天津市蓟县莱姆病流行情况调查

目的 了解天津市蓟县莱姆病的流行病学特征.方法 采用间接免疫荧光试验对该县居民进行血清流行病学调查,并用PCR方法和病原分离培养对临床确诊的莱姆病患者进行病原检测.结果 天津市蓟县人群莱姆病感染率为5.97％,学生感染率为5.28％.山区和半山区感染率高于平原地区;40-49岁年龄组感染率最高.经临床和血清学诊断为莱姆病患者25例,其主要临床表现为关节炎、慢性游走性红斑、面神经麻痹、多发性神经炎、脑膜炎和心脏损害等.收集25例患者的尿液,进行PCR检测,1例阳性.从1例多发性神经炎患者血液中分离出莱姆病螺旋体.结论 首次从天津地区莱姆病患者分离到莱姆病螺旋体.天津蓟县人群中有莱姆病的发生和流行,可能存在莱姆病的自然疫源地,为莱姆病防治提供依据.     

河南省莱姆病血清流行病学初步调查

目的调查了解莱姆病在河南省人群中的感染情况。方法选择河南省登封市和济源市的居民进行血清流行病学调查,应用间接免疫荧光方法 (IFA)检测人群血清抗莱姆病螺旋体抗体(IgG)。结果通过血清流行病学调查,证实两个调查地区人群中均有莱姆病的自然感染,阳性率分别为6.67%和11.46%,不同地区、不同年龄和性别间的人群莱姆病伯氏螺旋体血清抗体感染率差异无统计学意义。结论河南省登封市和济源市人群中存在莱姆病的感染,很可能存在莱姆病自然疫源地,有待进一步调查证实。     

巢式PCR用于疑似莱姆病患者血清标本检测的研究

目的 研究rrf(5S)～rrl(23S)rRNA基因间隔区巢式PCR用于疑似莱姆病患者血清标本的检测效果.方法 收集疑似莱姆病患者血清标本及其流行病学和临床资料,提取DNA进行巢式PCR、普通PCR检测.结果 共收集102份疑似莱姆病患者血清,巢式PCR检测阳性39例,阳性率为38.23％,其中蜱叮咬时间在2个月内的为33例,占84.62％;普通PCR只有1份阳性,阳性率为0.98％,远低于巢式PCR(38.23％).结论 rrf(5S)～rrl(23S)rRNA基因间隔区巢式PCR可用于疑似莱姆病患者血清标本检测,从病原学角度支持莱姆病的诊断.     

天津市蓟县地区莱姆病螺旋体主要生物媒介的调查研究

目的了解当地莱姆病的主要生物媒介一蜱的种类、带菌状况以及在传播莱姆病中的作用。方法采用布旗法及动物诱捕法在山林地区采集蜱。对蜱种进行鉴定。并进行病原分离培养和PCR检测。结果共收集到1226只蜱，经鉴定属于硬蜱科中2属2种：硬蜱届的全沟硬蜱和血蜱属的长角血蜱。其中以长角血蜱为优势种，构成比占92．58％（1135／1226）；随机对300只长角血蜱进行针对莱姆病螺旋体的PCR．检测，有14只阳性，阳性率为4．67％。并对其余926只蜱进行病原分离培养，未得到莱姆病螺旋体。结论血蜱可能是天津蓟县地区莱姆病传播的主要生物媒介。     

小兴安岭部分林区莱姆病血清流行病学调查

目的了解小兴安岭部分林区莱姆病在人群中的流行和感染状况。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测598例小兴安岭林区人群的菜姆病抗体水平,对血清菜姆病抗体IgG阳性者进行流行病学调查。结果血清流行病学调查显示:598例调查人群中,莱姆病抗体IgG总阳性率为33.9%,滨南林场感染率最高,达35.7%,其次为罕达汽,感染率为35.6%,七二七最低,为30.5%;男性血清262份,女性血清236份,莱姆病抗体IgG阳性率分别为34.3%与33.4%;年龄分组,莱姆病抗体IgG阳性率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),40~49岁年龄段感染率最高,为37.2%;患病人群血清119份,莱姆病抗体IgG阳性率为50.4%,明显高于调查人群莱姆病抗体IgG总阳性率。结论小兴安岭林区是莱姆病的重要自然疫源地,林区人群莱姆病的感染相当严重,应引起重视。     

海南省东北部地区某类就诊患者莱姆病抗体检测结果分析

目的 了解海南省东北部地区人群莱姆病感染状况,为临床医生诊断莱姆病提供参考,为本省莱姆病的流行病学调查提供可靠的理论依据。 方法 收集海南省东北部地区三家医院1 334例有关节症状和(或)神经症状的患者血清,采用两步法检测莱姆病抗体,使用间接免疫荧光法(indirect fluorescent antibody test,IFA)初筛血清, 对IFA检测阳性血清用免疫印迹法(Western blot,WB)确证。 结果 IFA法筛查海南省东北部地区1 334例患者莱姆病抗体阳性60例,阳性率4.50%。海口、文昌和琼海地区的三家医院该类就诊患者莱姆病抗体阳性率分别为4.25%、1.40%和8.28%(IFA)。三家医院阳性率比较差异有统计学意义(χ²=25.640,P<0.05)。按不同性别、年龄分组海南省东北部地区三家医院莱姆病抗体阳性率比较差异均无统计学意义(χ²=2.306,P>0.05; χ²=1.015,P>0.05)。 WB法确证莱姆病抗体阳性28例,其抗体以31 KD的外膜蛋白A、33 KD-36 KD外膜蛋白B、39 KD膜脂蛋白、41 KD鞭毛蛋白和60 KD热休克蛋白抗体为主。 结论 海南省东北部地区存在人群感染莱姆病,应加强当地疾病预防和监测。     

