力体外加载装置。利用装置中的摄像机拍摄硅胶片拉伸前后硅胶片网格点的图像并转化为数字图像,使用Matlab软件对网格点的位置特征进行计算,从而得到硅胶片的应变分布。利用万能材料试验机对硅胶片进行实验和计算得到硅胶片的力学参数,根据力学参数建立有限元模型,并对硅胶片的张应力、张应变分布进行模拟计算。将实验结果和模拟结果进行比较。结果有限元结果和实验结果基本一致,张应力、张应变的最大值均出现在加载点处,中间区域应力、应变较为均匀。硅胶片中间60%面积区域可视为均匀应变场。结论研究结果可为后期血管壁内皮细胞的动态培养以及细胞力学研究提供实验技术。     

云纹干涉法测量不同载荷条件下金属-瓷标本的位移

背景：云纹干涉法是现代光力学测试技术,是实验力学范畴。另外,金瓷修复体以其较好的生物相容性,色泽美观,坚固而广泛应用于临床,将云纹干涉技术应用口腔领域得到医学工程中所需位移量,体现学科交叉,较好的实现学科互补。 目的：详细介绍了云纹干涉法原理以及试件栅的复制,针对临床经常发现口腔中瓷剥落等破坏行为,应用云纹干涉法来研究金瓷复合材料受力后的位移量。 方法：采用云纹干涉技术测试金瓷试件在不同载荷下的水平和竖直位移情况,该方法灵敏度高,操作简便,适用于面内位移测量,位移量以条纹形式显示。 结果和结论：该方法能够获得到口腔材料代表面内位移的干涉图,得到不同载荷作用下试件变形量。云纹干涉法能够被用来测试金瓷修复体的位移,操作简便,结果以干涉条纹显示。     

猪眼虹膜力学特性的实验研究

研究猪眼虹膜的生物力学特性.通过模拟闭角型青光眼发生时眼睛前后房的力学环境,设计了一种实验方法并建立了闭角型青光眼的动物模型,在不破坏虹膜组织的完整性并尽量保持其活性的前提下,对猪眼虹珑膜的力学特性进行测试,得到了猪眼虹膜的面应变与前后房压强差之间的关系,可表示为δ=b0 b1ln△P,它具有黏弹性性质.实验结果还可为解释青光眼致盲机理和临床分析青光眼的病理状况提供理论和实验基础.     

成骨细胞的体外剪切应力加载实验的变形分析及信号转导区域探讨

目的 根据已有体外培养鼠成骨细胞的参数实验数据,估算剪切应力加载实验中细胞整体剪切形变,借以研究细胞的主要转导区域.方法 计算过程采用黏弹性力学理论,对细胞运用了标准黏弹性模型,并简化其膜所受剪切力为均匀.结果 细胞剪切力产生的细胞变形大约是引起成骨细胞相同生物学响应的拉伸加载变形的十分之一.结论 从细胞总的力学刺激生物学响应来看,剪切应力加载实验中细胞的整体变形所产生的力学转导是可以忽略的,主要转导区域在承受剪切应力的细胞膜.     

牙周膜细胞在网格型与无纺型聚乳酸纳米纤维支架材料上体外培养的研究比较

研究对比牙周膜细胞在无纺型和网格型聚乳酸纳米纤维膜上的生长行为,探讨支架结构对细胞生长的影响.采用静电纺丝技术,用金属平板或金属网分别接收,得到无纺型和网格型聚乳酸纳米纤维膜;通过SEM观察两种支架形貌差异,并测试比较它们的力学性能.通过MTT测试和SEM观察,比较无纺型和网格型纳米纤维膜对细胞生长的影响.实验结果:网格型膜的纤维直径平均为500～600 nm;无纺型膜的纤维直径大于网格型膜,平均直径约为700 nm,但网格型膜的拉伸断裂应变略大.牙周细胞与支架联合培养的MTT结果显示,与在聚苯乙烯(TCPS) 培养板上的培养比较,两种纳米纤维膜都显示出促进细胞增殖的效果,其中网格膜的促进效果比无纺膜更加明显.SEM观察的结果显示,细胞无法进入无纺型膜内部生长,而网格型膜中由疏松纤维堆积形成的大孔结构则非常有利于细胞进入支架内部,细胞在后者上生长良好.因此,网格型纳米纤维支架是一种优于纤维为完全无纺排布的支架,更适用于组织工程研究.     

