美国所藏几种东京审判萨顿检察官个人档案初探——兼论东京审判史料的利用

大卫·尼尔森·萨顿是东京审判中一位美籍助理检察官,曾两次到中国搜集日军战争罪行证据。在随后的庭审中,萨顿在与中国相关的检方立证阶段都担任了不少当庭陈述和质询的工作。本文从史料学的角度对现存美国的几种"萨顿文书"的形成做一辨析,进而对目前世界范围内东京审判史料在内容和分布上的特点做出评估,即在目前世界范围内东京审判史料分布广泛、体量巨大、内容存在重复、文献群的组织形式多种多样的背景下,研究者需要对不同的文献群首先做出评估,方可更有效率地利用相关史料。     

2004全球石棉大会--东京宣言

2004年11月19日至21日，出席“2004全球石棉东京会议”的来自世界40个国家和地区的与会者，在确认石棉致癌物对健康造成严重的破坏性影响的基础上，向各国政府、组织、团体和民众发出以下宣言，呼吁全球、全社会动员起来，立即行动，消除石棉危害。     

伪证与真相:东京审判被告南次郎的“华北事变”证词与侵略罪责辨析

东京审判迄今最深入地发掘了南次郎对"华北事变"的个人责任,法庭裁决南犯反和平罪,主要依据是事涉"华北事变"的两次军事讹诈,但法庭的事实认定并不准确。检方被辩方证人桑岛主计的证词所误导,聚焦于土肥原贤二给华北实力人物宣布"自治"的所谓最后通牒,仅认为南1935年11月中旬出兵是起配合作用。但据南和若杉要致外相广田弘毅的电报,出兵是为执行南本人的"自治"时间表,法庭不察其首谋之罪。此外,"关作命"显示同年6月关东军出兵的初衷专为声援"何梅协定"谈判,不涉及"剿匪"及"秦土协定",但南在庭上故意将其与5月出击孙永勤部相混淆。检方因不熟悉中日战争,极易被辩方带离侵略的关键事实,是审判出现重罪轻判的一大原因。     

初见东京

这是一座一尘不染的城市。行走在东京，马路上所有的车辆都像是新的一样，明晃晃的，街道上也很少会看见垃圾，更是难觅垃圾桶的踪影。     

萄京大屠杀札记（之一）

否定南京大屠杀的主张，在日本由来已久。早在东京审判的辩论阶段，就有不少当事人出来做无罪辩护，有人甚至说日军在南京“秋毫无犯”①，所以从东京审判认定日军有罪的那一刻起，日本就有人表示不服。七十年代初铃木明《“南京大屠杀”之谜》的出版，是以“研究”面目出现的否定主张的溢筋。从那以后，否定字连篇不断。八十年代，特别是近年，更有大量专书出笼。从这些述中，可以看到彼我之间在“观念”和事实认证两方面的巨大差距。对于这些否定议论，日本已故前辈学洞富雄等人做了不少有价值的回应，令人钦佩。但日本“大屠杀派”未暇顾及之处尚多，近年日本否定论（包括“虚构派”和部分“中间派”)又十分活跃，迭有“新见”，而此事为近世国史极伤痛的一页，意义非同寻常，所以，作为门外闲人——先人血泪岂可等闲。此是就札记作不敢硬充内行言，切莫误解——，拾遗补阙，并不求在“学问”上对时贤心幕手追。     

东京印象（二）

在东京求学和工作的时间里，我遇到了很多人，很多事。他们给予我很多的帮助，也深刻地影响着我。     

东京就医随想

刚到东京一个月，因为焦急情绪的持续冲击，我的耳鸣不断加重，听力也有所下降。无奈之下，不得不去看医生。还好到早稻田大学时，21COE-GLOPE办公室已经给我办理了相关的保险手续，否则我实在无法支付这边高昂的医疗费用。[第一段]     

东京宣言——二十一世纪的卫生和医务人员

1985年4月15日在东京召开的“为了二十一世纪的新教育策略——面向未来的医疗卫生队伍”大会,对未来的卫生人力发展极为关注,迫切要求制定卫生人员计划和负责卫生人员培训和使用的机构及个人立刻行动起来,为此,特发布以下宣言。     

一次特殊的审判——“非结核分支杆菌”认罪录

一种人们不太熟悉的病原菌被押上了被告席，执法审判医官宣布“审判开始”。在原告读完起诉书后，在审判官责令下，被告做出如下交代：在湖南医科大学湘雅医学院的鉴定书前，我不能再抵赖，只能老老实实交代我的罪行。我就是日前大闹深圳、震惊全国的感染魔菌——“非结核分支杆菌”。我犯有故意伤害罪。作案的经过是，当一名27岁的孕妇陈女士躺在深圳妇儿医院的手术台L，满怀着即将做母亲的兴奋接受利它产手术时，我就乘机劾附在那把手术刀片上混进病人体内，被缝合在伤口里。刀口里的条件太好了，温度适宜、营养丰富，加之产妇的抵抗力又…     

从东京地铁事件谈沙林毒剂

从东京地铁事件谈沙林毒剂北京医科大学卫生毒理学教授薛彬１９９５年３月２０日上午８时２０分左右。正值上班高峰时间，日本东京地铁站里发生了一起严重的毒气中毒事件。众多乘客受到一种不明气体的毒害，轻者咳嗽、头晕、恶心、咽喉肿痛、呼吸困难，重者呕吐、眼前发黑...     

Disease patterns of the homeless in Tokyo

In recent years, homelessness has been recognized as a growing urban social problem in various countries throughout the world. The health problems of the homeless are considerable. The purpose of this study was to elicit, with sociodemographic profiles, the disease patterns among Tokyo's homeless. The subjects were 1,938 men who stayed at a welfare institution from 1992 to 1996. Diagnosed diseases/injuries and sociodemographic profiles were analyzed. The disease patterns of the homeless were compared to those of the male general population. Of the subjects, 8.3% were admitted to the hospital; 64.0% received outpatient care. Their observed morbidity rates by disease category were greater than those of the male general population in both Japan and Tokyo. Comorbidity of alcoholic psychosis/alcohol-dependent syndrome to both liver disease and pulmonary tuberculosis were greater than the average (P<.01). Construction work brought a higher risk of pulmonary tuberculosis (odds ratio=2.0) and dorsopathies (odds ratio=1.4) than did other jobs (P<.05). Disease patterns among the homeless in Tokyo were characterized by alcoholic psychosis/alcohol-dependence syndrome; liver disease; pulmonary tuberculosis; diabetes mellitus; fractures, dislocations, sprains, strains; hypertension; and cerebrovascular disease. Although the sociodemographic backgrounds of Tokyo's homeless have become more diverse, the principal occupation of the homeless was unskilled daily construction work, which underlay the characteristics of their disease patterns.     

Health and its determining factors in the Tokyo megacity

This study was designed to (i) analyze community health in post-industrial, densely populated Tokyo, and (ii) find a statistical-based prediction model for the health level of the communities from the environment. For this purpose, we compiled health-level indicators for each city-ward, and indicators for demography, infrastructure, land-use, amenities, education, working conditions, economics, and medical and welfare services. The health factors and the environmental factors were obtained by using weighted principal factor analysis; their relation was examined by weighted correlation analysis and weighted linear regression analysis. One to six environmental factors correlating significantly to health were found for each health-level indicator or factor. The prediction model explained up to 0.98 of the variance of the health-level factors and indicators. This analysis elicited health-determinant factors in various fields. The community health level was well reproduced by the present method; the model will be conducive to decision making pertaining to health policies.