Th9与支气管哮喘

支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）是一种由多种细胞如淋巴细胞、嗜酸粒细胞、肥大细胞等及其细胞组分参与的气道慢性炎症疾患,Th2细胞被认为是哮喘发病机制中的主要效应细胞。长期以来,白介素9（IL-9）都被认为是Th2类细胞因子,在变应性疾病,尤其是过敏性哮喘、变应性鼻炎等发病机制中起着重要的作用。近年来研究发现,机体内可能存在着一群新型的不同于目前已知Th1、Th2及Th17等效应细胞,被称之为＂Th9＂细胞。Th9细胞在转化生长因子-β及IL-4联合刺激下分化而来,具有分泌IL-9和IL-10的能力。Th9细胞作为效应性T细胞,在促进组织炎症发生的过程中起着重要作用。现就Th9细胞的生物学功能及与哮喘的关系进行简要综述。     

Th9与支气管哮喘

支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）是一种由多种细胞如淋巴细胞、嗜酸粒细胞、肥大细胞等及其细胞组分参与的气道慢性炎症疾患,Th2细胞被认为是哮喘发病机制中的主要效应细胞。长期以来,白介素9（IL-9）都被认为是Th2类细胞凶子,在变应性疾病,尤其是过敏性哮喘、变应性鼻炎等发病机制中起着重要的作用。近年来研究发现,机体内可能存在着一群新型的不同于目前已知Thl、Th2及Thl7等效应细胞,被称之为“Th9”细胞。Th9细胞在转化生长因子β及L-4联合刺激下分化而来,具有分泌IL-9和IL-10的能力。Th9细胞作为效应性T细胞,在促进组织炎症发生的过程中起着重要作用。现就Th9细胞的生物学功能及与哮喘的关系进行简要综述。     

白介素4在支气管哮喘发病机制中的作用及其靶向治疗研究

支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)发病率正逐年上升,其发病机制十分复杂.目前认为Th1/Th2反应失衡导致Th2细胞增多是其重要的发病机制之一,其中Th2细胞产生的细胞因子白介素4在哮喘发病中起重要的作用,成为新的哮喘治疗靶点.     

Th2细胞因子与支气管哮喘发病机制的研究进展

支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)是由多种细胞和细胞因子参与的肺部慢性炎症性疾病.发病机制尚未完全清楚.目前认为Th1/Th2反应失衡导致Th2细胞过度激活是其重要的免疫学机制之一.Th2细胞产生的多效性细胞因子白介素4(IL-4)、IL-5和IL-13在此过程中发挥巨大作用,与哮喘发病密切相关.     

过敏性支气管哮喘免疫发病机制的最新研究进展

过敏性支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)是一种由不同的辅助性T细胞亚型决定的慢性气道炎症性疾病.既往认为“Th2哮喘假说”是过敏性哮喘的主要发病机制,而越来越多的研究表明,除了Th2之外其他辅助性T细胞也参与了哮喘的发病机制,尤其是Th1和Th17细胞对于气道中性粒细胞型炎症的发展至关重要.抑制这些免疫细胞也许为过敏性哮喘的有效治疗提供了方向.     

影响支气管哮喘Th1/Th2失衡的因素及治疗的新视点

支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)是由嗜酸粒细胞、肥大细胞和T细胞等多种炎性细胞参与的气道慢性炎症性疾病,其发病机制极为复杂,近来研究发现Th1/Th2失衡是哮喘免疫学发病机制中的一个重要环节,本文就Th1/Th2失衡与哮喘的关系,Th1/Th2平衡的调节及其在哮喘治疗中的价值作一综述.     

Th2／Th17细胞群与支气管哮喘机制研究

支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）是一种由多种细胞（如嗜酸粒细胞、肥大细胞、T淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞和气道上皮细胞等）和细胞组分参与的气道慢性炎症性疾病。经典的Th1／Th2细胞失衡被认为是过敏性哮喘的主要发病机制,Th17／IL-17轴被证实与重症哮喘、激素抵抗型哮喘、以中性粒细胞浸润为主的哮喘有关。近年来研究发现,机体内存在一种不同于目前已知的Thl、Th2、Thl7、Th9等的新型CD4＋T细胞,被称为Th2／Th17双表型记忆性CD4＋T细胞群（简称Th2／Th17细胞群）。在哮喘发病机制的探讨中发现,Th2／Th17细胞群既能分泌Th2表型细胞因子IL-4、IL-5、IL-13,也可以分泌Th17型细胞因子IL-17、IL-8、IL-22等;且在不同的微环境下发生不一样的生物学效应,这显示了Th2／Th17细胞群可能在哮喘发生发展（特别是重症哮喘）及各亚型相互转化过程中起着决定性作用。现就Th2／Th17细胞群的生物学功能及其与哮喘的相关性进行如下综述。     

Th9及其在支气管哮喘中的作用

Th9细胞是一种新型Th细胞亚群,主要产物为IL-9和IL-10,与Ⅰ型过敏反应如气道炎症有关.本文根据近几年关于Th9的研究,对其发现、产物及在支气管哮喘的发病过程中的作用进行阐述.     

