高效液相色谱法测定天麻素片中天麻素的含量

目的采用高效液相色谱法测定天麻素片中天麻素的含量。方法使用C18柱（Hypersil ODS2 5μm，4．6mm×200mm）。柱温30℃，流动相：甲醇-磷酸盐溶液[（0．1mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液和0．1mol·L^-1磷酸氢二钠溶液等量混合-水）（2：96）]（0．04：0．92）；检测波长220nm；流速0．96mL·min^-1.结果采用高效液相色谱法测定天麻素的含量，线性范围为9．654～22．526μg·mL^-1，r=0．9997；平均回收率为100．9％（RSD=0．5％）。结论用高效液相色谱法测定天麻素片中天麻素的含量，方法简便快速准确，能更好地控制产品质量。     

高效液相色谱法测定天麻胶囊中天麻素含量

目的：测定天麻胶囊中天麻素的含量。方法：采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Diamonsil C18柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm）；乙腈-0．2％磷酸（3：97）为流动相，流速：1．0mL·min^-1。；检测波长221nm。结果：天麻素在0．152～5．003μg范围内具有良好线性关系，平均回收率为98．4％，RSD为1．4％。结论：该法可用于天麻胶囊中天麻素的含量测定。     

泌淋片中没食子酸的HPLC测定

目的：建立泌淋片中没食子酸含量的HPLC测定方法。方法：色谱柱为Shimpack VP-ODS C18（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为甲醇-0．4％磷酸水溶液（2：98），检测波长为273nm，柱温为35℃。结果：没食子酸线性范围为0．066～0．792μg，平均回收率100．2％，RSD为2．29％（n=6）。结论：方法可靠，简单可行，为控制泌淋片的内在质量提供了科学依据。     

HPLC法测定骨筋丸胶囊中血竭素高氯酸盐的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法对骨筋丸胶囊进行含量测定。方法：选用Hypersil ODS分析柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），乙腈-0．05mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠溶液（45：55），流速：1．0ml·min^-1；检测波长：440nm。结果：血竭素高氯酸盐在0．14～1．40μg内线性关系良好（r=0．9997），平均回收率为98．3％，RSD=0．7％n=6）。结论：方法简便、快速、准确，能有效控制骨筋丸胶囊质量。     

HPLC法测定盐酸尼卡地平缓释片的含量

建立高效液相色谱法测定盐酸尼卡地平缓释片的含量。采用高效液相色谱法，色谱柱为Waters XTerra^TM RP18柱；以甲醇-0．01mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（72：28）为流动相，流速为1．0mL·min^-1；检测波长为236nm；柱温为35℃。浓度在5．008-95．152μg·mL^-1（r=0.9999）范围内具有良好线性关系，平均回收率为99．28％，RSD为0．46％（n=9）。方法可靠、简单可行，可用于测定盐酸尼卡地平缓释片的含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定芪参玉液胶囊中黄芪甲苷的含量

目的：建立芪参玉液胶囊中黄芪甲苷含量测定方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱法，色谱柱为HypersilODSC18（4．6mm×250mm，5μm）；流动相为乙腈-水（32：68）。流速为1．0mL·min^-1。结果：黄芪甲苷的回收率为98．29％，RSD为1．06％（n=6）。结论：该方法简便，准确，可靠，适用于芪参玉液胶囊中黄芪甲苷的含量测定。     

HPLC测定维药祖卡木胶囊中大黄素、大黄酚的含量

目的：采用高效液相色谱法测定祖卡木胶囊中大黄素和大黄酚的含量。方法：采用Waters Symmetry C18（150mm×4．6mm，5μm）色谱柱，流动相：甲醇-0．1％磷酸溶液（80：20）；检测波长：254mm；流速1．0ml·min^-1；柱温35℃。结果：大黄素在0．8—6．6μg·ml^-1（r=0．9999，n=5）范围内，有良好的线性关系，平均回收率为98．8％（n=9），RSD为1．7％。大黄酚在2．0—10．2μg·ml^-1（r=0．9999，n=5）范围内，有良好的线性关系，平均回收率为101．3％（n=9），RSD为1．6％。结论：方法具有操作简单、准确的优点，能有效控制祖卡木胶囊的质量。     

高效液相色谱双波长法测定芍桂胶囊中芍药苷和肉桂酸的含量

目的：建立芍桂胶囊的主要成分芍药苷与肉桂酸的高效液相色谱法含量测定的方法。方法：采用双波长双通道高效液相色谱法测定，色谱柱为大连依利特HypersiLODS2 C18柱（46mm×250mm，5um）；流动相为0．1%醋酸-乙腈梯度洗脱，检测波长λ1=230nm，λ2=278nm。结果：芍药苷在28．8～172．8mg·L^-1范围内线性关系良好，r=0．9982，平均回收率为90．15％（n=5）；肉桂酸在3．85～46．27mg·L^-1范围内线性关系良好，r=0．9988，平均回收率为89．63％（n=5）。结论：本法专属性强，操作简便，结果准确。适用于检测芍桂胶囊中芍药苷和肉桂酸的含量。     

HPLC法测定苦参药材中苦参碱的含量

目的：建立测定苦参药材中苦参碱含量的高效液相色谱法。方法：采用Alltech Alltima C18（250mm×4．6mm，5μm）色谱柱，柱温25℃；流动相为0．02mol·L^-1三乙胺（醋酸调节pH9．5）-乙腈（60：40），流速1．0mL·min^-1；检测波长为220nm。结果：线性范围为0．01～2．0mg·mL^-1；稳定性试验RSD为0．57％（n=5）；平均回收率为99．42％（n=6）；重复性试验RSD为1．78％（n=6）。结论：本方法快速简便、准确，重复性好。     

HPLC法测定盐酸左旋咪唑糖浆的含量

目的：采用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸左旋咪唑糖浆的含量。方法：采用Agilent TC—C18色谱柱（4．6mm×150mm，5μm）；以0．05mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（二乙胺调节pH7．0）-乙腈（60：40）为流动相；流速1．0mL·min^-1；检测波长为215nm；柱温：室温。结果：盐酸左旋咪唑线性范围为5．14～25．70μg·mL^-1（r=0．9998），平均回收率（n=6）为98．3％，RSD为0．56％。结论：本方法简便、准确、重现性好，可用于测定盐酸左旋咪唑糖浆的含量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.