北京市密云县莱姆病血清流行病学调查

目的了解北京市密云地区人群莱姆病的感染状况以及传播媒介蜱相关知识状况。方法选取549人开展莱姆病血清流行病学调查,应用酶联免疫吸附测定试验(ELISA)对血液样本进行检测,并对调查对象开展问卷调查。结果共采集人群血清标本549份,伯氏疏螺旋体Ig G抗体阳性25份,阳性率4.55%;西田各庄地区感染率最高,为9.00%;大城子最低,为1.00%。仅有0.73%的人听说过莱姆病,86.70%的人认识蜱虫,48.82%的人在周围环境中发现蜱虫;28.96%的人明显有蜱叮咬史。结论北京市密云地区人群中存在莱姆病的感染;暴露人群蜱相关知识匮乏,个人防护能力较弱,容易感染莱姆病。     

新疆人群感染莱姆病螺旋体分子流行病学调查

目的 探讨新疆部分自然疫源地自然人群感染莱姆病螺旋体的自然进程及感染莱姆病螺旋体的基因型情况.方法 在2002年夏季完成的1406人莱姆病螺旋体感染血清流行病学调查的基础上,2006年在上述1406人中的1390人阴性人群中,随机抽取119人,与2002年16例阳性(共计135人)为研究对象,在这两个时点收集的血清标本均应用蛋白印迹(Western blot,WB)方法检测抗Borrelia burgdorferi抗体IgM和IgG,并完成莱姆病表现频率调查问卷.同时留取135份尿液标本,应用巢式PCR扩增尿液标本中莱姆病螺旋体5S～23S rRNA间隔区片段,对部分阳性产物测序分析,确定莱姆病螺旋体的基因型,并将PCR检测结果与血清学的检测结果相比较.结果 2002年1406份血清标本中,抗体阳性16份,阴性1390份,阳性率为1.14％(16/1406)(16例中IgM阳性12例,IgG阳性2例,IgM、IgG均阳性者2例).2006年上述16例抗体阳性的感染者中,有7例抗体转为阴性,阴转率为43.75％(7/16),4例由IgM阳性转为IgG阳性,IgM持续阳性5例,2002年抗体阴性的119人中,2006年有58例抗体转为阳性(IgM阳性14例,IgG阳性25例,IgM和IgG均阳性的19例),阳转率为48.74％(58/119),确诊为莱姆病2例.2006年抗B.burgdorferi抗体总阳性率为49.63％(67/135)(2006年阳性58例+2002年阳性9例).无症状IgG血清转换率为34.07％ (46/135)(2002年IgM阳性转换为IgG阳性的4例+2006年IgG阳性的25例、IgM和IgG均阳性的19例,其中确诊莱姆病2例);3例发展为莱姆病(2.22％).135份尿液PCR检测,阳性22份,阳性率为16.30％ (22/135).8份PCR阳性结果测序分析显示7份为B.garinii,1份为B.afzelii基因型.结论 新疆自然疫源地人群莱姆病螺旋体感染大多为隐性感染,自然进程较为良性,临床莱姆病少有发生.新疆人群莱姆病螺旋体感染基因型主要为B.garinii,其次是B.afzelii.     

我国东北林区莱姆病的调查

1987~1988年我们在牡丹江和延边林区对莱姆病进行了流行病学调查和临床观察,发现一些林场莱姆病的患病率和自然感染率较高。大青林场共有人口1 030人,在检查的628人中,发现莱姆病患者37例。在小白林场人群中进行了血清流行病学调查,发现伯氏包柔氏体自然感染率为22.5%。从牡丹江林区收集的全沟硬蜱中,分离出了3株包柔氏体,其中M7菌株经单克隆抗体测定和电镜观察,确证为伯氏包柔氏体。在医院收集162份疑似森林脑炎病人血清,其中38份血清抗伯氏包柔氏体抗体阳性。对15例经临床和血清学确诊的莱姆病患者进行了临床观察和治疗,证明大剂量青霉素可以治愈全身性红斑。并从1例慢性游走性红斑患者血液中分离出1株包柔氏体。     

陕西省莱姆病自然疫源地调查研究

目的调查了解陕西省莱姆病自然疫源地。方法人群莱姆病螺旋体血清抗体检查,采用间接免疫荧光法(IFA);莱姆病患者,采用个案调查;蜱样,采用拖旗法采集;莱姆病螺旋体检测,采用巢式PCR法;莱姆病螺旋体基因分型,采用RFLP法。结果通过血清流行病学调查,陕西省富县张家湾镇、南郑县碑坝、陇县八渡镇3个农林地区人群莱姆病螺旋体自然感染率分别为8.33%(6/113)、8.88%(3/36)和7.51%(4/45)(P0.05),发现莱姆病患者14例,蜱类以嗜群血蜱和达吉克斯坦革蜱为优势种,检测蜱样1 116只。检测出阳性138只,总阳性率为12.35%。物种的阳性率分别为嗜群血蜱30.06%(107/356),达吉克斯坦革蜱3.88%(29/747),日本血蜱15.38%(2/13);检测出阳性蜱样138只,其中嗜群血蜱107只,84只为伽氏疏螺旋体基因型,23只为阿弗西尼疏螺旋体基因型;达吉克斯坦革蜱29只,24只为伽氏疏螺旋体基因型,5只为阿弗西尼疏螺旋体基因型;日本血蜱2只,均为伽氏疏螺旋体基因型。结论研究提示陕西省富县张家湾镇、南郑县碑坝、陇县八渡镇3个农林地区存在莱姆病自然疫源地。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.