头孢尼西钠细菌内毒素检查方法的研究

目的：通过头孢尼西钠细菌内毒素检查方法的研究，探讨内毒素检查限值的适用性。方法：采用《中国药典》2000年版二部附录细菌内毒素检查法，动态比浊法和凝胶法进行试验。结果：部分头孢尼西钠原料细菌内毒素的量在0．15EU／mg-0．35EU／mg之间。结论：有必要统一头孢尼西钠的检测限值。     

注射用头孢尼西钠细菌内毒素检查法的研究

目的研究注射用头孢尼西钠的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法参照《中国药典》2000年版收载的细菌内毒素检查方法及指导原则进行干扰试验。结果注射用头孢尼西钠在药液稀释浓度为1.67mg.ml-1时,对鲎试剂的凝集反应无干扰作用。采用灵敏度为0.25 EU.ml-1的鲎试剂可进行细菌内毒素检查。结论可用细菌内毒素检查法控制注射用头孢尼西钠的质量。本品细菌内毒素限值为0.15EU.mg-1。     

头孢尼西钠无菌检查法考察

头孢尼西钠为第二代广谱、长效的头孢菌素,通过抑制细菌细胞壁合成产生抗菌活性。对G~+和G~-菌以及一些厌氧菌均有抗菌作用,对大多数β-内酰胺酶稳定。为了进一步考察头孢尼西钠的安全性,对临床用药给予指导,本文对头孢尼西钠无菌检查法进行了考察。     

头孢尼西钠与4种输液配伍的稳定性

目的考察头孢尼西钠与4种输液配伍的稳定性。方法采用紫外分光光度法测定5%葡萄糖注射液、10%葡萄糖注射液、葡萄糖氯化钠注射液和0.9%氯化钠注射液中头孢尼西钠的含量。考察混合液的外观性状和pH值变化，测定配伍后头孢尼西钠的含量。结果头孢尼西钠与4种输液混合后，溶液的pH值和外观性状无明显变化，头孢尼西钠的含量稳定。 结论头孢尼西钠和4种输液配伍后在5 h内稳定性无明显变化。     

注射用头孢唑肟钠细菌内毒素检测方法的研究

目的 :研究注射用头孢唑肟钠细菌内毒素检查的方法。方法 :依照《中国药典》2000年版 (二部 )附录方法和指导原则。结果 :注射用头孢唑肟钠在最大有效稀释浓度下对鲎试剂反应无干扰作用。结论 :可用细菌内毒素检查法取代部颁标准中规定的热原检查法。     

注射用头孢西丁钠细菌内毒素检查及半定量分析

目的:探讨注射用头孢西丁钠细菌内毒素检查法及半定量分析方法。方法:按照《中国药典》2005年版(二部)收载的细菌内毒素检查法进行实验。结果:注射用头孢西丁钠可用鲎试剂进行细菌内毒素检查及半定量分析。结论:使用细菌内毒素半定量分析方法,可以确定细菌内毒素的含量范围,为生产以及临床用药的安全性提供理论依据。     

头孢米诺钠细菌内毒素检查法方法学研究

目的建立头孢米诺钠的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法参照中国药典2005年版附录中细菌内毒素检查法干扰试验要求进行试验,确定头孢米诺钠的细菌内毒素限值,用2个厂家的鲎试剂对3批头孢米诺钠进行干扰试验。结果头孢米诺钠经稀释至5m b.mL-1浓度时可有效地排除其对鲎试验的干扰作用。结论头孢米诺钠可用细菌内毒素检查法进行检测。     

头孢替唑钠细菌内毒素检查法的研究

目的:建立头孢替唑钠细菌内毒素检查法。方法:用三个不同厂家生产的鲎试剂对头孢替唑钠进行干扰试验。结果:头孢替唑钠浓度为1．25mg/ml的稀释液不干扰细菌内毒素试验。结论:头孢替唑钠采用细菌内毒素检查法是可行的。     

动态浊度法检测注射用头孢替唑钠的细菌内毒素含量

目的:目的探讨注射用头孢替唑钠的细菌内毒素定量分析法。方法:用2005年版《中国药典(二部)》中的动态浊度法。结果:供试品稀释40倍可以排除干扰,回收率:50%-200%范围内,试验结果与家兔升温法的一致。结论:用动态浊度法测定头孢替唑钠注射液的细菌毒素含量准确有效。     

注射用头孢米诺钠的细菌内毒素检查

目的:建立注射用头孢米诺钠细菌内毒素检查方法.方法:按《中国药典》2005年版二部收载的细菌内毒素检查方法,计算注射用头孢米诺钠的细菌内毒素限值,通过干扰试验确定其最大无干扰浓度.结果:注射用头孢米诺钠的细菌内毒素限值为0.15 EU·mg-1.最大无干扰浓度为3.33 mg·mL-1.结论:可以用细菌内毒素检查法替代家兔热原法来控制注射用头孢米诺钠的质量.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.