一种新型机械应变细胞加载装置的研制

目的研究开发一套具有自主知识产权的数控机械应变细胞加载装置,为细胞力学研究提供必要的研究手段。方法加载装置基于圆形基底形变技术,采用数字式测控系统和基于PC机平台的专用软件,实现对体外培养细胞加载牵张应变。采用MTT比色实验检测人牙周膜细胞在弹性硅橡胶细胞培养膜上的附着生长能力。采用该装置对体外培养人牙周膜细胞加载1%、10%、20%拉伸应变0.5、1和24 h,倒置相差显微镜观察细胞形态、排列的变化。结果数控机械应变细胞加载装置可对体外培养细胞加载不同强度、频率和时间的拉伸应变,具有输出应变范围大、精度高、操作方便、显示直观等优点。硅橡胶膜和对照细胞培养板接种细胞1、2、4、7、8 d后,MTT比色实验光吸收值之间无统计学差异(P>0.05),显示弹性硅橡胶膜具有良好的细胞附着生长能力。人牙周膜细胞加载10%、20%拉伸应变24 h后,细胞形态、排列发生改变,胞体呈长梭形,并成栅栏状平行排列,细胞长轴垂直于拉伸应变方向。结论数控机械应变细胞加载装置可有效地对体外培养细胞加载动态机械拉伸应变,为体外细胞力学研究提供了必要的研究手段。     

多通道细胞牵张应变加载系统的建立及应用

本研究自行开发了单片机控制的多通道细胞牵张应力加载仪,控制与真空室相连的真空泵,使真空室内的负压产生周期性变化,使置于真空室上的弹性膜培养板底壁的弹性膜发生变形,对培养于弹性膜上的细胞施加牵张应变,实现对细胞施加周期性拉伸变形的作用。控制系统可以同时进行三通道不同形变率的对比实验,而且体积小,便于携带,形变率、频率可以精确调节,操作简单,可以提供1%～21%范围的形变率,应变频率可在0～0.5Hz范围内可调。系统运行稳定,达到了设计要求,提供了对贴壁生长细胞施加基底膜牵张应力的体外实验方法。     

周期性拉伸应变对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化的影响

骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)作为一种具有多向分化潜能的干细胞广泛地运用于组织再生工程中。在促BMSCs向心肌样细胞分化的过程中,我们探讨周期性双轴力学应变对其的影响。本实验分为三组:力学应变组,将大鼠BMSCs(rBMSCs)接种于硅胶膜上,施加应变大小10%、频率1Hz力学应变,持续时间分别为6、12、24h;空白对照组,将rBMSCs接种于硅胶膜上,用完全培养基培养;基底对照组,将rBMSCs接种于六孔板中,用完全培养基培养。两组对照组分别于力学应变组加力相同时间点收集样本。通过实时荧光定量PCR方法检测各组rBMSCs的GATA4和肌细胞特异性增强因子-2C(MEF-2C)的mRNA表达,并利用Western blot方法检测各组rBMSCs的缝隙连接蛋白43(Cx43)的表达。本实验结果表明,不同持续加力时间的力学应变组的GATA4、MEF-2C的mRNA表达量以及Cx43的蛋白表达量比相应的空白对照组明显增高(P0.05)。本研究提示,体外周期性双轴力学应变可以促进rBMSCs向心肌样细胞分化,但其具体机制尚未明确。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.