细胞信号转导在Th细胞分化中的作用

支气管哮喘(哮喘)是由多种细胞(如嗜酸粒细胞、肥大细胞、T细胞、中性粒细胞、气道上皮细胞等)和细胞组分参与的气道慢性炎症性疾患。气道高反应性和可逆性气流受限是其病理特征。目前研究表明：Th1和Th2之间平衡失调是哮喘发病的重要机制。并认为Th2优势应答是哮喘发病的始动因素和维持因素，而对Th1优势应答在哮喘中的作用意见尚未统一。     

辅助性T细胞9/白细胞介素-9调控类风湿关节炎中辅助性T细胞17/调节性T细胞免疫平衡的研究进展

RA是以滑膜炎为病理基础的自身免疫病,辅助性T细胞(Th)17和调节性T细胞免疫失衡在其发病机制中发挥重要作用.随着对IL-2从促炎因子到调节免疫耐受因子的重新认识,与IL-2共享γ链的IL-2家族成员IL-9作为一种多效性因子受到越来越多的关注,同时发现其主要来源于一种新型T细胞亚型Th9细胞.许多研究认为Th9/IL-9可能通过调控Th17/调节性T细胞免疫平衡从而参与RA滑膜炎症和病情活动,与RA发生发展有关.本文对Th9/IL-9调控RA患者Th17/调节性T细胞免疫平衡的最新研究进展予以综述.     

Increased expression of CD86 and reduced production of IL-12 and IL-10 by monocyte-derived dendritic cells from allergic asthmatics and their effects on Th1- and Th2-type cytokine balance

BACKGROUND: In allergic asthma, allergen-specific T cells have a Th2-biased phenotype, and it is thought that dendritic cells (DCs) contribute to the induction of allergic immune responses. Therefore, we hypothesized that DCs from allergic asthmatics and healthy donors differ with regard to their preference to induce Th1 or Th2 immune responses. OBJECTIVES: To investigate differences in DC-expressed costimulatory molecules and DC-secreted cytokines between allergic asthmatics and healthy donors, and their influence on the Th1- and Th2-type cytokine balance. METHODS: Circulating monocytes from patients with allergic asthma and healthy donors were cultured with GM-CSF and IL-4, respectively, for 5 days and subsequently with lipopolysaccharide for 2 days to create mature DCs (mDCs). CD1a, CD83, CD40 and CD86 expression on mDCs was examined using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. IL-12 and IL-10 secreted by mDCs were measured by ELISA. Na?ve cord blood T cells were primed by mDCs from two groups, and IL-4 and IFN-gamma production by polarized T-helper cells (Th) was measured by ELISA. RESULTS: (1) CD86 expression on mDCs from allergic asthmatics was higher than that from healthy donors. (2) IL-12, IL-12p40 and IL-10 production by mDCs from allergic asthmatics was significantly lower than that from healthy donors, respectively. (3) IL-4 production by Th cells primed by mDCs from allergic asthmatics was increased compared with that from healthy donors. CONCLUSIONS: mDCs from allergic asthmatics preferentially priming na?ve T cells towards Th2-cell development might be due to increased expression of CD86 and reduced production of IL-12 and IL-10.     

Immunomodulation in the treatment and/or prevention of bronchial asthma

The immunologic hallmark of atopic allergy and asthma is an increased production of IgE and T helper (h) type 2 cell cytokines (interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13) by Th cells reacting to common environmental allergens. All of us inhale allergens and healthy non-atopics produce allergen-specific IgG1, IgG4 and the Th1 cytokine interferon-α, as well as IL-12 from macrophages. We now have many modalities of immunomodulation to decrease the effect of IL-4 or IL-5 or production and level of IgE or agents to shift the immune response from a Th2 to a Th1 response, thereby decreasing the allergic inflammatory response in the airways. In the present review we focus on conventional immunotherapy, mycobacterial vaccines, DNA vaccines using cytosine guanosine, inhibitors of IL-4 and IL-5 and anti-IgE: Omalizumab.     

Thl7在肺癌微环境中作用的研究进展

辅助性T细胞17（Thl7）是一种不同于Thl／Th2的CD4＋T细胞,它们具有不同的分化和调节机制,并特异性地分泌IL17A（也称为IL-17）和IL-17F等细胞因子。许多研究发现Thl7细胞及其分泌的细胞因子主要介导炎性反应、自身免疫性疾病和变态反应等疾病的发生和发展。然而,最近一些研究发现Thl7细胞在肿瘤免疫中也起重要的作用。本文对Thl7在肿瘤免疫中的作用及其与肺癌关系的研究进展作一综述。     

T辅助细胞17与气道变态反应性疾病

T辅助细胞17（helper T17,Th17）是近年来新发现的独立的辅助T细胞亚群,以分泌白细胞介素17（intedeukin17,IL-17）为主要特征。现已证实Th17在自身免疫性疾病及感染等中发挥着重要的作用。随着对Th17细胞分化及调节的深入研究,人们发现其在以Th2主导的变态反应性疾病中也扮演着重要的角色。     

Airway innate lymphoid cells in the induction and regulation of allergy

The recent discovery of innate lymphoid cells has revolutionized our understanding of the pathogenesis of immune diseases including allergy and asthma. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a heterogeneous collection of lymphocytes that lack antigen-specificity (non-T, non-B cells) and potently produce characteristic cytokines of T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17). ILCs are divided into group 1 (ILC1s), group 2 (ILC2s), or group 3 (ILC3s). Similar to Th2 cells, ILC2s produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, among others, and are present in increased numbers in samples from patients with many allergic disorders including asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Animal models have identified that ILC2s contribute to eosinophilic tissue infiltration, airway hyperresponsiveness, mucus production, as well as coordinate adaptive immune responses. Finally, recent studies support regulation of ILC2s by neuro-immune mechanisms as well as demonstrate a significant degree of plasticity between ILC subsets that may impact the immune responses in asthma and allergic airway diseases. Here, we review the current literature on ILC2s in human asthma and allergic airway diseases, as well as highlight some recent mechanistic insights into ILC2 function from in vitro studies and in vivo animal models.     

Human Th2 cells selectively express the orexigenic peptide, pro-melanin-concentrating hormone

Th1 and Th2 cells represent the two main functional subsets of CD4(+) T helper cell, and are defined by their cytokine expression. Human Th1 cells express IFNgamma, whilst Th2 cells express IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Th1 and Th2 cells have distinct immunological functions, and can drive different immunopathologies. Here, we show that in vitro-differentiated human Th2 cells highly selectively express the gene for pro-melanin-concentrating hormone (PMCH), using real-time RT-PCR, enzyme immunoassay, and Western blot analysis. PMCH encodes the prohormone, promelanin-concentrating hormone (PMCH), which is proteolytically processed to produce several peptides, including the orexigenic hormone melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH). PMCH expression by Th2 cells was activation responsive and increased throughout the 28-day differentiation in parallel with the expression of the Th2 cytokine genes. MCH immunoreactivity was detected in the differentiated Th2 but not Th1 cell culture supernatants after activation, and contained the entire PMCH protein, in addition to several smaller peptides. Human Th1 and Th2 cells were isolated by their expression of IFNgamma and CRTH2, respectively, and the ex vivo Th2 cells expressed PMCH upon activation, in contrast to the Th1 cells. Because Th2 cells are central to the pathogenesis of allergic diseases including asthma, expression of PMCH by activated Th2 cells in vivo may directly link allergic inflammation to energy homeostasis and may contribute to the association between asthma and obesity.     

白介素-13和哮喘发病的研究进展

支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）是一种严重威胁人类健康的慢性呼吸道疾病。在世界范围内,过敏性哮喘的发病率和病死率逐年上升。研究表明,哮喘的发病是由于Th2型细胞过度释放细胞因子后诱导IgE产生,导致肥大细胞和嗜酸粒细胞脱颗粒,引起气道速发性过敏反应和以嗜酸粒细胞、肥大细胞、T细胞等多种炎症细胞参与的慢性气道炎症。白介素-13（IL-13）是一种由CD4^＋、Th2型细胞分泌的多效性细胞因子,介导变态反应的发生,与哮喘的发生有密切的关联。